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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Rat experiments ; Autoregulation ; Single glomerular filtration rate ; Tubulo-glomerular feedback control ; Rattenexperimente ; Autoregulation ; Filtrationsrate im Einzelglomerulus ; Kontrolle des tubuloglomerulären Feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Phänomen der Autoregulation der Nierendurchblutung und des Glomerulumfiltrats lassen sich zur Zeit am besten mit myogenen Mechanismen und mit Hilfe des tubuloglomerulären Feedbackmechanismus erklären. Es wurden Untersuchungen an jungen Ratten durchgeführt, um die Bedeutung des tubuloglomerulären Feedbacks bei der Autoregulation in Nephronen der Nierenrinde und des Nierenmarkes weiter aufzuklären. Hierzu wurde die Mikropunktionstechnik am Einzelnephron an der Oberfläche der Niere und an der Nierenpapille verwendet, um sowohl den Druck im Glomerulum als auch die Einzelnephronfiltrationsrate (SN-GFR) zu messen. Außerdem verwendeten wir zur Bestimmung der SN-GFR in einer anderen Versuchsserie die modifizierte Hanssen-Technik, d.h. Bestimmung der SN-GFR nach Bolusinjektion eines Farbindikators und Dissektion des Einzelnephrons. Weiterhin entwickelten wir eine Fernseh-Videotechnik zur Bestimmung der spontanen Harnflußrate an intakten Henle'schen Schleifen in vivo. SN-GFR Messungen der beiden Nephronpopulationen ergaben bei Blockade des Harnflusses an der Macula densa 29.6 nl·min−1·g−1 Nierengewicht für die oberflächlichen Nephrone und 84.1 für die tiefen Nephrone, wenn man diese mit der Mikropunktionstechnik bestimmt. Der Nettofiltrationsdruck an oberflächlichen Nephronen wurde mit 19 und an tiefen mit 47 mm Hg bestimmt, ebenfalls bei blockiertem Harnfluß zur Macula densa. Die modifizierte Hanssentechnik dagegen ergab für die SN-GFR der oberflächlichen Nephrone 25,8 nl·min−1·g−1 Nierengewicht und für die tiefen 27,7. Diese Werte entsprechen dem Zustand des intakten, physiologischen Harnflusses an der Macula densa. Die SN-GFR war bei intaktem Harnstrom an der Macula densa (Hanssentechnik) gut autoreguliert, während sie das nicht war bei blockiertem Harnstrom an der Macula densa (Mikropunktionstechnik). Die Videotechnik ergab in der Henle'schen Schleife einen spontanen Volumenfluß von 7,3 nl·min−1·g−1 und dieser stieg bei Blockierung des Flusses zur Macula densa auf 19,2 nl·min−1·g−1 an. Unsere Versuche zeigen, daß hauptsächlich der tubuloglomeruläre Feedback zur Autoregulation der Einzelnephronfiltrationsrate bei jungen, normal hydrierten Ratten beiträgt. Der tubuloglomeruläre Feedback ist vor allem in den tiefen Nephronen von Bedeutung und muß bei Untersuchungen an Henle'schen Schleifen von tiefen Nephronen berücksichtigt werden.
    Notes: Summary The intrinsic myogenic hypothesis and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (TGF) give the presently most cherished explanation to the autoregulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. A series of experiments was performed on young, normohydrated rats in order to evaluate the importance of TGF as an autoregulatory factor of the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) in superficial and juxtamedullary nephron populations. Micropuncture techniques were applied to tubular structures of the renal surface and on the papilla for the measurement of hydrostatic pressures and SNGFR. The SNGFR was also measured with a modified Hanssen technique. A TV-technique was used to record the urine free flow rate in the loop of Henle. The net driving forces for glomerular filtration at the afferent end of the glomerular capillaries were estimated to be 19 and 47 mm Hg for superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons respectively, when the urine flow at the macula densa was zero. The SNGFR of the two nephron populations amounted to 29.6 and 84.1 nl·min−1·g−1 K.W., as measured with the micropuncture technique. With a modified Hanssen technique the corresponding values were 25.8 and 27.7 nl·min−1. g−1 K.W. (kidney weight). The SNGFR was found to be well autoregulated when the urine flow at the macula densa was intact, but not when the urine flow was interrupted. The flow rate in the loop of Henle was in free flow conditions 7.3 nl·min−1·g−1 K.W. which shall be compared with 19.2 nl·min−1·g−1 K.W. when the urine flow to the macula densa was zero. We conclude that SNGFR is mainly autoregulated by the TGF-mechanism in young, normohydrated rats at lower arterial pressures. In normal conditions TGF is highly activated for juxtamedullary nephrons, but not for the superficial ones. The high urine flow rate in the loop of Henle at reduced flow rates at the macula densa may invalidate the use of loop blockade in studies of water and solute transfer across the loop walls.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 211 (1966), S. 1411-1412 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To supplement the available methods, we evaluated an indicator-dilution technique to measure local blood flow using small semiconductor detectors primarily sensitive to beta-rays and using phosphorus-32-tagged red cells as the indicator. Needle detectors were put into the parenchyma, and end ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 363 (1976), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat kidney ; Interlobular arteries ; Intrarenal veins ; Hydrostatic pressures ; Autoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pressure conditions at the distal end of the interlobular arteries and in the interlobular veins were investigated from the pressures obtained in superficial small arteries and veins, accidentally found on the kidney surface, during the subsequent blockade of the blood stream in the down-stream and up-stream direction, respectively. The results suggested a hydrostatic pressure in the distal end of the interlobular arteries of about 85 mm Hg under normotensive conditions-a pressure which remained fairly constant when the perfusion pressure in the renal artery was decreased within the autoregulation range. The results indicate a considerable pressure drop of about 40 mm Hg along the interlobular arteries. During hypotension this pressure drop decreased, implying a decreased resistance in the interlobular arteries, i.e.a typical autoregulative response. The pressure in the interlobular veins amounted to about 5 mm Hg, which is a few mm Hg higher than that in the renal vein and about 7 mm lower than that in the peritubular capillary network. The results suggest a flow resistance located somewhere between the peritubular capillaries and the intrarenal veins. This resistance is not influenced by vasoactive substances but it is decreased when the systemic venous pressure is raised above 10 mm Hg. The resistance seems to act in the direction of protecting the peritubular capillaries from minor changes in the central venous pressure.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Renal medulla ; Microelectrode ; Acute renal failure ; Hypotension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The oxygen tension (pO2) in the rat kidney was studied using a Clark microelectrode with a guard cathode behind the sensing cathode. The mean (± SEM) outer tip diameter of the electrodes used was 5.5 ± 1.9 μm. The zero-pO2 current amounted to 12.5 ± 0.9 pA at 37°C; at air saturation it was 252 ± 22.9 pA. Rats with a systolic blood pressure (BP) above 80 mmHg (where 1 mmHg = 133 Pa) showed an average pO2 in the cortex of 45 ± 2 mmHg and in the outer medulla of 31 ±1 mmHg. In rats with a BP below 80 mmHg a paradoxically high outer medullary pO2 of 40 ± 4 mmHg was found, while the pO2 in the cortex was 27 ± 4 mmHg. Changes in pO2 were also noted in the renal cortex and outer medulla after intravenous injections of the x-ray contrast medium diatrizoate (370 mg iodine/ml). In rats with normal BP, injection of diatrizoate caused a slight fall in pO2 in the renal cortex, from 42 ± 4 to 38 ±4 mmHg. In the medulla pO2 decreased significantly from 34 ± 6 to 20 ±4 mmHg. Ringer’s solution did not induce any changes.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Micropuncture ; microelectrode ; microanalysis ; ionic concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A method permitting rapid and frequent determination of the total ionic concentration in renal tubular fluid samples, by measuring sample electrical impedance, is described. No special electrodes or sophisticated equipment are required. Since picoliter volumes are sufficient for measurement, tubular fluid dynamics are not significantly disturbed by the sampling procedure. The sample is aspirated into the tip of the standard glass micropipette and its ionic concentration, in the range of 100–1000 mmol/l, can be determined by any sensitive impedance-measuring device. In the present studies the Wheatstone bridge of the Wiederhielm apparatus for pressure measurement in micropuncture studies was used for the purpose. The obvious limitation of the method is that the measurements do not include nonelectrolytes and cannot differentiate between individual ion species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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