Note: Front Cover -- Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Contributors to Main Sessions -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part 1: Physiology off the Digestive Tract -- Chapter 1. Regulation off Gut Motility by Luminal Stimuli in the Ruminant -- I. Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract -- II. CNS-Mediated Responses -- III. Spinal Reflex Mechanisms -- IV. Peripheral Reflexes via the Prevertebral Ganglia -- V. Intrinsic Reflexes via the Enteric Nervous System -- VI. Humoral Mechanisms -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Control off the Reticulo-Omasal Orifice and Related Structures in the Ruminant Stomach -- I. The Reticulo-Omasal Orifice and the Reticular Groove Mechanism -- II. Activity and Control of the Reticulo-Omasal Orifice in Lambs -- III. Reflex Inhibition of the Reticulo-Omasal Orifice in Adult Sheep -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Effects of Volatile Fatty Acids on the Epithelial Cell Proliferation of the Digestive Tract and Its Hormonal Mediation -- I. Introduction -- II. Influence of Volatile Fatty Acids on the Proliferation and Keratinization of Cultured Ruminal Epithelial Cells -- III. Hormonal Influence on the Proliferation of Cultured Ruminal Mucosal Cells -- IV. Mechanism of the Progressive and Regressive Adaptation of the Ruminal Mucosa -- References -- Part 2: Secretion and Absorption -- Chapter 4. Gastrin: Its Molecular Forms and Secretion in Sheep -- I. Origin -- II. Molecular Forms -- III. Secretion -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Regulation off Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion in Ruminants -- I. Introduction -- II. Responses to a Meal -- III. Neural, Hormonal, and Humoral Regulation. , IV. Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Acinar Cells -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Amino Acid and Peptide Absorption and Transport across the Intestine -- I. Absorption of Amino Acids -- II. Peptide Absorption -- III. Questions for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 7. Transport of Na+ and Cl- across the Forestomach Epithelium: Mechanisms and Interactions with Short-Chain Fatty Acids -- I. Introduction -- II. Transport of Na+ and Cl- -- III. Interactions among Na+ , Cl-, and SCFA Absorption -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Part 3: Regulation of Intermediary Metabolism -- Chapter 8. Control off Responsiveness of Tissues to Hormones -- I. Introduction -- II. Insulin -- III. Catecholamines and Adenosine -- IV. Glucagon -- V. Adrenocorticotropin -- VI. Somatotropin -- VII. Prolactin and Placental Lactogen -- VIII. Insulin-Like Growth Factors -- IX. Glucocorticoids -- X. Conclusions and Summary -- References -- Chapter 9. Hormonal Control of Glucose Metabolism -- I. Introduction -- II. Glucose Supply to Ruminants -- III. Hormonal Regulation of Glucose Supply -- IV. Hormonal Regulation of Glucose Utilization -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Amino Acid and Energy Metabolism in Peripheral Tissues of Ruminants -- I. Application of Arteriovnous-Difference Preparations to Studies of Peripheral Metabolism -- II. Energy Metabolism in the Peripheral Tissues -- III. Amino Acid Metabolism in the Peripheral Tissues -- IV. Regulation of the Partition of Nutrient Supply between Tissues -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11. Hormonal Control of Energy and Protein Metabolism -- I. Introduction -- II. Energy Metabolism -- III. Protein Metabolism -- IV. Hormonal Control of Metabolism -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part 4: Water and Mineral Metabolism -- Chapter 12. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in the Goat. , I. Historical Background -- II. ANP in the Regulation of Sodium and Water Balance -- III. Effects of ANP on Arterial Blood Pressure -- IV. Effects of ANP on Blood Volume -- V. ANP during Pregnancy and Lactation -- VI. ANP in Newborn Kids -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13. Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Ruminants -- I. Introduction -- II. Absorption and Secretion of Calcium and Phosphorus -- References -- Chapter 14. The Regulation of Body Fluids and Electrolytes of the Buffalo in a Hot Environment -- I. Introduction -- II. Effects of Acute Heat Exposure -- III. Effects of Short-Term Heat Exposure -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 15. Trace Element Requirements, Diagnosis and Prevention of Deficiencies in Sheep and Cattle -- I. Introduction -- II. Factors Influencing the Trace Element Content of Plants -- III. Metabolism of Trace Elements -- IV. Quantitative Aspects of Trace Element Metabolism -- V. Determination of Trace Element Requirements -- VI. Recommended Dietary Trace Element Requirements for Sheep and Cattle -- VII. Diagnosis of Trace Element Deficiencies -- VIII. Prevention of Trace Element Deficiencies -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- Part 5: Comparative Physiology off Digestion -- Chapter 16. Adaptations of Gut Structure to Function in Herbivores -- I. Introduction -- II. Digestive Tract Morphology in Mammals -- III. Volume and Retention Times in Compartments of the Large Intestine and the Stomach -- IV. Coping with Nutritional Problems during Ontogeny -- References -- Chapter 17. Control of Food Intake in Domesticated Deer -- I. The Seasonal Cycle of Food Intake -- II. Changes in Digestive Function Accompanying the Seasonal Changes in Voluntary Feed Intake -- III. Physiological Control of Seasonal Changes in VFI -- IV. Hormonal Manipulation of VFI in Seasonal Breeds of Deer -- V. Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 18. Nutritional Physiology of Some Asian Ruminants -- I. Introduction -- II. Evolution and Range of Habitats Occupied -- III. Adaptations to Life in Seasonal Habitats -- IV. Linkage of Seasonal Physiological Rhythms in Cervids -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19. Patterns of Digesta Flow and Digestion in Foregut and Hindgut Fermenters -- I. Introduction -- II. Models of the Gut of Marine Deposit Feeders -- III. Models of the Mammalian Herbivore Gut -- IV. Patterns of Digesta Flow and Digestion in Foregut Fermenters -- V. Patterns of Digesta Flow and Digestion in Hindgut Fermenters -- VI. General Conclusions -- References -- Part 6: Digestion -- Chapter 20. Factors Affecting the Mean Retention Time of Particles in the Forestomach of Ruminants and Camelids -- I. Introduction -- II. Mean Retention Time of Digesta in the Forestomach -- III. Effects of Particle Size and Particle Density on Mean Retention Time in the Forestomach -- IV. Present Understanding -- References -- Chapter 21. Effects of Diet Composition and Level of Feed Intake on Site and Extent of Digestion in Ruminants -- I. Introduction -- II. Site of Digestion Measurements -- III. Grazing Ruminants -- IV. Roughages -- V. Concentrates and Mixed Diets -- VI. Feed Additives and Other Factors -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 22. The Influence of Energy-Rich Supplements on Nitrogen Kinetics in Ruminants -- I. Introduction -- II. Energy-Rich Supplements -- III. Effects of Energy-Rich Supplements on Rumen Function -- IV. Effects of Energy-Rich Supplements on Urea Metabolism -- V. Supplementation and Basal Diet -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 23. Control of Rate and Extent of Protein Degradation -- I. Introduction -- II. Conversion of Dietary Protein to Ammonia -- III. Potential for Control of Proteolytic Microbes and Enzymes. , IV. Properties of Protein Supplements -- V. Methods for Protecting Dietary Proteins -- VI. Control of Peptide Breakdown -- VII. Control of Amino Acid Breakdown -- VIII. Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation -- IX. A Forward Look -- X. Conclusions -- References -- Part 7: Microbiology -- Chapter 24. Microbial Ecology and Physiology off Feed Degradation within the Rumen -- I. Introduction -- II. Structure and Composition of Feed Entering the Rumen -- III. Microbial Colonization and Digestion of Plant Materials -- IV. Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Digestion of Fibers and Starch -- V. Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 25. Effects of Presence or Absence of Rumen Protozoa on the Efficiency of Utilization of Concentrate and Fibrous Feeds -- I. Introduction -- II. Ecological Relationships between Protozoa and Other Microorganisms: Effect of Defaunation an Bacterial and Fungal Populations -- III. Effect of Defaunation on Protein Digestion -- IV. Effect of Defaunation on Rumen Carbohydrate Digestion -- V. Defaunation of the Rumen and Animal Production -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 26. Rumen Anaerobic Fungi: Their Role and Interactions with Other Rumen Microorganisms in Relation to Fiber Digestion -- I. Introduction -- II. Taxonomy and Characteristics -- III. Energy Sources and Nutritional Requirements -- IV. Biomass-Determination of Population Densities -- V. Fiber Degradation In Vitro and In Vivo -- VI. Interactions with Other Rumen Microorganisms -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 27. Ruminal Protein Fermentation: New Perspectives on Previous Contradictions -- I. Introduction -- II. Peptides -- III. Ammonia Production -- IV. New Isolates -- V. Nutritional Implications -- References -- Part 8: New Challenges in Ruminant Physiology -- Chapter 28. Molecular Genetics of Rumen Cellulase Systems -- I. Introduction. , II. Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes of Rumen Bacteria.