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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambridge :Harvard University Press,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: In The Fire Ants, Walter Tschinkel provides not just an encyclopedic overview of Solenopsis invicta but a lively account of how research is done, how science establishes facts, and the pleasures and problems of a scientific career. The reader learns much about ants, the practice of science, and humans' role in the fire ant's North American success.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (748 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780674260672
    DDC: 595.79/6
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword by Edward O.Wilson -- I. Origin and Spread, Present and Future Range -- Prelude: And What Do You Do for a Living? -- Chapter 1. A Quick Tour of Fire Ant Biology -- Chapter 2. The Species of Fire Ants and Their Biogeography -- Chapter 3. An Atlas of Fire Ant Anatomy -- Chapter 4. Getting There -- Interlude: Beachhead Mobile -- Chapter 5. La Conquista: Spreading Out -- Interlude: Another Immigrant Moves West -- Chapter 6. Predicting Future Range Limits -- II. Basic Needs and the Monogyne Colony Cycle -- An Important Note: Monogyne and Polygyne Social Forms -- Chapter 7. Shelter -- Interlude: There's Nothing Like Getting Plastered -- Chapter 8. Space -- Chapter 9. Food -- Interlude: Mundane Methods -- Chapter 10. Mating and Colony Founding -- Interlude: Spring among the Fire Ants -- Chapter 11. The Claustral Period -- Interlude: Sharon's House of Beauty -- Chapter 12. The Incipient Phase and Brood Raiding -- Chapter 13. Dependent Colony Founding -- Chapter 14. Colony Growth -- Chapter 15. Relative Growth and Sociogenesis -- Interlude: The Porter Wedge Micrometer -- Chapter 16. Colony Reproduction and the Seasonal Cycle -- III. Family Life -- Interlude: Deby Discovers Ants -- Chapter 17. Nestmate and Brood Recognition -- Interlude: Ant ID Systems -- Chapter 18. Division of Labor -- Interlude: Moving Up in a Harvester Ant Colony -- Chapter 19. Adaptive Demography -- Interlude: Driving to Work with Odontomachus -- Chapter 20. The Organization of Foraging -- Interlude: Who's in Charge Here? -- Chapter 21. Food Sharing within the Colony -- Interlude: The Fire Ant on Trial -- Chapter 22. Venom and Its Uses -- Interlude: You Call That Pain!? -- Chapter 23. Social Control of the Queen's Egg-laying Rate -- Interlude: Catching Queens -- Chapter 24. Necrophoric Behavior -- IV. Polygyny. , Chapter 25. Discovery of Polygyny -- Interlude: I Want This to Be Accurate -- Chapter 26. The Suppression of Independent Colony Founding in Polygyne Colonies -- Chapter 27. The Nature and Fate of Polygyne Alates -- Interlude: A Useful Tool -- Chapter 28. Polygyne Mating, Adoption, Execution -- Chapter 29. Biological Consequences of Polygyny -- V. Populations and Ecology -- Chapter 30. Hybridization between Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri -- Chapter 31. Populations of Monogyne Fire Ants -- Interlude: Gang Wars -- Chapter 32. Territorial Behavior and Monogyne Population Regulation -- Chapter 33. Ecological Niche -- Chapter 34. Solenopsis invicta and Ant Community Ecology -- Interlude: Membership in a Prestigious Organization -- Chapter 35. Solenopsis invicta and Other Communities -- Chapter 36. Fire Ants and Vertebrates -- Interlude: A Microsafari in Antland -- Chapter 37. Biological Control -- Interlude: The Heartbreak of Parasitoids -- Some Final Words -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Index -- Color plates follow page.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 307-328 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: recruitment ; larvae ; feeding ; trophallaxis ; nutritional ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In social insects, colony nutrition depends upon the volume and quality of food distributed, ingested, and assimilated by its members. The ability of Solenopsis invicta workers and larvae to regulate the volume of food ingested individually has been well documented. In this paper, the ability of fire ant workers and larvae to regulate the quality and type of food ingested is demonstrated. Larvae displayed independent appetites for solid protein, amino acid solution, and sucrose solution. When larvae that had fed on one food type were switched to another, they fed on the second food type at rates characteristic of that food type, not of the volume of food previously ingested. Larvae preferred concentrated sucrose and amino acids solutions over dilute solutions. Larval “fullness” was thus a relative property, depending upon the nature of food as well as the volume ingested. The number of workers recruiting to food sites also depended upon food concentration and food type. Workers preferred sucrose to amino acids, concentrated to dilute solutions, and novel to accustomed food. The absence of protein in the worker diet rather than the presence of larvae caused workers to switch their preference from sugar to amino acids solutions. When the colony was offered sucrose and amino acids solutions simultaneously, individual workers ingested from one or the other site, but not both. Little mixing of crop contents occurred when workers solicited from one another inside the nest. Workers tended to regurgitate to larvae after ingesting amino acids and to other workers after ingesting sucrose. The mechanism regulating the distribution of protein pellets, which workers do not ingest, among larvae is unknown. In summary, colony nutrition was regulated by a chain of demand. Forager hunger determined the rate at which food flowed from the environment into the nest. Larval hunger and nest-worker hunger determined the rate and direction in which food moved within the nest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 28 (1981), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Arbeiterinnen der AmeiseSolenopsis invicta zeigen einen mäßigen Polymorphismus mit einer Variation der Kopfbreite von 0.45 mm bis 1.50 mm. Arbeiterinnen bis 0.80 mm wurden als klein, bis 1.00 als mittel und bis 1.50 als groß bezeichnet. Erwachsene Kolonien bestehen durchschnittlich aus 45% kleinen 42% mittleren und 16% großen Ameisen. Königinnen, die im Labor Kolonien gründen, produzieren nur “Pygmäen» Arbeiterinnen in der ersten Brut, die kleinsten Arbeiterinnen im Leben der Kolonie. Wenn die Kolonien heranwachsen, erzeugen sie größere Ameisen, bis im Alter von 7 Monaten Kopfbreiten zwischen 0.50 und 1.50 mm erreicht werden. Die Größenverteilung waren dann stark asymmetrisch, so daß die Kolonien aus 88% kleinen, 11% mittleren und 1% großen Arbeiterinnen bestanden. Frischbegattete Königinnen wurden im Labor von kleinen (500 Ameisen), mittleren (2000) oder großen (15,000) Kolonien mit Arbeiterinnen jeweils einer der drei verschiedenen Größenklassen adoptiert (9 Gruppen). Die Variation der Arbeiteringröße hatte keinen Effekt auf die Zahl oder Größe der produzierten Arbeiterpuppen. Andererseits waren die Zahl und Kopfbreite der Puppen in den ersten Bruten im Durchschnitt 1) größer als die von neu gegründeten Kolonien (Pygmäen-Arbeiterinnen fehlten), und 2) positiv mit des Koloniegrösse korreliert. Puppenzahl und Größe wuchsen beide im Verlauf des 4-monatigen Experiments an, obwohl die Zahl der Arbeiterinnen konstant gehalten wurde.
    Notes: Summary Solenopsis invicta workers display a slight polymorphism over a size range of head widths from 0.45 mm to 1.50 mm. Those measuring through 0.80 mm were designated small, through 1.00 mm, medium, and through 1.50 mm, large. Mature field colonies have small, medium, and large worker ratios of 45%, 42%, and 16% respectively. Queens founding colonies in the lab produced initial broods of minim workers, the smallest and only individuals a queen rears by herself. As colony populations grew, size classes of larger ants accumulated until after 7 months, ants with head widths ranging in size from 0.50–1.50 mm were produced. Size class distributions were skewed such that small, medium, and large ants made up 88%, 11% and 1% of the population, respectively. Newly mated queens were adopted into small (500 ants), medium (2000 ants), and large (15,000 ants) experimental colonies of field ants of three ranges of worker size variation (9 treatments). No effect of worker size variation on pupal production or pupal size was detected. The mean numbers and mean head width of pupae in their initial broods were: (1) greater than those of newly founded colonies (minims were lacking); and, (2) correlated to experimental colony size. Both pupal numbers and mean pupal size increased throughout the 4-month experiment even though worker number was kept constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 28 (1981), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zehn Kolonien der Importierten Feuerameise,Solenopsis invicta Buren, wurden drei verschiedene Typen von Flüssigfutter (1 molare Zucker=lösung, Serum von Ratten, ungereinigtes Sojabohnen-öl) angeboten. Dabei ergaben sich für die Nahrungspräferenz (gemessen in der Zahl der angeworbenen Arbeiterinnen) sieben stark voneinander verschiedene Vorzugsmustter. Beim Austesten von 31 standardisierten Laborkolonien mit diesen 3 Typen von Flüssigfutter ergaben sich sogar 16 unterschiedliche Vorzugsmuster. In Feldversuchen führte Serum annähernd zu gleichen Rekrutierungszahlen wie öl, während bei den Laborkolonien Zuckerlösung am stärksten bevorzugt wurde. Man kann also Feuerameisen nicht mehr vereinfachend als «fettliebende» Ameisen bezeichnen. Bei gleichstarker Rekrutierung wird sehr viel weniger öl in die Kolonie eingetragen als von den wässrigen Futterlösungen. Wurde über Nacht ölad libidum angeboten, so änderte dies sehr stark die Futterpräferenz der betreffenden Kolonie am darauffolgenden Tage.
    Notes: Summary When ten colonies of the fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren, were each offered three liquid food (sugar, rat serum, oil), their preference as measured by recruitment showed seven significantly different patterns. Similarly, 16 different food preference patterns emerged when 31 standardized laboratory colonies were tested with three foods. Serum caused almost as much recuritment as oil in field colonies, while sucrose was more frequently preferred in laboratory nests, indicating fire ants are more than simply “grease-loving” ants. For equal recruitment, oil is returne to the colony at a much lower rate than aqueous foods. Overnightad libidum oil feeding greatly modified colony preference the next day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 16 (1985), S. 323-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Social organization is generally assumed to increase colony efficiency and survival; however, little quantitative information is available to support this assumption. Polymorphism is an important aspect of labor division in colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Our objective was to investigate the effect of fire ant polymorphism on brood production efficiency. We set up standardized polymorphic colonies with a full range of worker sizes and artificial monomorphic colonies that contained only small, medium or large workers respectively. Polymorphic colonies produced brood at about the same rate as colonies composed of only small workers (Fig. 2A). Colonies composed of only medium workers produced about 30% less brood, and colonies composed of only large workers produced little or no brood at all. This pattern was independent of colony size; however, smaller colonies (0.75 g, live weight) produced almost twice as much brood per gram of workers as larger colonies (3.0g). Additional experiments revealed that the size of workers in the artificial monomorphic colonies affected all stages of brood rearing. Large workers not only inhibited the development of early and late instar larvae (Fig 4), but also reduced the queen's oviposition rate (Fig. 3). Brood production efficiency on an energetic basis was determined by dividing the grams of brood produced per unit time by the energetic costs expended for the maintenance and production of each worker size class. Worker maintenance costs were estimated from respiration while production costs were determined from the caloric content of worker tissue divided by their average longevity. Worker respiration per milligram body weight decreased about 40% as body size increased (Fig. 5). Large workers lived about 50% longer than small workers (Fig. 6) and contained 9% more energy per milligram of tissue (Fig. 7). Energetic efficiency in polymorphic colonies was approximately 10% higher than in colonies composed of only small workers (Fig. 9). In other words, when food supplies are limiting, polymorphism may offer a slight advantage in brood production.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 3 (1978), S. 297-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. When field colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren were orphaned by removing the functioning queen, re-collection 8–10 weeks later showed that 61% had replacement queens that were physogastric and attractive to workers. The weight of the original colony queens increases with the colony mound volume. The weight of replacement queens is inversely related to the number of such queens in the colony (1 to 99, but over half had only 1). 2. Laboratory rearing and later spermathecal dissections of these replacement queens established that 21% of the colonies had an inseminated queen and produced worker pupae. Of the remaining uninseminated replacement queens, about 20% nevertheless produced 1–25 worker pupae, probably by thelytokous parthenogenesis. Checking the brood present in orphaned field colonies showed that about 35% produced worker pupae, indicating an inseminated replacement queen was present. The remainder of the orphaned colonies produced all-male sexual broods only, a conditions not found in unorphaned colonies. 3. Combining the lab and field evidence, 27% of the orphaned colonies produced fertile replacements, and these were concentrated among the smaller, younger colonies. The hypothesis is developed that the inseminated replacements are surviving foundresses from pleometrotic colony founding, and that S. invicta is often polygynous but functionally monogynous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 33 (1993), S. 209-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Pleometrosis ; Formicidae ; Worker size ; Cannibalism ; Haplometrosis ; Colony development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The colony founding characteristics of newly mated fire ant queens from monogyne colonies were studied in the field and in the laboratory under haplo- and pleometrotic conditions. Initial queen weight (live) was not correlated with subsequent progeny production. During founding, queens lost a mean of 54% of their lean weight, 73% of their fat weight and 67% of their energy content. The percentage of fat decreased from 44% to 33%. Queens lost weight or energy in relation to the amount of progeny they produced (Figs. 1, 2). The efficiency of the conversion of queen to progeny increased as more progeny were produced, leading to a decline in the unit cost of progeny (Fig. 3). The more minims a queen produced, the lower the mean weight of these minims and the faster they developed (Fig. 4). In a field experiment on pleometrotic founding, total brood increased with queen number, peaked between four and seven queens and declined with 10 queens (Fig. 5). Brood developed faster at the sunny, warmer site, but total production and queen survival was higher at the shady site. As queen density increased, production per queen decreased as a negative exponential in which the exponent estimated sensitivity of brood production to queen-crowding and the constant estimated the production by solo queens (Fig. 9). These effects of queen number were confirmed in laboratory experiments. The decrease of production per queen was small and not always detectable during the egg-laying phase, but brood attrition was always strong during the larval period and increased with queen number (Figs. 8, 10). While airborne factors may have contributed to this inhibition, most of the brood reduction was due to other causes, probably cannibalism. For a given number of minims, increased queen number increased the mean weight of these minims, an effect that resulted both from a lower minim production per queen and from cannibalism of dead queens by survivors (Fig. 11). Cannibal queens lost much less weight to produce a given number of minims than unfed control queens, and these minims were heavier (Fig. 12).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Fire ant ; Solenopsis geminata ; Queen polymorphism ; Microgyny ; Reproductive strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alate trapping studies of a monogyne population of the fire ant Solenopsis geminata indicate that two sizes of gynes are produced. Macrogynes, which participate in late spring and summer mating flights, are larger, fattier, and more than twice as heavy as microgynes, which participate in fall mating flights. Three patterns of gyne production were observed in 51 colonies studied: 35 produced macrogynes only, 9 produced microgynes only, and 7 produced both morphs, contributing to both summer and fall mating flights. Behavioral evidence and rearing studies suggest that macrogynes found new colonies independently, whereas microgynes achieve colony queen status by infiltrating or being adopted by established colonies. Of the total number of female alates collected from the trapped colonies, 56% were microgynes. However, because of their smaller size and lower fat content, microgynes made up only one-third of the caloric investment in female alates. By measuring the thorax lengths of queens from mature colonies, we determined that at least 56% were macrogynes and 35% or more were microgynes. These results indicate that as a reproductive strategy, colony investment in microgyne production may have at least as high a payoff as investment in macrogyne production.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 45 (1999), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Formicidae ; Social feeding behavior ; Worker traits ; Trophallaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of worker size, age, and crop fullness on the flow of food into the colony were assessed using video recording and playback. Regardless of the level of colony satiation, small workers seldom had full crops and were more involved in larval grooming than in food traffic. Large workers played little role in larval care, but tended to be recruited easily to a food source and to store food in their crops. Medium workers had crops ranging from empty to full because they alternated between ingesting from and donating food to other colony members. Medium workers were the most versatile, engaging competently in food recruitment, larval grooming, and larval feeding. They displayed considerable variation in the frequency at which they fed larvae: some fed a few larvae before switching to other tasks, others fed over a hundred larvae before switching. The persistence, or lack thereof, of a worker's feeding response suggests a flexibility unaccounted for by the fixed-threshold-response hypothesis. Worker coverage of the brood pile was a dynamic equilibrium process unaffected by worker size, age, or crop fullness, or by differences in the nutritional or hygienic states of larvae. In summary, it appeared that worker size and age offered coarse regulation of task selection by workers, whereas crop fullness, flexible response, and task switching fine-tuned task selection.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Fire ant ; Solenopsis geminata ; Queen polymorphism ; Microgyny ; Reproductive strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alate trapping studies of a monogyne population of the fire ant Solenopsis geminata indicate that two sizes of gynes are produced. Macrogynes, which participate in late spring and summer mating flights, are larger, fattier, and more than twice as heavy as microgynes, which participate in fall mating flights. Three patterns of gyne production were observed in 51 colonies studied: 35 produced macrogynes only, 9 produced microgynes only, and 7 produced both morphs, contributing to both summer and fall mating flights. Behavioral evidence and rearing studies suggest that macrogynes found new colonies independently, whereas microgynes achieve colony queen status by infiltrating or being adopted by established colonies. Of the total number of female alates collected from the trapped colonies, 56% were microgynes. However, because of their smaller size and lower fat content, microgynes made up only one-third of the caloric investment in female alates. By measuring the thorax lengths of queens from mature colonies, we determined that at least 56% were macrogynes and 35% or more were microgynes. These results indicate that as a reproductive strategy, colony investment in microgyne production may have at least as high a payoff as investment in macrogyne production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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