Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- The Promise of the Blue Biotechnology -- The Economic Potential of Marine Biotechnology -- Supporting the Development of Marine Biotechnology -- Conclusions and Perspectives -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: The Promise of the Blue Biotechnology -- Chapter 1: The Marine Ecosystem as a Source of Antibiotics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Marine Cyanobacteria and Bacteria -- 2.1 Cyanobacteria -- 2.2 Bacteria -- 3 Marine Fungi -- 4 Sponge -- 5 Cnidaria -- 6 Bryozoa -- 7 Mollusca -- 8 Annelida -- 9 Echinodermata -- 10 Tunicate -- 11 Marine Algae -- 12 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Seaweeds: Valuable Ingredients for the Pharmaceutical Industries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Polysaccharides of Seaweeds -- 2.1 Ulvan -- 2.2 Agar and Carrageenan -- 2.3 Alginate, Fucoidan, and Laminaran -- 2.4 Bioactivity and Pharmaceutical Value of Seaweeds Polysaccharides -- 2.4.1 Antiviral and Antibacterial Activities -- 2.4.2 Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities -- 2.4.3 Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Activities -- 2.4.4 Anticancer Activities -- 3 Pigments of Seaweeds -- 3.1 Antioxidant Activity of Seaweeds Pigments -- 3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Seaweeds Pigments -- 3.3 Neuroprotective Activity of Seaweeds Pigments -- 4 Phlorotannin -- 4.1 Antioxidant Activity of Phlorotannins -- 4.2 Bactericidal Activity of Phlorotannins -- 4.3 Anticancer Activity of Phlorotannins -- 4.4 Antidiabetic Activity of Phlorotannins -- 4.5 Antiallergic Activity of Phlorotannins -- 4.6 Anti-inflammatory Activities of Phlorotannins -- 5 Seaweed Bioactive Peptides -- 5.1 Antioxidant Activity of Seaweed-Derived Peptides -- 5.2 Antihypertensive Activity of Seaweed-Derived Peptides -- 5.3 Immunomodulatory Effects of Seaweed-Derived Peptides -- 6 Seaweed Vitamins -- 7 Seaweed Minerals -- 8 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 3: Anti-infective Compounds from Marine Organisms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Antibacterial Compounds -- 2.1 From Bacteria -- 2.2 From Fungi -- 2.3 From Algae -- 2.4 From Invertebrates -- 3 Antifungal Compounds -- 3.1 From Bacteria -- 3.2 From Fungi -- 3.3 From Invertebrates -- 4 Antiviral Compounds -- 4.1 From Fungi -- 4.2 From Algae -- 4.3 From Invertebrates -- 5 Antiprotozoal Compounds -- 5.1 From Bacteria -- 5.2 From Algae -- 5.3 From Invertebrates -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: The Marine-Derived Filamentous Fungi in Biotechnology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Outline of Marine Fungi -- 3 Habitats and Diversity of Marine Fungi -- 4 Secondary Metabolites -- 5 Polysaccharides -- 6 Enzymes -- 6.1 Enzymes Used in the Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic and Food Industries -- 6.2 Biofuels -- 6.3 Enzymes Used in the Textile and Paper Industries -- 6.4 Enzymes for Environmental Applications -- 7 Bioremediation -- 8 Nanotechnologies -- 9 Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5: Aplysinopsins as Promising Marine Natural Product Drug Leads: Recent Developments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aplysinopsins -- 3 Synthesis of Aplysinopsin Analogs -- 3.1 Thioaplysinopsin Analogs -- 3.2 Pentamidine-Aplysinopsin Synthesis -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Aplysinopsins -- 3.4 Recyclization of Oxazolones into Aplysinopsins -- 4 Biological Activities of Aplysinopsins -- 4.1 Antiplasmodial and Antileishmanial Activity -- 4.2 CNS Activity -- 4.2.1 Serotonin Receptor Activity -- 4.2.2 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition -- 4.3 Anticancer Activities -- 4.4 Glycine-Gated Chloride Channel Receptor Modulation -- 4.5 In Vivo Studies -- 5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Potential of Hydrogen Fermentative Pathways in Marine Thermophilic Bacteria: Dark Fermentation and Capnophilic Lact... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Species and Culture Conditions -- 2.1 Taxonomy. , 2.2 Strain Origin -- 2.3 Culture Conditions -- 3 Fermentative Hydrogen Production by T. neapolitana -- 3.1 Dark Fermentation (DF) by T. neapolitana -- 3.2 Capnophilic Lactic Fermentation (CLF) by T. neapolitana -- 4 Anaerobic Sugar Fermentation in Thermotoga and Pseudothermotoga Genera -- 4.1 Bacterial Growth and Tolerance to CO2 -- 4.2 Glucose Consumption and Hydrogen Yield Under N2 and CO2 Conditions -- 4.3 Organic Metabolite Production Under N2 and CO2 Conditions -- 5 Challenges -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Anaerobic Digestion and Gasification of Seaweed -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method of Converting Seaweed to Biofuels -- 2.1 Seaweed as a Feedstock -- 2.2 Dewatering and Drying Macroalgae -- 2.3 Direct Combustion -- 2.4 Biodiesel -- 2.5 Bioethanol -- 2.6 Biobutanol -- 2.7 Hydrothermal Processing -- 3 Gasification and Anaerobic Digestion -- 3.1 Gasification -- 3.2 Anaerobic Digestion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: The Economic Potential of Marine Biotechnology -- Chapter 8: The Global Market for Marine Biotechnology: The Underwater World of Marine Biotech Firms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Blue Biotechnology: A Definition -- 3 The Blue Biotechnology Industries -- 3.1 Cosmetics -- 3.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 3.3 Food, Feed, and Nutraceuticals -- 3.4 Energy -- 3.5 Bio-Based Chemicals -- 4 The Analysis of a Sample of Firms -- 4.1 Methodology -- 4.2 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: How to Succeed in Marketing Marine Natural Products for Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical Markets -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Marine Natural Products: A Historical and Taxonomic Perspective -- 1.2 MNP Discovery and Development -- 2 Marine Natural Products and Value Chains -- 2.1 Nutraceutical Marine Natural Products -- 2.1.1 Marine Lipids -- 2.1.2 Fish Proteins -- 2.1.3 Fish Protein Hydrolysates. , 2.1.4 Marine Bioactive Peptides -- 2.1.5 Chitin, Chitosan and Related Compounds -- 2.1.6 Marine Polysaccharides -- 2.1.7 Marine Carotenoids -- 2.1.8 Other Relevant Compounds -- 2.2 Pharmaceutical Marine Natural Products -- 2.2.1 Marketed Marine Drugs and Close Analogues in Clinical Trials -- Cytarabine (Cytosar-U -- Depocyte), Vidarabine (Vira-A), Fludarabine Phosphate (Fludara) and Nelarabine (Arranon/Atriance) -- Ziconotide (Prialt) -- Fish n-3 Fatty Acid Derivatives (Omacor/Lovaza) -- Trabectedin (Yondelis) and Lurbinectedin -- Eribulin Mesylate (Halaven) -- Brentuximab Vedotin (Adcetris) and Close Analogues -- Iota Carrageenans (Carragelose) -- 2.2.2 Marine Natural Products and Close Analogues in Development -- 2.3 Cosmeceutical Marine Natural Products -- 2.3.1 Seaweed-Based Ingredients -- Classical Seaweed-Based Ingredients -- Biotechnology-Based Seaweed Ingredients -- 2.3.2 Microalgae Biotechnology-Based Ingredients -- 2.3.3 Specialty Biotechnology-Derived Active Ingredients -- The First Commercial Success: Abyssine by Unipex (New York, NY, USA) -- A Very Strong Brand Successful Marine Line: Resilience by Estée Lauder (New York, NY, USA) -- Recent Innovations and Marine Biotech Role: Nocturshape, Cellynkage and SeaCode by Lipotec (Barcelona, Spain) -- 2.3.4 Other Non-premium-Derived Marine Bioactive Ingredients -- 3 Major Challenges and Suggestions for Success in MNP Development -- 3.1 Nutraceutical-Specific Challenges -- 3.2 Pharmaceutical-Specific Challenges -- 3.3 Cosmeceutical-Specific Challenges -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: The European Marine Biological Research Infrastructure Cluster: An Alliance of European Research Infrastructures t... -- 1 Marine Biotechnology: An Emerging Field -- 2 The European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC), a Pan-European Research Infrastructure in Marine Biology and Ecology. , 2.1 The Genesis and Scope of EMBRC -- 2.2 Links of EMBRC with Maritime Regions -- 3 The Rationale for the European Marine Biological Research Infrastructure Cluster (EMBRIC) -- 3.1 Contribution of Other Pan-European Research Infrastructures to the Development of the Blue Bioeconomy -- 3.2 Objectives and Scope of EMBRIC -- 3.3 Organization of Workflows at EMBRC Facilities -- 4 EMBRIC: An Instrument to Promote the Blue Bioeconomy -- 4.1 Organization of Innovation Clusters at EMBRC Facilities -- 4.2 The Need for Public and Private Investments at Various Scales -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Supporting the Development of Marine Biotechnology -- Chapter 11: Grand Challenges in Marine Biotechnology: Overview of Recent EU-Funded Projects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 BAMMBO and MaCuMBA -- 3 GIAVAP and SUNBIOPATH -- 4 BlueGenics, LIPOYEASTS, MAMBA and PolyModE -- 5 SeaBioTech -- 6 MAREX and PharmaSea -- 7 ERA-NET MarineBiotech -- 8 Horizon 2020 Projects -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: SeaBioTech: From Seabed to Test-Bed: Harvesting the Potential of Marine Biodiversity for Industrial Biotechnology -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 SeaBioTech Has Put Together a Marine Biodiscovery Pipeline Using an Integrated Approach -- 1.2 SeaBioTech Is an Industry-Driven Project -- 1.3 Identification of Industry Needs: Providing an Industry-Driven Project -- 2 Methodology and Overall Strategy -- 3 The SME Partners and Their Activities -- 3.1 Prokazyme (PKZ) -- 3.2 PHARMAQ -- 3.3 Marine Biopolymers Ltd (MBL) -- 3.4 Ingenza (IGZ) -- 3.5 Horizon Discovery Ltd (HDL) -- 3.6 AXXAM -- 4 Addressing the Challenges Through Scientific Breakthroughs -- 4.1 Challenge 1: Access, Sampling, Storage and Quality Maintenance of Marine Resources Present in Extreme Environments and Spo... -- 4.1.1 Geothermal Intertidal Biotopes in Iceland. , 4.1.2 Deep-Sea Oligotrophic Basins and Hydrothermal Vent Fields in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- Editor -- Contributors -- Section 1: General view and sources of marine polysaccharides and oligosaccharides -- Chapter 1: Marine biodiversity as a new source of promising polysaccharides: innovative polysaccharides emerging from the marine biodiversity -- Contents -- 1.1. Diversity of marine ecosystems -- 1.1.1. Deep-sea environments -- 1.1.2. Shallow submarine thermal springs -- 1.1.3. Tropical environments -- 1.1.4. Arctic and antarctic oceans -- 1.2. Diversity of marine bioresources -- 1.2.1. Marine macroresources -- 1.2.2. Marine microresources -- 1.3. Diversity of marine polysaccharides and their biological activities -- 1.3.1. Chitin/chitosan -- 1.3.2. Galactans and carrageenans -- 1.3.3. Alginates -- 1.3.4. Fucoidans -- 1.3.5. Fungal polysaccharides -- 1.3.6. Microalgal polysaccharides -- 1.3.7. Bacterial polysaccharides -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Applications of marine polysaccharides in food processing -- Contents -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Major sources of marine polysaccharides and their isolation -- 2.2.1. Crustaceans -- 2.2.2. Seaweeds -- 2.2.3. Microalgae -- 2.2.4. Marine microorganisms -- 2.3. Functionality of polysaccharides in food processing -- 2.4. Food applications of marine polysaccharides -- 2.4.1. Crustacean polysaccharides: chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives -- 2.4.2. Seaweed polysaccharides -- 2.4.3. Polysaccharides from microalgal and marine microorganisms -- 2.5. Polysaccharide-based edible films and coatings -- 2.6. Marine oligosaccharides -- 2.7. Enzymatic processes for marine polysaccharides -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: The manufacture, characterization, and uses of fucoidans from macroalgae -- Contents -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Sources of fucoidan. , 3.2.1. Brown seaweeds -- 3.2.2. Echinoderms -- 3.3. Methods for fucoidan extraction -- 3.4. Industry standards: Is it fucoidan? -- 3.5. Quantifying and identifying fucoidan in biological fluids -- 3.6. Fucoidan applications -- 3.6.1. Food supplements -- 3.6.2. Pharmaceuticals -- 3.6.3. Biomaterials -- 3.6.4. Cosmetics -- 3.6.5. Animal applications -- 3.6.6. Agricultural applications -- 3.7. Safety and regulation for use in food and supplements -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Chemical and biological routes for the valorization of macroalgal polysaccharides -- Contents -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Macroalgal polysaccharides -- 4.3. Functional properties and applications of native macroalgal polysaccharides -- 4.4. Chemical modifications of macroalgal polysaccharides -- 4.5. Catalysts for valorization of macroalgal polysaccharides -- 4.5.1. Chemical catalysts -- 4.5.2. Biological catalysts -- 4.6. Biotransformation of monosugars derived from macroalgal polysaccharides -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Marine exopolysaccharides provide protection in extreme environments -- Contents -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Protection provided by EPS -- 5.2.1. Cryoprotection -- 5.2.2. Protection from high temperature -- 5.2.3. Protection from light -- 5.3. Application potential of marine EPS -- 5.3.1. Bioremediation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Structural mechanisms involved in mild-acid hydrolysis of a defined tetrasaccharide-repeating sulfate fucan -- Contents -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Specificity of mild-acid hydrolysis on marine invertebrate SFs and SGs -- 6.3. Understanding the process of mild-acid hydrolysis on L. variegatus SF -- 6.4. Structure of products obtained from mild-acid hydrolysis of L. variegatus SF -- 6.5. Confirming 2-desulfation during mild-acid hydrolysis of L. variegatus SF. , 6.6. Glycosidic linkage of the desulfated unit is cleaved during mild-acid hydrolysis of L. variegatus SF -- 6.7. Events underlying mild-acid hydrolysis of L. variegatus SF -- 6.8. Determining the molecular weights of products obtained from mild-acid hydrolysis of L. variegatus SF -- 6.9. Impact of sulfation pattern on the underlying events of mild-acid hydrolysis of L. variegatus SF -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Biosynthesis and extrusion of β-chitin nanofibers by diatoms -- Contents -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Morphology of extracellular diatom chitin nanofibers -- 7.3. Cellular and molecular processes for chitin biosynthesis and nanofiber formation -- 7.3.1. Silica biomineralization and frustule cell wall formation -- 7.3.2. Photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen assimilation -- 7.3.3. Chitin biosynthesis -- 7.3.4. Chitin nanofiber extrusion -- 7.3.5. Molecular genetic basis of chitin biosynthesis and degradation in diatoms -- 7.3.6. Ecological role of extracellular diatom chitin nanofibers -- 7.4. Bioreactor production of chitin nanofibers -- 7.5. Emerging applications of diatom-derived β-chitin nanofibers -- 7.5.1. Unique features of β-chitin nanofibers produced by diatoms -- 7.5.2. Biomedical materials derived from β-chitin nanofibers -- 7.5.3. Potential of β-chitin nanofibers as nanowires for protonic devices -- 7.6. Future research -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: The mucus of marine invertebrates: Cnidarians, polychaetes, and echinoderms as case studies -- Contents -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Mucus characteristics and structure -- 8.3. Mucus as a food source for bacteria -- 8.4. Mucus as a microenvironment created by the hosts -- 8.5. Mucus antibacterial activity -- 8.6. Other roles of mucus -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 9: Biorefinery of unique polysaccharides from Laminaria sp., Kappaphycus sp., and Ulva sp.: structure, enzymatic hydrolysis, and bioenergy from released monosaccharides -- Contents -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Sources of marine polysaccharides from Laminaria sp, Kappaphycus sp, and Ulva sp. -- 9.2.1. History of seaweed cultivation systems -- 9.2.2. Seaweed-based biorefineries -- 9.2.3. A biorefinery based on Ulva sp.: a case study -- 9.2.4. Polysaccharide extraction and purification methods -- 9.3. Seaweed polysaccharides: structures, applications, and seaweed-associated bacteria as a factor in biorefinery improvement -- 9.3.1. Structures of alginate, carrageenan, and ulvan -- 9.3.2. Potential applications of selected marine polysaccharides -- 9.3.3. Seaweed-bacteria interactions: a potential factor to improve seaweed-based biorefinery -- 9.4. Associated seaweed bacteria: a potential source of enzymes for hydrolyzing alginate, carrageenan, and ulvan -- 9.4.1. Alginate enzymatic degradation -- 9.4.2. Carrageenan enzymatic degradation -- 9.4.3. Ulvan enzymatic degradation -- 9.5. Processing methods for extraction of monosaccharides from seaweed -- 9.5.1. Seaweed saccharification methods -- 9.5.2. Seaweed monosaccharide applications -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Fermentative production and application of marine microbial exopolysaccharides -- Contents -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Exopolysaccharides from marine organisms -- 10.2.1. Marine microbial EPS production -- 10.3. Rheological properties of marine exopolysaccharides -- 10.4. Applications of microbial exopolysaccharides -- 10.4.1. Antioxidant properties -- 10.4.2. Anticancer properties -- 10.4.3. Immunomodulatory property -- 10.4.4. Anticoagulant activity and the blood coagulation system -- 10.4.5. Antiviral activity -- 10.4.6. Antilipidemic activity. , 10.4.7. Antibiofilm activity -- 10.4.8. Gelling properties -- 10.4.9. Emulsifying activity -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Section 2: Extraction techniques, structural determination, and methodologies to assess biological activities -- Chapter 11: Marine polysaccharides: extraction techniques, structural determination, and description of their biological activities -- Contents -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Extraction of marine polysaccharides -- 11.2.1. Agar -- 11.2.2. Carrageenan -- 11.2.3. Laminarin -- 11.2.4. Alginate -- 11.2.5. Ulvan -- 11.2.6. Chitin and chitosan -- 11.2.7. Fucoidan -- 11.2.8. Porphyran -- 11.3. Assessment of intrinsic purity and structural elucidation -- 11.3.1. Methods used in assessing intrinsic purity -- 11.3.2. Structural elucidation -- 11.3.3. Structural characterization-specific polysaccharide -- 11.4. Biological activities -- 11.4.1. Antiviral activities -- 11.4.2. Antibacterial activities -- 11.4.3. Antifungal activities -- 11.4.4. Anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities -- 11.4.5. Antiproliferative, tumor suppressor, apoptotic, and cytotoxicity activities -- 11.4.6. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities -- 11.4.7. Antilipidemic (hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic), hypoglycemic, and hypotensive activities -- 11.4.8. Antioxidant activity -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Fucoidan: a tool for molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy of cardiovascular diseases -- Contents -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. A brief overview of atherosclerosis -- 12.3. Medical imaging of cardiovascular diseases: reality and challenges -- 12.4. Fucoidan and P-selectin: toward a biospecific contrast agent for CVD imaging -- 12.4.1. P-selectin -- 12.4.2. Fucoidan: origin and structure -- 12.4.3. Biological activities of fucoidan -- 12.4.4. P-selectin/fucoidan interaction. , 12.4.5. A fucoidan-based contrast agent for vascular imaging.