Note: Intro -- Preface -- Belgium -- France -- Germany -- Great Britain -- Italy -- Japan -- Acknowledgement -- Abstract -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Food or Famine -- 1.1 Sir William Crookes -- 1.2 ``The Wheat Problem´´ -- References -- Chapter 2: Agricultural Chemistry -- 2.1 Justus Liebig -- 2.2 Adolph Frank: Disciple of Liebig -- References -- Chapter 3: The Quest for Fixed Nitrogen -- 3.1 The Background to Fixed Nitrogen -- 3.2 Early Studies on Nitrogen -- 3.3 Natural Nitrogen Fertilizers -- 3.3.1 Guano and Saltpetre -- 3.4 Fertilizers and Agricultural Experiment Stations -- 3.5 Expansion of the Nitrogen Industry -- 3.5.1 Decline of Guano -- 3.5.2 South American Nitrate -- 3.6 Ludwig Mond -- 3.7 Nitro Compounds -- 3.8 Dead Ends: Nitrides and Cyanides -- 3.8.1 Nitrides -- 3.8.2 Cyanides -- References -- Chapter 4: Ammonium Sulphate -- 4.1 Coke Oven and Mond Gases -- 4.2 Peat and Ammonium Sulphate -- 4.3 Marketing Ammonium Sulphate -- 4.4 The Far Eastern and South East Asian Markets -- 4.5 The International Market in the Mid-1920s -- 4.5.1 Improving Ammonium Sulphate -- References -- Chapter 5: Electricity and the Chemical Industry -- 5.1 Electric Arcs -- 5.2 The Burning of Air -- 5.3 Birkeland and Eyde -- 5.4 Otto Schönherr -- 5.5 Other Arc Processes -- 5.6 Calcium Cyanamide -- 5.7 Nikodem Caro -- 5.8 The First Cyanamide Factory, Piano d´Orta -- 5.9 North-Western Cyanamide Company -- 5.10 Cyanamide in the United States -- 5.11 Cyanamide in Japan -- 5.11.1 Noguchi Shitagau and Fujiyama Tsuneichi -- 5.12 Ferdinand Polzenius -- 5.13 The Frank-Caro Process in Germany -- References -- Chapter 6: The Direct Synthesis of Ammonia -- 6.1 BASF -- 6.2 Carl Bosch -- 6.3 Fritz Haber -- 6.4 Nitrogen Fixation: Haber´s Studies -- 6.5 Reaction Variables -- 6.6 Bosch and Haber -- 6.7 Nitric Acid -- References -- Chapter 7: A Time of Guns and Grain. , 7.1 War and Fixed Nitrogen -- 7.2 Nitrogen Rivalries -- 7.3 Enemy Aliens: Le Rossignol and Tamaru -- 7.4 The Explosives: Nitro Compounds and Nitrates -- 7.5 The New ``Wheat Problem´´ -- 7.6 Herbert A. Humphrey and Cyanamide -- References -- Chapter 8: Wartime Expansion of the Nitrogen Industry -- 8.1 Germany: Nitric Acid from Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia -- 8.2 France -- 8.3 Italy -- 8.4 Great Britain -- 8.5 The Secret of Synthetic Ammonia -- 8.5.1 The ``Haber´´ Myth -- 8.6 Gas Warfare -- 8.7 War Work: Ammonia Converters and Merseburg -- 8.8 The United States -- 8.8.1 Three Opinions: Charles Parsons, the National Research Foundation, and the Ordnance Department -- 8.8.2 Muscle Shoals -- 8.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Billingham: ``The Synthetic´´ -- 9.1 Nitrogen in Britain -- 9.2 ``Little More Than a Wilderness´´ -- 9.3 ``Colonel Pollitt, Like Dr Mond, Created Another Large Industry´´ -- 9.4 Brunner, Mond Ammonia Research -- 9.5 Observations in America and Independence in Energy Supply -- 9.6 Nitric Acid, Until 1939 -- References -- Chapter 10: Non-BASF Ammonia Technologies -- 10.1 Monopoly Encouraging Innovation -- 10.2 Casale, Claude, and Fauser -- 10.3 Luigi Casale -- 10.3.1 Controlling the Catalyst, and Casale´s Ejector -- 10.4 Rival of Casale: Fauser Ammonia -- 10.5 Ammonia Casale SA -- 10.6 Montecatini and Fauser -- 10.7 Casale´s First Licensing Arrangements -- 10.8 Claude Ammonia, and Casale in France -- 10.9 Promoting Ammonia Casale in Britain -- 10.10 The Mont Cenis Process and Its Introduction into the Netherlands -- 10.11 Pure Gases: Mainly Hydrogen, and Nitrogen -- 10.11.1 Electrolysis -- 10.11.2 Water Gas -- 10.11.3 Coke Oven Gas -- 10.11.4 Natural Gas and Petroleum Gases -- 10.11.5 The Compressors -- 10.12 Steels for High-Pressure Chemical Reactions -- References -- Chapter 11: The United States. , 11.1 The Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory -- 11.2 The NEC Process -- 11.3 Combining Casale and Claude Technologies -- References -- Chapter 12: New Ideologies and National Security in the 1920s -- 12.1 Italy, and Central and Eastern Europe -- 12.2 The Fauser Process and Political Developments in Italy -- 12.3 Czechoslovakia -- 12.4 Romania -- 12.5 Hungary -- 12.6 Poland -- 12.7 Austria and Yugoslavia -- References -- Chapter 13: International Conferences, and an Adriatic Cruise -- 13.1 The Nitrogen Cartels -- 13.2 Survival of the Nitrogen Industry Convention -- 13.3 Revival of Chilean Nitrate -- 13.4 Norway: Hafslund, Norsk Hydro, and IG Farben -- 13.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 14: Synthetic Nitrogen in the Soviet Union -- 14.1 Towards the First Five-Year Plan -- 14.2 Western Technologies -- 14.3 Reporting on the Soviet Industrial Revolution -- 14.4 Problems of Rapid Industrialization -- References -- Chapter 15: Imperial Japan: From Cyanamide to Synthetic Ammonia -- 15.1 High Pressures -- 15.2 Korea -- 15.3 Suzuki Shoten -- 15.4 Fauser, NEC, TIEL, and Haber-Bosch Processes in Japan -- 15.5 Japan´s ``East India Company´´: The South Manchuria Railway -- References -- Chapter 16: High-Pressure Synthesis and Later Developments -- 16.1 High-Pressure Catalytic Circulatory Plants -- 16.2 Methanol -- 16.3 Hydrogenation: Coal to Oil -- 16.3.1 Leunabenzin -- 16.4 Polythene -- 16.5 Acetylene Under Pressure -- 16.6 The New Ammonia Technologies -- 16.7 Successors to the Electric Arc and Cyanamide Firms -- References -- Chapter 17: Nobel Prizes and a New Technology -- 17.1 Fritz Haber and the Nobel Prize -- 17.2 Fritz Haber´s Germany, 1918-1933 -- 17.3 The Death of Haber -- References -- Chapter 18: A Legacy of Synthetic Nitrogen -- 18.1 Homage to Inventors -- 18.2 Autarky -- References. , Chapter 19: Catching Up: Mainly Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union -- 19.1 Nitrogen: A Strategic Asset -- Chapter 20: Conclusion -- References -- Correction to: Nitrogen Capture -- Correction to: A.S. Travis, Nitrogen Capture, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68963-0 -- Index.

Note: Front -- CONTENTS -- Introduction -- Chemistry and Revolution -- Calico Printing in Miilheim -- The Manchester Years, 1859-1866 -- Negotiating Science-based Technology -- Chemical Theory From Chemical Industry -- The Chemist as Inventor -- Academic-Industrial Collaboration -- The Industrial Research Laboratory -- Patents and Agreements -- Ambitious and Glory Hunting ... Impractical and Fantastic -- Chemical Celebrity -- Heinrich Caro: Genius and Myth -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter Location of Major Dye Classes, Important Individual Dyes, Dye-Intermediates, and Raw Materials -- Name Index -- Index of Companies, Partnerships, Academic and Legal Institutions, and Trade and Professional Associations.