Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Preface to the First Edition -- Symbols -- Unit Conversions -- 1: INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Regimes of boiling -- 1.2 Two-Phase Flow -- 1.3 Flow Boiling Crisis -- 1.4 Flow Instability -- 2: POOL BOlLING -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nucleation and Dynamics of Single Bubbles -- 2.2.1 Nucleation -- 2.2.1.1 Nucleation in a Pure Liquid -- 2.2.1.2 Nucleation at Surfaces -- 2.2.2 Waiting Period -- 2.2.3 Isothermal Bubble Dynamics -- 2.2.4 Isobaric Bubble Dynamics -- 2.2.5 Bubble Departure from a Heated Surface -- 2.2.5.1 Bubble Size at Departure -- 2.2.5.2 Departure Frequency -- 2.2.5.3 Boiling Sound -- 2.2.5.4 Latent Heat Transport and Microconvection by Departing Bubbles -- 2.2.5.5 Evaporation-of-Microlayer Theory -- 2.3 Hydrodynamics of Pool Boiling Process -- 2.3.1 The Helmholtz Instability -- 2.3.2 The Taylor Instability -- 2.4 Pool Boiling Heat Transfer -- 2.4.1 Dimensional Analysis -- 2.4.1.1 Commonly Used Nondimensional Groups -- 2.4.1.2 Boiling Models -- 2.4.2 Correlation of Nucleate Boiling Data -- 2.4.2.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling of Ordinary Liquids -- 2.4.2.2 Nucleate Pool Boiling with Liquid Metals -- 2.4.3 Pool Boiling Crisis -- 2.4.3.1 Pool Boiling Crisis in Ordinary Liquids -- 2.4.3.2 Boiling Crisis with Liquid Metals -- 2.4.4 Film Boiling in a Pool -- 2.4.4.1 Film Boiling in Ordinary Liquids -- 2.4.4.2 Film Boiling in Liquid Metals -- 2.5 Additional References for Further Study -- 3: HYDRODYNAMICS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Flow Patterns in Adiabatic and Diabatic Flows -- 3.2.1 Flow Patterns in Adiabatic Flow -- 3.2.2 Flow Pattern Transitions in Adiabatic Flow -- 3.2.2.1 Pattern Transition in Horizontal Adiabatic Flow -- 3.2.2.2 Pattern Transition in Vertical Adiabatic Flow -- 3.2.2.3 Adiabatic Flow in Rod Bundles. , 3.2.2.4 Liquid Metal-Gas Two-Phase Systems -- 3.2.3 Flow Patterns in Diabatic Flow -- 3.3 Void Fraction and Slip Ratio in Diabatic Flow -- 3.3.1 Void Fraction in Subcooled Boiling Flow -- 3.3.2 Void Fraction in Saturated Boiling Flow -- 3.3.3 Diabatic Liquid Metal-Gas Two-Phase Flow -- 3.3.4 Instrumentation -- 3.3.4.1 Void Distribution Measurement -- 3.3.4.2 Interfacial Area Measurement -- 3.3.4.3 Measurement of the Velocity of a Large Particle -- 3.3.4.4 Measurement of Liquid Film Thickness -- 3.4 Modeling of Two-Phase Flow -- 3.4.1 Homogeneous Model/Drift Flux Model -- 3.4.2 Separate-Phase Model (Two-Fluid Model) -- 3.4.3 Models for Flow Pattern Transition -- 3.4.4 Models for Bubbly Flow -- 3.4.5 Models for Slug Flow (Taite] and Barnea, 1990) -- 3.4.6 Models for Annular Flow -- 3.4.6.1 Falling Film Flow -- 3.4.6.2 Countercurrent Two-Phase Annular Flow -- 3.4.6.3 Inverted Annular and Dispersed Flow -- 3.4.7 Models for Stratified Flow (Horizontal Pipes) -- 3.4.8 Models for Transient Two-Phase Flow -- 3.4.8.1 Transient Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes -- 3.4.8.2 Transient Slug Flow -- 3.4.8.3 Transient Two-Phase Flow in Rod Bundles -- 3.5 Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Flow -- 3.5.1 Local Pressure Drop -- 3.5.2 Analytical Models for Pressure Drop Prediction -- 3.5.2.1 Bubbly Flow -- 3.5.2.2 Slug Flow -- 3.5.2.3 Annular Flow -- 3.5.2.4 Stratified Flow -- 3.5.3 Empirical Correlations -- 3.5.3.1 Bubbly Flow in Horizontal Pipes -- 3.5.3.2 Slug Flow -- 3.5.3.3 Annular Flow -- 3.5.3.4 Correlations for Liquid Metal and Other Fluid Systems -- 3.5.4 Pressure Drop in Rod Bundles -- 3.5.4.1 Steady Two-Phase Flow -- 3.5.4.2 Pressure Drop in Transient Flow -- 3.5.5 Pressure Drop in Flow Restriction -- 3.5.5.1 Steady-State, Two-Phase-Flow Pressure Drop -- 3.5.5.2 Transient Two-Phase-Flow Pressure Drop -- 3.6 Critical Flow and Unsteady Flow. , 3.6.1 Critical Flow in Long Pipes -- 3.6.2 Critical Flow in Short Pipes, Nozzles, and Orifices -- 3.6.3 Slowdown Experiments -- 3.6.3.1 Experiments with Tubes -- 3.6.3.2 Vessel Slowdown -- 3.6.4 Propagation of Pressure Pulses and Waves -- 3.6.4.1 Pressure Pulse Propagation -- 3.6.4.2 Sonic Wave Propagation -- 3.6.4.3 Relationship Among Critical Discharge Rate, Pressure Propagation Rate, and Sonic Velocity -- 3.7 Additional References for Further Study -- 4: FLOW BOILING -- 4.1 lntroducton -- 4.2 Nucleate Boiling in Flow -- 4.2.1 Subcooled Nucleate Flow Boiling -- 4.2.1.1 Partial Nucleate Flow Boiling -- 4.2.1.2 Fully Developed Nucleate Flow Boiling -- 4.2.2 Saturated Nucleate Flow Boiling -- 4.2.2.1 Saturated Nucleate Flow Boiling of Ordinary Liquids -- 4.2.2.2 Saturated Nucleate Flow Boiling of Liquid Metals -- 4.3 Forced-Convection Vaporization -- 4.3.1 Correlations for Forced-Convection Vaporization -- 4.3.2 Effect of Fouling Boiling Surface -- 4.3.3 Correlations for Liquid Metals -- 4.4 Film Boiling and Heat Transfer in Liquid-Deficient Regions -- 4.4.1 Partial Film Boiling (Transition Boiling) -- 4.4.2 Stable Film Boiling -- 4.4.2.1 Film Boiling in Rod Bundles -- 4.4.3 Mist Heat Transfer in Dispersed Flow -- 4.4.3.1 Dispersed Flow Model -- 4.4.3.2 Dryout Droplet Diameter Calculation -- 4.4.4.1 Blowdown Heat Transfer -- 4.4.4.2 Heat Transfer in Emergency Core Cooling Systems -- 4.4.4.3 Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) Analysis -- 4.4.4 Transient Cooling -- 4.4.5 Liquid-Metal Channel Voiding and Expulsion Models -- 4.5 Additional References for Further Study -- 5: FLOW BOILING CRISIS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physical Mechanisms of Flow Boiling Crisis in Visual Observations -- 5.2.1 Photographs of Flow Boiling Crisis -- 5.2.2 Evidence of Surface Dryout in Annular Flow -- 5.2.3 Summary of Observed Results. , 5.3 Microscopic Analysis of CHF Mechanisms -- 5.3.1 Liquid Core Convection and Boundary-Layer Effects -- 5.3.1.1 Liquid Core Temperature and Velocity Distribution Analysis -- 5.3.1.2 Boundary-Layer Separation and Reynolds Flux -- 5.3.1.3 Subcooled Core Liquid Exchange and Interface Condensation -- 5.3.2 Bubble-Layer Thermal Shielding Analysis -- 5.3.2.1 Critical Enthalpy in the Bubble Layer (Tong et a!., 1996a) -- 5.3.2.2 Interface Mixing -- 5.3.2.3 Mass and Energy Balance in the Bubble Layer -- 5.3.3 Liquid Droplet Entrainment and Deposition in High- Quality Flow -- 5.3.4 CHF Scaling Criteria and Correlations for Various Fluids -- 5.3.4.1 Scaling Criteria -- 5.3.4.2 CHF Correlations for Organic Coolants and Refrigerants -- 5.3.4.3 CHF Correlations for Liquid Metals -- 5.4 Parameter Effects on CHF in Experiments -- 5.4.1 Pressure Effects -- 5.4.2 Mass Flux Effects -- 5.4.2.1 Inverse Mass Flux Effects -- 5.4.2.2 Downward Flow Effects -- 5.4.3 Local Enthalpy Effects -- 5.4.4 CHF Table of p-G-X Effects -- 5.4.5 Channel Size and Cold Wall Effects -- 5.4.5.1 Channel Size Effect -- 5.4.5.2 Effect of Unheated Wall in Proximity to the CHF Point -- 5.4.5.3 Effect of Dissolved Gas and Volatile Additives -- 5.4.6 Channel Length and Inlet Enthalpy Effects and Orientation Effects -- 5.4.6.1 Channel Length and Inlet Enthalpy Effects -- 5.4.6.2 Critical Heat Flux in Horizontal Tubes -- 5.4.7 Local Flow Obstruction and Surface Property Effects -- 5.4.7.1 Flow Obstruction Effects -- 5.4.7.2 Effect of Surface Roughness -- 5.4.7.3 Wall Thermal Capacitance Effects -- 5.4.7.4 Effects of Ribs or Spacers -- 5.4.7.5 Hot-Patch Length Effects -- 5.4.7.6 Effects of Rod Bowing -- 5.4.7.7 Effects of Rod Spacing -- 5.4.7.8 Coolant Property (D,O and H,O) Effects on CHF -- 5.4.7.9 Effects of Nuclear Heating -- 5.4.8 Flow Instability Effects -- 5.4.9 Reactor Transient Effects. , 5.5 Operating Parameter Correlations for CHF Predictions in Reactor Design -- 5.5.1 W-3 CHF Correlation and THINC-Il Subchannel Codes -- 5.5.1.1 W-3 CHF Correlation -- 5.5.1.2 THINC [J Code Verification -- 5.5.2 B & -- W-2 CHF Correlation (Gellerstedt et al., 1969) -- 5.5.2.1 Correlation for Uniform Heat Flux -- 5.5.2.2 Correlation for Nonuniform Heat Flux -- 5.5.3 CE-1 CHF Correlation (C-E Report, 1975. 1976) -- 5.5.4 WSC-2 CHF Correlation and HAMBO Code -- 5.5.4.1 Bowring CHF Correlation for Uniform Heat Flux (Bowring. 1972) -- 5.5.4.2 WSC-2 Correlation and HAMBO Code Verification (Bowring. 1979) -- 5.5.5 Columbia CHF Correlation and Verification -- 5.5.5.1 CHF Correlation for Uniform Heat Flux -- 5.5.5.2 COBRA IIlC Verification (Reddy and Fighetti. 1983) -- 5.5.5.3 Russian Data Correlation of Ryzhov and Arkhipow ( 1985) -- 5.5.6 Cincinnati CHF Correlation and Modified Model -- 5.5.6.1 Cincinnati CHF Correlation and COBRA IllC Verification -- 5.5.6.2 An Improved CHF Model for Low-Quality Flow -- 5.5.7 A.R.S. CHF Correlation -- 5.5.7.1 CHF Correlation with Uniform Heating -- 5.5.7.2 Extension A.R.S. CHF Correlation to Nonuniform Heating -- 5.5.7.3 Comparison of A.R.S. Correlation with Experimental Data -- 5.5.8 Effects of Boiling Length: ClSE-1 and ClSE-3 CHF Correlations -- 5.5.8.1 ClSE-1 Correlation -- 5.5.8.2 ClSE-3 Correlation for Rod Bundles (Bertoletti et al., 1965) -- 5.5.9 GE Lower-Envelope CHF Correlation and ClSE-GE Correlation -- 5.5.9.1 G E Lower-Envelope CHF Correlation -- 5.5.9.2 GE Approximate Dryout Correlation (GE Report, 1975) -- 5.5.1 0 Whalley Dry out Predictions in a Round Tube (Whalley et al.. 1973) -- 5.5.11 Levy's Dryout Prediction with Entrainment Parameter -- 5.5.12 Recommendations on Evaluation of CHF Margin in Reactor Design -- 5.6 Additional References for Further Study -- 6: INSTABILITY OF TWO-PHASE FLOW. , 6.1 Introduction.