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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contactless measurement of giant magnetoresistance in CoAg granular films using infrared transmission spectroscopy (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5045-5047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new technique is presented for studying spin dependent transport properties in mesoscopic magnetic structures which exploits the magnetorefractive effect (MRE). A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to measure the MRE of CoAg granular films deposited on thinned Si(001) substrates. Infrared transmission spectra were recorded over a wavelength range from 2.5 to 18.2 μm in an applied magnetic field up to 1.5 kOe. The resulting relative transmission curves have a minimum at approximately 7 μm which deepens if the applied magnetic field is increased. This behavior can be described by model calculations in the self-averaging limit from which the scattering rates can be extracted when fitted to the experimental spectra. The field dependent behavior of the MRE reproduces the magnetoresistance behavior measured using a conventional four-point probe demonstrating the capability of the MRE to study magnetotransport without making electrical contacts. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370086
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jitterbug spin channel mixing in heterogeneous giant magnetoresistive material : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5593-5595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A mechanism is described which considers the effect of small magnetic particles on the spin diffusion length in a granular giant magnetoresistive material. Spin depolarization occurs by precession of the spin orientation of the carrier due to the s–d exchange interaction within a magnetic particle. Numerical simulation of this jitterbug effect is found to generate a temperature and field dependence of the distance a carrier may travel within the sample without losing its spin memory. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362252
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural characterization of epitaxial Co–Ag : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6247-6249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Co–Ag granular films are prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy to enable a detailed structural study to be conducted in conjunction with magnetotransport properties. It is demonstrated that the shape, size, location, and segregation of the magnetic Co grains and the morphology of the surface depend on the growth temperature. Detailed transmission electron microscopy reveals inherent differences between samples prepared at room temperature and those prepared at high temperature. Small clusters of only a few atoms are found to be present in the matrix of the low-temperature samples significantly affecting the spin diffusion length. Well-crystallized regions of both Co and Ag are found in the high-temperature samples, however, the Co grains remain relatively small in size even at the highest growth temperatures. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362020
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism sum rules to Co/Pt multilayers (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4754-4754 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The presence of perpendicular anisotropy in Co/Pt multilayers is often attributed to an enhanced orbital magnetization at the surface or interfaces of the multilayers. By the application of the 〈Lz/Sz〉 sum rule to magnetic x-ray circular dichroism spectra it is possible to probe directly the orbital to spin ratio. In this study a comparison has been made of this ratio between Co/Pt multilayers with different anisotropies and also with single films of Co with and without Pt. The multilayers were prepared in high vacuum by evaporation on Si substrates with a 2.4 nm Pt buffer and a 1.2 nm Pt capping layers, characterized by x-ray diffraction and magneto-optic Kerr effect. The magnetic circular dichroism experiments were carried out at Daresbury laboratory in 75% polarization in ±1 T perpendicular applied fields as a function of temperature from 25 to 300 K. We find that the 〈Lz/Sz〉 ratio is enhanced for a multilayer with perpendicular anisotropy compared to a similar multilayer with in-plane anisotropy.© 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365453
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic anisotropy in giant magnetoresistive CoAg granular films (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5207-5207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A correlation is found between the room temperature giant magnetoresistive (GMR) behavior and the direction of the easy axis of the magnetization in molecular beam epitaxy grown CoAg granular films. Samples containing between 15 and 50 at. % Co were prepared by co-evaporation at temperatures ranging from 0 to 600 °C. GMR curves are recorded with the current in the film plane and the external field either parallel or perpendicular to the film. Out-of-plane torque magnetometry has been used to determine the anisotropy energies and carry out a full directional analysis. Below Co concentrations of 30 at. %, the GMR curve for the field perpendicular to the plane always decreases more rapidly than for the field parallel to the plane. In contrast, for higher Co concentrations, the in-plane GMR decreases more rapidly at low fields and then crosses over the out-of-plane GMR curve. Thus, the maximum GMR is always observed when the field is perpendicular to the plane. Torque measurements show that for all growth temperatures, the direction of the easy axis of magnetization changes from out-of-plane to in-plane with increasing Co concentration. This crossover shifts to lower Co concentrations as the growth temperature increases. The maximum anisotropy energy density is larger in the case where the easy axis lies in the film plane. Unexpectedly, for all growth temperatures two uniaxial anisotropy contributions are found to coexist in films containing 20 at. % of Co. We attribute our findings to the shape anisotropy of the magnetic grains, which is dominated by columnar growth at low and thin film like behavior at high Co concentrations, respectively.© 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364468
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The liquid–vapor interface of simple polar fluids. II. Computer simulation (1987)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 86 (1987), S. 2299-2308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular dynamics method is used to study the liquid–vapor interface of the Stockmayer fluid. We compare our results for the singlet density-orientation distribution function and surface tension with the predictions of integral equation and perturbation theory. We find that at low temperature and high moment conditions, dipolar orientations in the interfacial region parallel to the surface are more probable. The pressure tensor, mean squared force, and mean squared torque are also determined as functions of position with respect to the interface. Directional anisotropy in the mobility of particles in the vicinity of the surface is found by decomposing the mean squared displacements into components parallel and perpendicular to the interfacial plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.452128
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The liquid–vapor interface of simple polar fluids. I. Integral equation and perturbation theories (1987)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 86 (1987), S. 2286-2298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure and surface tension of the liquid–vapor interface of a polar fluid are investigated using integral equation and perturbation theories. A recently introduced integro-differential equation and a perturbation theory are employed to determine the extent to which purely multipolar anisotropies in the pair potential induce orientational ordering. Both of these theories agree that orientational ordering can be induced at the liquid–vapor interface by purely multipolar anisotropies in the intermolecular potential. The Yvon–Born–Green equation and the virial equation for the surface tension are written in terms of the spherical harmonic coefficients of the one and two particle distributions, and simple expressions are obtained for the density profile and the anisotropic contribution to the surface tension for molecular models of multipolar symmetry. The density profiles, density-orientation profiles, surface thickness, and surface tension are calculated for the Stockmayer fluid for a range of temperatures and dipole moments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.452127
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant magnetoresistance and induced exchange anisotropy in mechanically alloyed Co30Ag70 : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6921-6923 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Giant magnetoresistance of 7.7% at 5 K is observed in bulk mechanically alloyed Co30Ag70. Our recently defined δ(Δρ/ρ) technique used to determine the predominant interactions within the system indicated that negative interactions dominate between the particles. Exchange anisotropy and metastable magnetization processes characterized by large Barkhausen jumps are observed at low temperatures on a small volume of the sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356781
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections from the pretectal complex to the thalamic lateral dorsal nucleus of the cat (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 51 (1983), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pretectal complex ; Thalamic lateral dorsal nucleus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcortical projections to the lateral dorsal nucleus (LD) of the cat thalamus were studied with retrograde transport techniques. Deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fluorescent tracers were placed unilaterally in LD of adult cats, using electrophoretic or pressure injection techniques. Following post-injection survival periods of 1, 2 or 3 days, HRP retrogradely labeled cells were identified in sections reacted with benzidine dihydrochloride; fluorescent labeled cells were identified by fluorescent microscopy. Injections in LD result in retrogradely labeled neurons in all nuclei of the pretectal complex, including the nucleus of the optic tract (NTO), the posterior pretectal nucleus (NPP), the anterior pretectal nucleus (NPA), the pretectal olivary nucleus (NOL), and the medial pretectal nucleus (NPM). Small electrophoretic injections of HRP were used to investigate a possible topographic organization of the pretectal projections. Results from a variety of injection sites indicate only a subtle rostral-caudal gradient. That is, small injection sites in rostral LD result in retrograde labeling of neuron somata in the rostral parts of NTO, NPA and NPP, and throughout NPM. Injections in caudal LD result in labeled cells more caudally situated in NTO, NPA, NPP, and throughout NPM. Injections in the pulvinar (Pul) also result in retrogradely labeled cells in the pretectal complex, particularly NTO, NPP, and NOL. Experiments with injections of distinguishable fluorescent tracers in LD and Pul reveal that many more cells project to Pul than to LD. These experiments also reveal that while neurons that project to LD are intermingled with neurons that project to Pul, the two projections originate from separate sub-populations of cells. These results are discussed in regard to phylogenetic comparison of pretectal projections and subcortical pathways of sensory input to the limbic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237191
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social inhibition of maturation in females of the temperate wrasse Pseudolabrus celidotus and a comparison with the blennioid Tripterygion varium (1980)
    Springer
    Marine biology 59 (1980), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In two temperate reef fish, Pseudolabrus celidotus (Bloch and Schneider) and Tripterygion varium (Bloch and Schneider) studied near Leigh, New Zealand, most spawning activity was concentrated during the first 2 months of spawning seasons which lasted about 5 months. In P. celidotus, maturation and spawning of first-year females (0+) was delayed with respect to older (≥1+yr) females. Within the 0+ age class, the minimum size of maturation declined as the spawning season proceeded. However, in all females of T. varium, ripening and spawning took place over the same time ranges. Observations on the seasonal patterns of female aggression suggested that larger female P. celidotus were socially inhibiting the maturation of small females. The level of interaction was high compared to that in T. varium, and reached a peak over the onset of the spawning season. This hypothesis was tested by the removal of larger (≥1+yr) female P. celidotus from a field population. The remaining 0+ females increased in ovary weight and matured earlier than those in an undisturbed area. We argue from this experiment that it is of advantage for P. celidotus females to spawn early in the season and of advantage to inhibit other females from doing so. Two possible reasons are suggested, the first applying to sexchanging species such as P. celidotus, the second to temperate-water fishes in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404748
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