Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- Background -- Rationale for (and layout of) this volume -- References -- Part I Setting the stage: What do we know about human growth and development? -- 2 The human pattern of growth and development in paleontological perspective -- Introduction -- A brief history of auxological paleontology -- A synthesis of ideas -- Why did childhood and adolescence evolve? -- Why childhood? -- Why adolescence and the adolescent growth? -- Why do girls have adolescence? -- Why do boys have adolescence? -- Girls and boys - two paths through adolescence -- The shape of things to come -- References -- 3 Postnatal ontogeny of facial position in Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes -- Introduction -- Anatomical model -- Materials and methods -- Samples -- Measurements -- Geometric morphometric analyses -- Hypotheses -- Results -- SDM analyses -- GDM analyses -- Summary of results -- H1: Anterior cranial base length -- H2: Middle cranial fossa length -- H3: Midfacial length -- H4: Posterior cranial base length -- H5: Upper facial length -- H6: Lower facial length -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Variation in modern human dental development -- Introduction -- Methods -- Recording dental formation -- Growth statistics -- Stages of dental development -- Results -- Timing of eruption -- Stages of eruption -- Tooth formation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Developmental variation in the facial skeleton of anatomically modern Homo sapiens -- Introduction -- Morphological differences in the form of the craniofacial skeleton in adult modern humans: An overview -- General principles of growth in the craniofacial skeleton -- Comparative growth of the hard tissues - geometric morphometrics. , Background to the study -- Materials -- Methods -- Results -- Differences in facial shape irrespective of maturation -- Differences in ontogenetic shape trajectories -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Linear growth variation in the archaeological record -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Reference sample -- Archaeological samples -- Estimation of age at death -- Results -- North Africa and Western Asia -- Asia -- Europe/European origin -- North America -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Hominid growth and development: The modern context -- Introduction -- Modern human pattern of growth and development -- Definition of pattern of growth and development -- Life stages -- Life history -- Causes of within-species variation -- Evidence for modern human growth as presented in this volume -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II The first steps: From australopithecines to Middle Pleistocene Homo -- 8 Reconstructing australopithecine growth and development: What do we think we know? -- Introduction -- Background -- Chronology and timing of australopithecine dental development -- Patterns of australopithecine dental development -- Growth and development of the australopithecine face -- Summary and discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Growth and life history in Homo erectus -- Introduction -- Theoretical context -- Heterochrony -- Temporal patterning of growth and the human growth spurt -- Materials and methods -- Materials -- Allometric heterochronic analyses -- Growth spurt analyses -- Methods -- Heterochronic analyses -- Growth spurt analyses -- Results -- Heterochrony -- Size and shape dissociation -- Growth through time and growth spurts -- Discussion -- Heterochrony, size, and shape -- Growth through time and adolescent growth spurts -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments. , References -- 10 Patterns of dental development in Lower and Middle Pleistocene hominins from Atapuerca (Spain) -- Introduction -- Dental development and life history -- Time and timing: Two different approaches -- Materials: The Atapuerca hominins -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Hominid growth and development from australopithecines to Middle Pleistocene Homo -- Introduction -- Homo habilis -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Life-history issues -- Homo erectus -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Adolescent growth spurt? -- Life-history issues -- Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Life-history issues -- Summary -- References -- Part III The last steps: The approach to modern humans -- 12 Diagnosing heterochronic perturbations in the craniofacial evolution of Homo (Neandertals and modern humans) and… -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Samples -- Aging methods -- Modeling growth -- HETPAD analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Shape and growth differences between Neandertals and modern humans: Grounds for a species-level distinction? -- Introduction -- Taxonomic hypothesis -- Materials -- Landmarks -- Euclidean distance matrix analysis -- EDMA shape difference comparisons -- EDMA growth difference comparisons -- Results -- EDMA shape difference comparisons -- EDMA growth difference comparisons -- Discussion -- Future work -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Ontogenetic patterning and phylogenetic significance of mental foramen number and position in the evolution of Upper… -- Introduction -- Materials -- Recent specimens -- Fossil specimens -- Methods -- Results. , Mental foramen position relative to the tooth row -- Number of mental foramina -- Growth in anterior alveolar arch length -- Growth in anterior alveolar arch breadth -- Discussion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 A new approach to the quantitative analysis of postcranial growth in Neandertals and modern humans: Evidence from the… -- Introduction -- Materials -- Methods -- Results -- Ilium -- Pubis -- Ischium -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Ontogenetic variation in the Dederiyeh Neandertal infants: Postcranial evidence -- Introduction -- Materials -- Dederiyeh 1 and 2 -- Comparative specimens -- Methods -- Aging -- Measurements and analyses -- Results -- Length and circumference -- Cross-sectional geometric properties -- Difference between Dederiyeh 1 and Dederiyeh 2 -- Discussion -- Sample size as a comparative unit -- Comparison of growth patterns -- Uncertainty of age estimation -- Issues in the study of growth of postcranial bones -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Hominid growth and development in Upper Pleistocene Homo -- Introduction -- Models of evolutionary change -- Morphological studies -- The postcranium: Limb length and circumference -- Considerations -- The postcranium: Pelvic dimensions -- Considerations -- The skull: The mandible -- Considerations -- The skull: The craniofacial complex -- Considerations -- Summary -- Interpretive differences -- Methodological factors -- Conceptual factors -- Genetics or behavior? -- Paradigm -- Paradigms and the origins of the modern human pattern of growth and development -- Discussion -- References -- 18 Conclusions: Putting it all together -- Introduction -- What is the modern human pattern of growth and development and when did it appear? -- Growth in brain size/body size -- Development. , The origin of modern humans -- Variability -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- CONTENTS -- 1 Preface -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 Zoogeography -- 2 Environmental Factors -- 3 Tropical Forest -- 4 Savannah -- 5 Desert -- 6 Steppe -- 7 Temperate Forest -- 8 Taiga -- 9 Tundra And Snowlands -- 10 Mountains -- 11 Microenvironments -- 12 Fresh Waters -- 13 The Selective Influence Of The Habitat -- 14 The Influence Of The Organism On Its Habitat -- 15 Ecological Regulation -- Bibliography -- Appendix 1: Classification of World Climates and Vegetation -- Appendix 2: The Deserts of the World -- Index to Authors Cited -- General Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Spiders, Scorpions, Centipedes and Mites -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- LIST OF PLATES -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER I. WOODLICE -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER II. MILLIPEDES -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER III. CENTIPEDES -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER IV. OTHER 'MYRIAPODS' -- Class PAUROPODA -- Class SYMPHYLA -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER V. SCORPIONS -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Poison -- Mating habits -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER VI. SOLIFUGAE -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Mating habits -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER VII. FALSE-SCORPIONS -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Mating habits -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER VIII. WHIP-SCORPIONS AND OTHERS -- Order PALPIGRADI -- Order THELYPHONIDA -- Order SCHIZOMIDA -- Order PHRYNICHIDA ( = AMBLYPYGI) -- Order RICINULEI -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER IX. HARVEST-SPIDERS -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Mating habits -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER X. SPIDERS -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Mating habits -- Life history -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER XI. MITES AND TICKS. , Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- EPILOGUE -- GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CLASSIFICATORY INDEX -- GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS -- INDEX OF GENERAL TOPICS.