Note: Frontmatter -- Inhalt -- 1. Einführung -- 2. Klassifizierung von energetischen Materialien -- 3. Detonation, Detonationsgeschwindigkeit und Detonationsdruck -- 4. Thermodynamik -- 5. Initiierung -- 6. Experimentelle Charakterisierung von Explosivstoffen -- 7. Spezielle Aspekte zu Explosivstoffen -- 8. Korrelation von elektrostatischen Potentialen mit der Schlagempfindlichkeit -- 9. Design neuer energetischer Materialien -- 10. Darstellung von energetischen Materialien -- 11. Der sichere Umgang mit energetischen Materialien im Labor -- 12. Die Zukunft hochenergetischer Materialien -- 13. Verwandte Themen -- Backmatter.

Note: Planetary Sciences -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- The Properties and Environment of Primitive Solar Nebulae as Deduced from Observations of Solar-Type Pre-Main Sequence... -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RECENT OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS -- Current Observational Evidence for Disks Associated with Pre-Main Sequence Stars -- Frequency of Disk Occurrence -- The Effect of Stellar Companions on Disk Survival -- Disk Evolutionary Time Scales -- Disk Sizes and Morphologies -- The Disk Environment -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Numerical Two-Dimensional Calculations of the Formation of the Solar Nebula -- ABSTRACT -- OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE INITIAL SOLAR NEBULA -- THE PHYSICAL PROBLEM -- REVIEW OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL CALCULATIONS OF THE FORMATION PHASE -- RECENT MODELS WITH HYDRODYNAMICS AND RADIATIVE TRANSPORT -- FURTHER EVOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Three-Dimensional Evolution of Early Solar Nebula -- INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR PROTOSTELLAR COLLAPSE -- SINGLE VERSUS BINARY STAR FORMATION -- ANGULAR MOMENTUM TRANSPORT MECHANISMS -- THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLAR NEBULA MODELS -- IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANETARY FORMATION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Formation and Evolution of the Protoplanetary Disk -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS -- CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF STARS WITH DISKS -- EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE PROTOPLANETARY DISK -- TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND CONVECTION IN THE PROTOPLANETARY DISK -- REFERENCES -- Physical-Chemical Processes in a Protoplanetary Cloud -- ABSTRACT -- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MOLECULAR INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS -- PROPERTIES AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESS IN THE GENESIS OF INTERSTELLAR DUST GRAINS -- THE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF VOLATILES IN BODIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM -- REFERENCES. , Magnetohydrodynamic Puzzles in the Protoplanetary Nebula -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MAGNETIZATION OF METEORITES -- THE POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF A NEBULAR MAGNETIC FIELD -- THE POSSIBILITY OF MAGNETIC FLARES -- EXTERNAL MANIFESTATIONS -- DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD -- THE PROBLEM OF IONIZATION -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Formation of Planetesimals -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- NEBULAR STRUCTURE -- AERODYNAMICS OF THE SOLID BODIES IN THE NEBULA -- PROBLEMS WITH GRAVITATIONAL INSTABILITY -- PARTICLE GROWTH BY COAGULATION -- PROPERTIES OF FRACTAL AGGREGATES -- COAGULATION AND SETTLING OF FRACTAL AGGREGATES -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Formation of the Terrestrial Planets from Planetesimals -- ABSTRACT -- INRODUCTION -- FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL PLANETESIMALS -- GROWTH OF PLANETESIMALS INTO PLANETARY EMBRYOS -- GROWTH OF RUNAWAY PLANETARY EMBRYOS INTO TERRESTRIAL PLANETS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- The Rate of Planet Formation and the Solar System's Small Bodies -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CONDITIONS OF ASTEROID FORMATION -- THE REMOVAL OF BODIES FROM THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE FORMATION OF THE COMETARY CLOUD -- REFERENCES -- Astrophysical Dust Grains in Stars, the Interstellar Medium, and the Solar System -- ABSTRACT -- THE CYCLING OF DUST IN STELLAR EVOLUTION AND THE FORMATION OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS -- ASTROPHYSICAL DUST GRAINS IN CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVIRONMENTS -- CIRCUMSTELLAR GRAIN FORMATION AND MASS LOSS -- INTERSTELLAR DUST GRAINS -- COMET DUST AND THE ZODIACAL CLOUD -- THE SURVIVAL OF DUST GRAINS DURING STELLAR EVOLUTION -- ESTABLISHING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN STARDUST AND DUST IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Late Stages of Accumulation and Early Evolution of the Planets -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- FORMATION OF THE PLANETARY SYSTEM. , STANDARD AND MK-DISK MODELS -- PLANETESIMAL MASS SPECTRUM N(M,T) AND MATTER REDISTRIBUTION -- RELATIVE VELOCITY SPECTRUM -- MASSES OF THE LARGEST BODIES IN A PLANETS FEEDING ZONE -- MASSES, RELATIVE DISTANCES, AND THE NUMBER OF PLANETS -- DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMING PLANETS -- COSMOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF EVOLUTION -- TIME SCALE FOR THE REMOVAL OF GAS FROM THE TERRESTRIAL PLANET ZONE -- ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS -- EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE PLANETS -- INITIAL EARTH TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY SOURCES -- HEAT MASS TRANSFER PROCESSES -- INITIAL COMPOSITION INHOMOGENEITIES -- THERMAL EXPLOSIONS" IN PRIMORDIAL EARTH -- CHARACTERISTIC TIME SCALES FOR THE EARLY DIFFERENTIATION OF INTERIORS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Giant Planets and Their Satellites: What Are the Relationships Between Their Properties and How They Formed? -- ABSTRACT -- THE MASS DISTRIBUTION -- INTERIOR MODELS -- ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS -- HEAT FLOWS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS -- SATELLITE SYSTEMS -- TEMPERATURES IN THE SOLAR NEBULA -- GIANT PLANET FORMATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- The Thermal Conditions of Venus -- ABSTRACT -- MODIFIED APPROXIMATION OF PARAMETRIZED CONVECTION -- DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL -- NUMERICAL RESULTS AND ASYMPOTOTIC SOLUTION OF THE MAPC EQUATIONS -- MAGNETISM AND THE THERMAL REGIME OF THE CORES OF EARTH AND VENUS -- THE THERMAL REGIME OF THE VENUSIAN CRUST -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Degassing -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESERVOIRS -- FLUXES -- CARBON DIOXIDE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- The Role of Impacting Processes in the Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere of Primordial Earth -- ABSTRACT -- EARTH'S INITIAL ATMOSPHERE -- CONTINUOUS DEGASSING -- IMPACT PROCESSES AND THE EARTH'S PROTOATMOSPHERE -- THE EVOLUTION OF AN IMPACT-GENERATED ATMOSPHERE -- REFERENCES. , Lithospheric and Atmospheric Interaction on the Planet Venus -- ABSTRACT -- MANIFESTATION OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES USING PHOTOGEOLOGICAL DATA -- THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND A CHEMICAL MODEL OF THE TROPOSPHERE OF VENUS -- THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF SURFACE ROCK ON VENUS -- THE CYCLES OF VOLATILE COMPONENTS -- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Runaway Greenhouse Atmospheres: Applications to Earth and Venus -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RUNAWAY GREENHOUSE ATMOSPHERES -- MOIST GREENHOUSE ATMOSPHERES -- LOSS OF WATER FROM VENUS -- STEAM ATMOSPHERES DURING ACCRETION -- THE CONTINUOUSLY HABITABLE ZONE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- The Oort Cloud -- ABSTRACT -- THE OORT CLOUD'S MASS -- HILL'S CLOUD MASS -- ANGULAR MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM -- THE COMETARY CLOUD AROUND OTHER STARS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- The Chaotic Dynamics of Comets and the Problems of the Oort Cloud -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE DYNAMIC CHAOS OF COMETS -- GENERAL COMETARY DYNAMICS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE GALACTIC TIDE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Progress in Extra-Solar Planet Detection -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS A PLANET? -- PLANET SIGNALS ARE WEAK -- DIRECT TECHNIQUES: IMAGING AND SPECTRAL DETECTION -- INDIRECT TECHNIQUES: REFLEX MOTION AND OCCULTATIONS -- SUMMARY -- PROSPECTIVE CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix I- List of Participants -- Appendix II- List of Presentations -- AMERICAN PRESENTATIONS -- SOVIET PRESENTATIONS.

Note: Intro -- NIOBIUM: PROPERTIES, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS -- NIOBIUM: PROPERTIES, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE ROLE OF NIOBIUM SPECIES IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS - SELECTED ASPECTS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Heterogeneous Catalysis - General Remarks -- 3. Niobium Species in Catalysts Applied for Heterogeneous Oxidation Processes -- 3.1. Gas phase oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane -- 3.1.1 General information about the catalytic process -- 3.1.2 Role of Niobium in ODH of Propane -- 3.2 Gas Phase Ammoxidation of Propane -- 3.2.1 General Information about the Catalytic Process -- 3.2.2 Role of Niobium in Ammoxidation of Propane -- 3.3. Gas Phase Oxidation of Methanol -- 3.3.1. General Information about the Catalytic Process -- 3.3.2. Role of Niobium in Methanol Oxidation Process -- 3.4. Liquid Phase Epoxidation of Olefins -- 3.4.1. General Information about the Catalytic Process -- 3.4.2 Role of Niobium in Epoxidation of Olefins -- 3.5 Liquid Phase Oxidation and Ammoxidation of Glycerol -- 3.5.1 General information about the Catalytic Process -- 3.5.1 Role of Niobium in Oxidation and Ammoxidation of Glycerol -- 4. Final remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 STUDIES ON NOVEL SOLID ACID CATALYSTS OF NIOBIUM-BASED OXIDES WITH MESOPOROUS, LAYERED AND NANOSHEET STRUCTURES -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nanosheets and Layered Metal Oxide as Solid Acid Catalysts -- 2.1 Exfoliated nanosheets -- 2.1.1 Structures of Aggregated Nanosheets -- 2.1.2. Acid Properties of Exfoliated Niobium Oxide Nanosheets -- NH3-TPD -- 1H MAS NMR -- 31P MAS NMR -- 2.1.3. Acid Catalytic Activity -- 2.2. Layered HNbMoO6 -- 2.2.1 Structures of Layered HNbMoO6 -- 2.2.2. Acid Properties of Layered HNbMoO6 -- 31P MAS NMR -- 2.2.3. Acid Catalytic Activity -- 2.3. Biorefinery Applications. , 2.4. Conclusion -- 3. Mesoporous Metal Oxides as Solid Acid Catalyst -- 3.1 Mesoporous Nb2O5·nH2O Oxides -- 3.2 Mesoporous Nb Sulfated Oxides -- 3.3 Nb-incorporated Mesoporous Silicas -- 3.4 Mesoporous NbxW(10-x) Oxides -- Structures of Mesoporous NbxW(10-x) Oxides -- Acid Properties of Mesoporous Metal Oxides -- FT-IR -- 31P MAS NMR -- Acid Catalytic Activity -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 NIOBIUM OXIDE COMPOUNDS: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- PART A - Ocurrence, Structures and Physicochemical Properties -- Niobium Oxides and it's Physicochemical Properties -- Niobium Pentoxide an it'S Polymorphism -- PART B - Synthetic Strategies -- Direct Solid-State Reaction Synthesis -- Conventional and Homogeneous Solution Precipitation -- Coprecipitation Methods -- Hydrothermal -- Sol-Gel Processing -- Microemulsion Technique -- Templated/Surface Derivatized Nanoparticles -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 GEOCHEMISTRY OF NB AND VARIATIONS OF NB/TA RATIO IN GEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geochemistry of Niobium -- 3. Relation of Niobium and Tantalum -- 3.1 Fractionation of Nb and Ta by Scheelite and Rutile from Metaturbidite-hosted Quartz Vein Gold Deposits -- 3.2 Fractionation of Nb and Ta in Peraluminous Granitic Pluton -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 DENSIFICATION OF IN SITU CU-NBC COMPOSITE USING UNIAXIAL AND COLD ISOSTATIC PRESSING -- Abstract -- 1.0 Introduction -- 2.0 Experimental Work -- 3.0 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization of As-milled Powder -- 3.1.1 X-ray Diffraction Analysis -- 3.1.2 Microstructure Observation -- 3.2 Characterization of Sintered Cu-NbC Composite -- 3.2.1 X-ray Diffraction Analysis -- 3.2.2 Bulk Properties of Sintered Composite -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 6 NIOBIUM POWDERS: USES AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENTS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Production of Niobium Powders -- Hunter Process -- Reduction of Niobium Oxides by Magnesium -- Electrochemical Processes -- Reduction of Niobium Oxides by Silicon -- Further metallothermic reduction methods -- Reduction of Niobium Chloride by Hydrogen -- Deoxidation of Niobium Powders -- Production of Derivatives -- Usage of Niobium Powders -- Electrolytic Capacitors -- Superconductors -- Further Areas of Application -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 IMPROVEMENT OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF AISI 4140 STEEL SUBSTRATE USING [TICN/TINBCN]N MULTILAYERS SYSTEM -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Details -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Multilayered Structural and Chemical Characterization -- 3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis -- 3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel polarization curves of [TiCN/TiNbCN]n multilayered coatings -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 NIOBIUM DISTRIBUTION PATTERN IN RARE-METAL-BEARING PALAEOPROTEROZOIC CO-GENETIC FELSIC ROCKS AND MINERALS IN CENTRAL INDIA -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Geological Settings -- Evolutionary Trend of the Investigated Co-genetic Granite-Pegmatite System -- Methods of Investigation -- Niobium Distribution Pattern -- References -- Chapter 9 NIOBIUM IN OXALATE COMPLEXES: FROM DISCRETE MOLECULES TO HETEROMETALLIC SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Bis(oxalato)Oxoniobates(V) -- Tris(oxalato)oxoniobates(V) -- Oxalatoniobates(V) in Extended Structures -- Oxalatoniobates(V) in Complexes with Homo- and Heterometallic Dinuclear Units -- Oxalate Complexes with Niobium in Lower Oxidation States -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 10 A NOVEL AMPEROMETRIC TRANSDUCER ELECTRODE WITH IRIDIUM-NIOBIUM BINARY ALLOYS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 NIOBATE CRYSTALS INSERTED IN A GLASS MATRIX -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. State of-the-Art -- 1.1.a. Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) Crystal -- 1.1.b. LiNbO3 Glasses -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 2.1. Sample Preparation -- 2.2. Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.a. Thermal treatments (TT) -- 2.2.b. Thermoelectric treatments (TTE) -- 2.3. Structural characterization thecniques -- 2.3.a. X-ray diffraction (XRD) -- 2.3.b. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 2.3.c. Raman spectroscopy -- 2.3.d. Electric and dielectric spectroscopy -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1. Results of the 60sio2-30Li2O-10Nb2O5 (% Mole) Composition -- Sample Appearance -- XRD, Raman and SEM -- Electric and Dielectric Measurements -- 3.2. 44sio2-33Li2O-23Nb2O5 (% Mole) Composition -- Sample Appearance -- XRD, Raman and SEM -- Electric and Dielectric Measurements -- 3.3. 34sio2-33Li2O-33Nb2O5 (%Mole) Composition -- Sample Appearance -- XRD, Raman And SEM -- Electric and Dielectric Measurements -- 4. ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- ANNEX -- Chapter 12 USE OF NIOBIUM FOR FABRICATING SUPERCONDUCTING RADIO FREQUENCY CAVITIES* -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- Section 1. Some Fundamental Parameters Employed in SRF Technology -- 1.1. Quality Factor Qo -- 1.2. Accelerating Gradient Eacc -- 1.3. Surface Resistance Rs -- RRR Value -- Section 2.Why is Nb the Material of Choice -- Section 3. Fabrication of Nb Cavities -- 3.1. Typical Fabrication Steps for a Nb SRF Cavity -- 3.2. Examples of Innovative Techniques for Fabricating Nb SRF Cavities -- 3.3. Examples of New Developments in Inspection Technique -- 3.3.1. Eddy Current And SQUID Scanning -- 3.3.2. Kyoto Camera. , 3.3.3. Replica Technique -- 3.4. Examples of New Developments in Final Chemical Treatment -- 3.4.1. Buffered Electropolishing (BEP) -- 3.4.2. Other New Developments to Remove Nb -- 3.5. Examples of New Developments in Final Cleaning Technique -- 3.5.1. GCIB Technique -- 3.5.2. DIC Technique -- Section 4. Requirements in Physical, Chemical, Metallurgical, Mechanical Properties of Nb for Fabricating High Quality SRF Cavities -- 4.1. Requirements in Physical Properties -- 4.1.1. Surface Oxide Layer Structure -- 4.1.2. High Field Q-Slope -- 4.1.3. Surface Smoothness -- 4.2. Requirements in Chemical Properties -- 4.2.1. Q Disease -- 4.2.2. Effect of Impurity Concentration on Thermal Conductivity -- 4.3. Requirements in Metallurgical Properties -- 4.4. Requirements in Mechanical Properties -- Section 5. Summary and Perspective -- References -- Chapter 13 INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE TREATMENTS OF NIOBIUM FLAT SAMPLES AND SRF CAVITIES BY GAS CLUSTER ION BEAM TECHNIQUE FOR PARTICLE ACCELERATORS* -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Brief History of GCIB and Its Application to Nb -- 3. Working Principal of GCIB -- 4. Suppression of Field Emission by GCIB Treatments -- 5. Modifications of Morphology of Nb Surfaces by GCIB -- 6. Modifications of Surface Oxide Layer Structure by GCIB -- 7. GCIB Treatments on Nb Single Cell Cavities -- 8. Summary and Perspective -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 14 ELECTRODEPOSITION OF NIOBIUM FROM MOLTEN SALTS* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Electrolytic Cell -- Electrolytic Solution -- Niobium Electrorefining -- Preliminary Investigation -- Influence of Cathodic Current Density -- Influence of Temperature -- Influence of K2NbF7 Concentration -- Electroplating - Electroforming -- Influence of Anode/Cathode Distance and Cathode Shape -- Corrosion Resistance of Niobium Electroplates. , Electroformed Articles.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the authors -- Contents -- 1. Crystal density -- 2. Heat of formation -- 3. Melting point -- 4. Enthalpy and entropy of fusion -- 5. Heat of sublimation -- 6. Impact sensitivity -- 7. Electric spark sensitivity -- 8. Shock sensitivity -- 9. Friction sensitivity -- 10. Heat sensitivity -- 11. Relationships between different sensitivities -- Problems -- Answers to Problems -- List of symbols -- A. Glossary of compound names and heats of formation for pure as well as composite explosives -- B. Calculation of the gas phase standard enthalpies of formation -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- New Discoverieson the b-HydrideElimination -- Supervisors' Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Ligands -- 1 Background -- 2 Palladium 1,2-Migration in the Heck Reaction -- 3 Palladium 1,2-Migration in the Negishi and Kumada Coupling -- 4 Stoichiometric Studies on the Palladium 1,2-Migration -- 5 Heteroaromatic Tosylates in the Regioselective Heck Reaction -- 6 Cationic Intermediates in the Ni(0)-Catalyzed Heck Reaction -- 7 Carbonylative Heck Reaction -- 8 Conclusions -- Appendix: Experimental Section.

Note: Intro -- iiiContents -- Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Ch01. South Africa -- Ch02. Australia -- Ch03. New Zealand -- Ch04. Canada -- Comparisons and Conclusions -- Bibliography of Papers in Scientific Periodicals,1800-1900, by Women in Australia, Canada,New Zealand, and South Africa -- Selected Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author and Contributor.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Plates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Geography in Tropical Africa -- Part I: Studies of the Natural Environment -- 3 A Simple Energy Balance Approach to the Moisture Balance Climatology of Africa -- 4 Rainfall Reliability -- 5 The Dry Season Flow Characteristics of West African Rivers -- 6 Geomorphology and Land Classification in Tropical Africa -- 7 The Soil Resources of West Africa -- 8 The Ecological Background to Land-Use Studies in Tropical Africa, with Special Reference to the West -- Part II: Studies of the Social Environment -- 9 Peasant Agriculture in Tropical Africa -- 10 Population Density and Agricultural Systems in West Africa -- 11 The Zoning of Land Use Around Rural Settlements in Tropical Africa -- 12 Colonial Administrative Policies and Agricultural Patterns in Tropical Africa -- Part III: Case Studies -- 13 Natural Resource Survey in Malawi: Some Considerations of the Regional Method in Environmental Description -- 14 An Ecological Approach to the Study of Soils and Land Use in the Forest Zone of Nigeria -- 15 Man-Water Relations in the East Central Sudan -- 16 Problems of Land Tenure and Ownership in Swaziland -- 17 Agricultural Change in Kikuyuland -- 18 Agricultural Progress in Zambia -- Appendixes -- A: A Glossary of Terms Describing Units of the Natural Environment -- B: Major Soil Groups in Africa -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Gasotransmitters:Physiology and Pathophysiology -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Nitric Oxide: Biological Synthesis and Functions -- Abstract -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Three Mammalian Isoforms of NOS -- 1.2.1 Basic Characteristics of the Three Isozymes -- 1.2.2 Structural and Mechanistic Aspects of NO Synthesis -- 1.2.3 The Neuronal Isoform of NO Synthase -- 1.2.3.1 Transcriptional Complexity and Splice Variants of nNOS -- 1.2.3.2 Regulation of nNOS Activity by Interaction with Other Proteins via its PDZ Domain -- 1.2.3.3 Regulation of nNOS Activity by Other Protein--Protein Interactions -- 1.2.3.4 Regulation of nNOS Activity by Phosphorylation -- 1.2.4 The Inducible Isoform of NO Synthase -- 1.2.4.1 Regulation of iNOS Activity by Protein--Protein Interactions -- 1.2.4.2 Regulation of iNOS Activity by Phosphorylation -- 1.2.5 The Endothelial Isoform of NO Synthase -- 1.2.5.1 Regulation of eNOS Activity by Protein--Protein Interaction -- 1.2.5.2 Regulation of eNOS Activity by Phosphorylation -- 1.3…Physiologic Functions of NO Produced by the Different Isoforms of NOS -- 1.3.1 Functions of nNOS in Physiology -- 1.3.1.1 Neuromodulation in the CNS -- 1.3.1.2 Atypical Neurotransmission in the Peripheral Nervous System -- 1.3.1.3 Importance of nNOS-Derived NO for Penile Erection---The Basis for the Action of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors -- 1.3.2 Functions of iNOS in Physiology -- 1.3.3 Functions of eNOS in Physiology -- 1.3.3.1 Vasodilation and Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation and Adhesion -- 1.3.3.2 Inhibition of Leukocyte Chemotaxis, Adhesion and Vascular Inflammation -- 1.3.3.3 Control of Vascular Smooth Muscle Proliferation -- 1.3.3.4 Stimulation of Angiogenesis by NO Derived Form eNOS -- 1.3.3.5 Activation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells by eNOS-Derived NO -- 1.4…Pathophysiologic Roles of NO Produced by the Different Isoforms of NOS. , 1.4.1 The Roles of nNOS in Pathophysiology -- 1.4.2 The Role of iNOS in Pathophysiology -- 1.4.3 Vascular Oxidative Stress and the Role of eNOS in Pathophysiology -- 1.4.4 Activation of the Renin--Angiotensin System Increases Oxidative Stress -- 1.4.5 A Reduced eNOS Expression is Unlikely to Contribute to Endothelial Dysfunction -- 1.4.6 Inactivation of NO and eNOS Uncoupling---The Molecular Bases for a Lack of Bioactive NO in Vascular Disease -- 1.4.6.1 The (6R-)5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) Hypothesis -- 1.4.6.2 L-arginine Supply to eNOS and eNOS Uncoupling -- 1.4.6.3 Asymmetrical Dimethyl-L-arginine and eNOS Uncoupling -- 1.4.6.4 eNOS Uncoupling by S-Glutathionylation of the Enzyme -- 1.5…Gene Therapy with NOS -- 1.6…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 The Role of Carbon Monoxide as a Gasotransmitter in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Regulation -- Abstract -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…How the Concept of ''Gasotransmitter'' Evolved -- 2.3…Classification of a Gasotransmitter -- 2.3.1 CO as a Gasotransmitter -- 2.4…Production of CO in the Cardiovascular System -- 2.5…Physiological Functions of CO in the Cardiovasculature -- 2.5.1 CO-Mediated Vasorelaxation -- 2.5.2 CO Effects on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis -- 2.5.2.1 Anti-Apoptotic Effects of CO -- 2.5.2.2 Pro-Apoptotic Effects of CO -- 2.5.3 CO-Mediated Anti-Aggregatory Effects -- 2.5.4 CO-Related Angiogenesis -- 2.5.5 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of CO -- 2.5.6 Cardiac Protection from Tissue Reperfusion Injury -- 2.6…Pathophysiological Changes of CO Functions and Metabolism -- 2.6.1 Diabetes -- 2.6.2 Vascular Proliferative Diseases -- 2.6.2.1 Hypertension -- 2.6.2.2 Atherosclerosis -- 2.6.3 Myocardial Infarction -- 2.7…The Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of CO Effects -- 2.7.1 CO-Induced ROS Production -- 2.7.2 Ion Channel Signaling -- 2.7.2.1 BKCa. , 2.7.2.2 Ca2+ Channel (L-Type) Receptors -- 2.7.2.3 Ligand-Gated P2X Receptors -- 2.7.2.4 ENaC -- 2.7.3 CO-Induced Activation of Major Signaling Pathways -- 2.7.3.1 MAPK -- 2.7.3.2 PI3K-Akt -- 2.7.3.3 STAT -- 2.7.3.4 PPAR -- 2.7.3.5 HIF-1 alpha -- 2.7.3.6 sGC -- 2.8…The Interaction of CO with NO and H2S -- 2.9…Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Physiological and Pathophysiological Functions of Hydrogen Sulfide -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Solubility and Membrane Permeability of H2S -- 3.3…Endogenous H2S Levels -- 3.3.1 Acid-Labile Sulfur -- 3.3.2 Bound Sulfane Sulfur -- 3.3.3 Free H2S -- 3.4…H2S-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes -- 3.4.1 SF1, SF2, and DNS-Az -- 3.4.2 Probe 1, SFP-1, and SFP-2 -- 3.4.3 HSIP-1 -- 3.5…H2S-Producing Enzymes -- 3.5.1 CBS -- 3.5.2 CSE -- 3.5.3 3MST and CAT -- 3.6…Physiological Functions of H2S -- 3.6.1 Signaling Functions of H2S -- 3.6.1.1 Synaptic Modulation in the Brain -- 3.6.1.2 Ca2+ Regulation in the Retina -- 3.6.1.3 Oxygen Sensor -- 3.6.1.4 Smooth Muscle Relaxation -- 3.6.2 Cytoprotective Functions of H2S -- 3.6.2.1 Increases in Glutathione Levels -- 3.6.2.2 ROS Scavenger -- 3.6.2.3 Inhibition of Apoptosis -- 3.6.2.4 Regulation of ER Stress -- 3.6.2.5 Regulation of Intracellular Ca2+ -- 3.6.2.6 Stabilizing the Membrane Potential -- 3.7…Pathophysiological Functions of H2S -- 3.7.1 Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy -- 3.7.2 Down's Syndrome -- 3.7.3 Renovascular Hypertension -- 3.7.4 Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction -- 3.7.5 Microcirculation in the Brain -- 3.8…Therapeutic Applications -- 3.9…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Methods for the Detection of Gasotransmitters -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Detection Methods of Nitric Oxide -- 4.2.1 Small Molecule Chemoprobes -- 4.2.2 Transition Metal-Based Probes for NO. , 4.2.3 Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection -- 4.2.4 NO-Selective Electrodes -- 4.2.5 Protein-Based Probes for NO -- 4.3…Detection Methods of Hydrogen Sulfide -- 4.3.1 Chromatographic Methods -- 4.3.2 Reaction-Based Spectrophotometric Methods -- 4.3.2.1 Fluorescent Probes Based on Nucleophilic Addition/Substitution -- 4.3.2.2 Fluorescent Probes Based on Azide Reduction -- 4.3.2.3 Fluorescent Probes Based on Metal Sulfide Formation -- 4.3.3 Electrochemical Methods -- 4.4…Detection Methods of Carbon Monoxide -- 4.4.1 Spectrophotometric Methods -- 4.4.1.1 Spectrophotometric Methods Based on COHb Absorption -- 4.4.1.2 Derivative Absorption Spectrophotometric Methods -- 4.4.1.3 Reaction-Based Colorimetric Method -- 4.4.2 Gas Chromatographic Methods -- 4.4.3 Electrochemical Methods -- 4.5…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Gasotransmitters in Regulation of Neuromuscular Transmission -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Nitric Oxide -- 5.3…Carbon Monoxide -- 5.4…Hydrogen Sulfide -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Modulated by Gasotransmitters: BK Channels -- Abstract -- 6.1…Ion Channels -- 6.2…Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels -- 6.3…BK Channels -- 6.3.1 BK Channels: Structure and Function -- 6.3.2 BK Channel: Pharmacology -- 6.3.3 BK Channel Subunits -- 6.3.4 Posttranslational Modifications at BK Channels -- 6.3.5 BK Channelopathies -- 6.4…Gasotransmitters: BK Channels -- 6.5…BK Channels: Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO) -- 6.5.1 NO--BK: Hormones -- 6.5.2 NO--BK Disorders -- 6.6…BK Channels: Modulation by Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 6.7…BK Channels: Modulation by Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) -- 6.7.1 BK Channels and Oxygen -- 6.8…Synopsis -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.