Note: Intro -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background, and Redefinition of "Cryogenics" to Include All Temperatures Below 273 K -- 1.2 Early Experiments with Vapour Cooled Baffles and the Empty LOX Pot -- 1.3 Discovery of Unstable Evaporation of Liquid Nitrogen -- 1.4 The Contents of This Monograph -- 1.5 Definitions of Single Component Liquid States -- 1.5.1 The 1983 Definition of a Cryogenic Liquid, with Normal Boiling Point Below 273 K -- 1.5.2 Boiling Temperature -- 1.5.3 Saturation Temperature and Saturation Vapour Pressure -- 1.5.4 Normal Boiling Point NBP or Standard Boiling Point SBP at Standard Atmospheric Pressure of 1 Bar -- 1.5.5 Superheated Liquid -- 1.5.6 Liquid Superheat -- 1.5.7 Subcooled Liquid -- 1.5.8 Wall Superheat -- 1.5.9 Boil-off and Boil-off Rate -- 1.5.10 Heat Flux and Heat Flow -- 1.5.11 Mass Flux and Mass Flow -- 1.5.12 Liquid Terminology -- References -- 2 Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nucleate Boiling from Wall to Bulk Liquid -- 2.2.1 Heterogeneous Nucleate Pool-Boiling -- 2.2.2 High Efficiency Heterogeneous Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Using Falling Liquid Films -- 2.2.3 Homogeneous Nucleate Boiling -- 2.2.4 Quasi-homogeneous Nucleate Boiling, QHN Boiling -- 2.3 Convective Heat Transfer Without Evaporation at the Point of Heat Influx -- 2.4 Surface Evaporation -- 2.4.1 Surface Evaporation Mass Flux and Bulk Superheat -- 2.4.2 Impedances to Surface Evaporation: The 3 Regions in the Surface Sublayer -- 2.4.3 General Conclusions from Experimental Studies of Separate Impedance Terms -- 2.4.4 Schlieren Studies of the Surface Interface -- 2.4.5 The Delicate Evaporation Impedances of the Surface Sub-layer. , 2.5 Surface Sub-layer Agitation and Unstable Evaporation Phenomena -- 2.5.1 Agitation of the Surface Sub-layer -- 2.5.2 Continuous Irregular and Intermittent Boil-Off -- 2.5.3 Vapour Explosions -- 2.5.4 Rollover and Nucleate Boiling Hot Spots -- 2.5.5 QHN Boiling and Geysering -- 2.6 Summary of Evaporation Processes -- References -- 3 Heat Flows into a Cryogenic Storage System: Overall Picture -- 3.1 No Boiling -- 3.2 Overall Convective Circulation in the Liquid -- 3.3 Thermal Overfill: General Concept -- 3.4 Distinction Between 'A' and 'B' Heat In-Flows -- 3.5 Radiative Heat In-Flows -- 3.6 Conductive Heat In-Flows -- 3.7 Convective Heat In-Flows -- 3.8 Other Sources of Heat Flow into the Liquid -- 3.9 Summary of Heat In-Flows -- References -- 4 Insulation: The Reduction of 'A' and 'B' Heat In-Flows -- 4.1 Reduction and Control of Heat In-Flows -- 4.2 Radiation -- 4.2.1 Stefan's Law and Low Emissivity Materials -- 4.2.2 Vapour-Cooled Radiation Baffles -- 4.2.3 Plastic Foam Plugs -- 4.2.4 Floating Ball Blankets -- 4.3 Conduction Through the Insulation Space -- 4.3.1 Dewar's Dewar -- 4.3.2 Gas Purged Insulations at 1 bar -- 4.3.3 Evacuated Powder Insulations at 0.1 Torr -- 4.3.4 Multi-layer Reflective Insulations (MLI) at 0.0001 Torr -- 4.4 Conduction Down the Neck and Vapour Cooling -- 4.5 Optimum Design for Minimum Loss of Cryogenic Liquid in a Storage Container -- 4.6 Convective Heat Flows into the Vapour and Liquid -- 4.6.1 Convective Circulations -- 4.6.2 Circulation in the Vapour -- 4.6.3 Residual Heat Flow from Downward Flowing Vapour -- 4.6.4 Convective Circulation in the Liquid -- 4.7 Vapour Convection at the Unwetted Walls -- 4.8 Enhanced Convective Heat Transfer in Vertical Temperature Gradients -- 4.8.1 Use of Enhanced Convective Heat Transfer -- 4.8.2 Enhanced Cooling of Current Leads to Superconducting Magnets. , 4.8.3 Cryocooler/Condensers with Distributed Cooling -- 4.9 Multi-shielding: The Use of Multiple Vapour Cooled Shields in the Insulation -- 4.9.1 Converting 'A' Heat-Inflows to 'B' Heat Inflows -- 4.9.2 Enhanced Heat Transfer at Thermal Contact Rings -- 4.9.3 No LIN Shielding for LHe Systems -- 4.9.4 Assembly of Multi-shields in Insulation Space -- 4.9.5 Vapour Cooled Shields for LIN, LOX, and LNG Vessels -- 4.10 Other Sources of Heat into the Liquid -- 4.10.1 Radiation Funnelling -- 4.10.2 Low Conductivity Neck Tube Materials -- 4.10.3 Thermo-Acoustic Oscillations -- 4.10.4 Mechanical Vibrations -- 4.10.5 Eddy Current Heating -- 4.11 Summary of Insulation Techniques -- References -- 5 Multi-component Liquids -- 5.1 Differences Between Single-Component and Multi-component Liquids -- 5.2 The Difference Between Free-Boiling and Surface Evaporation (T-x) Data -- 5.3 Stratification in Cryogenic Liquid Mixtures -- 5.4 Double Diffusive Convection in Multi-component Cryogenic Liquids -- 5.5 Storage Behavior of Two Layers of Liquid Mixtures -- 5.5.1 The Dynamic Storage Behaviour of 2 Liquid Layers with Different Density Under Constant Isobaric Pressure -- 5.5.2 The Dynamic Storage of 2 Layers with Different Density Under Constant Isochoric Volume with Rising Pressure and Zero Boil-Off -- 5.6 Rollover -- 5.6.1 Basic Description of Rollover -- 5.6.2 Penetrative, Oscillating Convection Across the Interface, and Surface Evaporation Increase, During a Rollover -- 5.6.3 Release of Thermal Overfill During Rollover -- 5.6.4 Experimental Studies: The Two Modes or Types of Rollover -- 5.6.5 Experimental Studies: The Two Convective Mixing Mechanisms of Rollover -- 5.7 Factors Leading to Stratification and Hence Rollover -- 5.7.1 Custody Management Creating Two Layers -- 5.7.2 Auto-stratification in Mixtures -- 5.7.2.1 Mechanisms Due to Density Differences. , 5.7.2.2 High MW Volatile Component in the Mixture -- 5.7.2.3 Non-volatile Impurities in the Surface -- 5.7.2.4 Marangoni Film Flow Effect -- 5.7.3 Auto-stratification in Both Single Component Liquids and Mixtures -- 5.7.3.1 Self-pressurising Storage Tank -- 5.7.3.2 Tall, Thin Storage Tank, Freely Venting -- 5.7.3.3 Passing Atmospheric Weather Fronts -- 5.7.4 Custody Management Filling with Subcooled Liquid Creating Thermal Underfill -- 5.8 Prevention and Avoidance of Rollover -- 5.8.1 Detection of Stratification -- 5.8.2 Adequate Design of Tank Auxiliaries -- 5.8.3 Avoidance and Early Removal of Stratification -- 5.8.4 Possible Use of Internal Convective Devices to Destabilise Stratification -- 5.9 Path Dependent Mixing of Boiling Cryogenic Liquids, with Evaporation -- 5.9.1 Propane-Butane Mixing -- 5.9.2 Experimental Conclusions on the Forced Mixing of Propane and n-Butane -- 5.9.3 Some Consequences of Path-Dependent Mixing -- 5.10 Low Solubility Impurities in the Range 1-10 to 100 ppm -- 5.11 Water/Ice in Jet Fuel -- 5.12 Summary on Mixtures -- References -- 6 The Handling and Transfer of Cryogenic Liquids -- 6.1 General Remarks on Subcooled Liquids and 2-Phase Flow -- 6.2 What is 2-Phase Flow? -- 6.3 Occurrence of 2-Phase Flow -- 6.4 Pumped Liquid Transfer Avoiding 2-Phase Flow -- 6.5 Liquid Transfer Techniques Avoiding 2-Phase Flow -- 6.6 Liquid Transfer with Transient 2-Phase Flow -- 6.7 Cooldown of a Long Pipeline with L/D Greater Than 2000 -- 6.8 Cooldown of a Cryostat with Minimum Loss of Liquid -- 6.9 Cooldown of a Tank -- 6.10 Cooldown of a Large Mass Such as a Superconducting Magnet -- 6.11 Insulation of Transfer Lines -- 6.12 Flashing Losses Due to Transfer at Unnecessarily High Pressures -- 6.13 Zero Delivery -- 6.14 Pressure Surges and the Need for Ten Second Opening and Closing Times for Liquid Valves -- 6.15 Care with Topping-Out. , References -- 7 Design: Some Comments on the Design of Low-Loss Storage Vessels, Containers and Tanks -- 7.1 General Remarks -- 7.1.1 Three Types of Insulation -- 7.1.2 Heat Break Materials -- 7.1.3 Isothermal Containment -- 7.2 Trouble-Free Joints and Materials -- 7.2.1 Avoiding Joints Between Materials with Dissimilar Thermal Contractions -- 7.2.2 Porosity and High Vacuum -- 7.2.3 Porosity Problems of Austenitic Stainless Steels Transforming to Martensite -- 7.2.4 Adsorbed Hydrogen and High Vacuum -- 7.2.5 Frost-Proof Cryogenic Concrete -- 7.2.6 Hydrogen Embrittlement -- 7.3 Thermal Considerations -- 7.3.1 Choice of Boil-off Rate -- 7.3.2 Some Practical Applications -- 7.3.3 Heat Fluxes Through Insulations in Practical Applications -- 7.4 Thermal Design of 12 Typical Cryogenic Liquid Applications -- 7.4.1 LIN Cooled Sample Holder, 10 mm Diameter, 60 mm Long -- 7.4.2 Laboratory LHe Cryostat with Isothermal Volume, 100 mm Diameter, 500 mm Long -- 7.4.3 500 Litre LHe Laboratory Storage Dewar -- 7.4.4 MRI Cryostat Without, and with, Cryocooler -- 7.4.5 12,600 Litre Static LHe Storage Vessel, 2 m Diameter, 4 m High -- 7.4.6 4000 Litre LHe Space Probe, 2 m Diameter, 3 Year Hold Time -- 7.4.7 LOX Rail Tank or VIT Vessel, 3 m Diameter, 8 m Long, 48 m3 Volume -- 7.4.8 Static LIN/LOX Tank, 13 m Diameter, 13 m High, 1720 m3: Dustbin Configuration -- 7.4.9 Static LIN/LA/LOX Tank, 13 m Diameter, 13 m High, 1142 m3: Cluster Configuration -- 7.4.10 Sea Tanker for 125,000 m3 LNG -- 7.4.11 Static LNG Tank, 75 m Diameter, 50 m High, 220,000 m3 Volume -- 7.4.12 LPG Tank, 100 m Diameter, 50 m High, 390,000 m3 Volume -- 7.5 Summary of Thermal Design of Cryogenic Liquid Vessels -- References, Specific -- References, General (in Reverse Order of Publication) -- 8 Safe Handling and Storage of Cryogenic Liquids -- 8.1 General Remarks -- 8.2 Health Concerns. , 8.2.1 Cold Burns.

Note: Front cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. "That Wonderful Village -- 2. The Vision of Mother Ann -- 3. On God's Time -- 4. The Past--Preserved, Restored, Remade? -- 5. Nickels, Dimes, and Options -- 6. "The Beginning Year -- 7. Fund Raisers--Professional and Otherwise -- 8. The Deal--I -- Photo insert -- 9. "A Fantastic Accomplishment -- 10. The Deal--II -- 11. "The Instruction of the Public -- 12. The Restoration Restored -- 13. Pleasant Hill Frescoes -- Afterword: A Note on Jim Thomas's Service -- Sources and Background -- Index.

Note: Intro -- The Science of String Instruments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 A Brief History of the Science of String Instruments -- 1.1.1 Bowed String Instruments -- 1.1.2 Lutes and Guitars -- 1.1.3 Harpsichords, Clavichords, and Dulcimers -- 1.1.4 Piano -- 1.1.5 Electric and Virtual String Instruments -- 1.2 Modal Analysis of String Instruments -- 1.2.1 Experimental Modal Testing -- 1.2.2 Mathematical Modal Analysis -- 1.2.3 Sound Field Analysis -- 1.2.4 Holographic Modal Analysis -- References -- Chapter 2: Plucked Strings -- 2.1 Transverse Waves on a String -- 2.1.1 Impulsive Waves, Reflection, and Interference -- 2.1.2 Standing Waves -- 2.2 Plucked String: Time and Frequency Analyses -- 2.3 Force Exerted by the String -- 2.4 Plucking -- References -- Chapter 3: Guitars and Lutes -- 3.1 Acoustic Guitars -- 3.1.1 The Guitar as a System of Coupled Vibrators -- 3.1.2 Force Exerted by the Vibrating String -- 3.1.3 Frequency Response of Guitars -- 3.2 Vibrations of the Guitar Body -- 3.2.1 Normal Modes of Vibration -- 3.2.2 Modes of Component Parts -- 3.2.3 Coupling of the Top Plate to the Air Cavity: Two-Oscillator Model -- 3.2.4 Coupling to the Back Plate: Three-Oscillator Model -- 3.2.5 Low-Frequency Resonances of a Guitar Body -- 3.2.6 Modal Shapes -- 3.3 String Forces -- 3.4 Sound Radiation -- 3.5 Quality -- 3.5.1 Influence of Design and Construction -- 3.5.2 The Bridge -- 3.5.3 Thickness of the Top Plate and Braces -- 3.5.4 Asymmetrical and Radial Bracing -- 3.6 A Family of Scaled Guitars -- 3.7 Synthetic Materials -- 3.8 Other Families of Guitars -- 3.9 Electric Guitars -- 3.9.1 Body Vibrations and Dead Spots -- 3.9.2 Electric Bass -- 3.10 Lutes -- 3.10.1 Acoustics of the European Short Lute -- 3.10.2 Acoustics of the Turkish Long-Necked Lute -- 3.11 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 4: Portuguese Guitar -- 4.1 Origins -- 4.2 Types and Characteristics -- 4.3 Vibroacoustic Behavior -- 4.4 Subjective Acoustical Quality Evaluation -- 4.4.1 Objective Parameters -- 4.4.2 Listening Tests -- 4.4.3 Test Conditions -- 4.4.3.1 Subjective Parameters Used -- 4.4.3.2 Conditions of the Guitars -- 4.4.4 Test Procedure -- 4.5 Results -- 4.5.1 Subjective Tests -- 4.5.2 Objective Tests -- References -- Chapter 5: Banjo -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Banjo Anatomy -- 5.3 Banjo Sound -- 5.4 Head Modes -- 5.5 Harmonics Analysis -- 5.6 Resonators -- 5.7 Bridges -- 5.8 Tone Rings, Rims, and Neck -- 5.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Mandolin Family Instruments -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Types of Mandolins -- 6.2.1 Neapolitan Mandolins -- 6.2.2 Flatback Mandolins -- 6.2.3 Cylinderback Mandolins and Other Unique Designs -- 6.2.4 Archtop Mandolins, Oval Sound Hole -- 6.2.5 Archtop Mandolins, f-Holes -- 6.2.6 Mandolas, Octave Mandolins, and Mandocellos -- 6.3 Normal Modes of Vibration and Holographic Interferometry -- 6.4 Normal Mode Shapes in Mandolins -- 6.5 Normal Mode Frequencies in Different Types of Mandolins -- 6.6 Sustain in Mandolins -- 6.7 Other Mandolin Family Instruments: Normal Modes in Two Mandolas -- 6.8 Mandocellos -- 6.9 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Psalteries and Zithers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Influence of Stresses in Strings on the Instrument´s Shape -- 7.3 Plucking Stiffness, and Strength of a Plucked String -- 7.4 String Materials -- 7.5 Acoustical Study of Carved Baltic Psalteries -- 7.5.1 History of the Carved Baltic Psaltery -- 7.5.2 Playing Techniques -- 7.5.3 Body Resonances of Some Carved Baltic Psalteries -- 7.5.4 Coupling of Strings to Body Resonances -- 7.5.5 Experiments with Distribution of Sound Holes -- 7.5.6 Some Conclusions and Applications. , 7.5.7 Features of Proposed New Traditional-Style Designs -- 7.5.8 A More Radical Design from Finland -- 7.6 Zithers -- 7.6.1 Zithers Without Fretboard -- 7.6.2 Fretted (Alpine) Zithers -- 7.7 Hammered Dulcimers -- 7.8 Modernized Baltic Psalteries -- 7.8.1 Diatonically Tuned Versions -- 7.8.2 Chromatic Baltic Psalteries -- References -- Chapter 8: Harpsichord and Clavichord -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Harpsichord -- 8.2.1 General Design -- 8.2.2 Plucked Strings -- 8.2.3 Soundboard and Radiation -- 8.2.4 Acoustic Balance -- 8.2.5 Design Extensions -- 8.3 The Clavichord -- 8.3.1 General Design -- 8.3.2 String Excitation in the Clavichord -- 8.4 Keyboard Tuning -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Harp -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Overview -- 9.2.1 Origins and Development -- 9.2.2 Structure -- 9.3 Strings -- 9.3.1 History -- 9.3.1.1 Diatonic Versus Chromatic Stringing -- 9.3.1.2 Sharping Mechanisms -- 9.3.2 Basic String Considerations -- 9.3.3 String Motion and Its Influence on the Sound Spectrum -- 9.3.4 String Motion and Temporal Development of the Sound -- 9.4 Soundboard and Soundbox -- 9.4.1 Evolution of the Soundboard -- 9.4.2 Vibrational Behavior of the Soundboard -- 9.4.3 Helmholtz and Pipe Resonances of the Soundbox -- 9.4.4 Vibroacoustic Behavior of the Soundbox -- 9.5 The Harp as a Whole -- 9.5.1 Strings and Soundbox -- 9.5.2 Sound Radiation -- 9.5.3 The Sound of the Harp -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Burmese Arched Harp -- 10.1 History -- 10.2 Construction and Playing Techniques -- 10.3 Scales and Tunings -- 10.4 Measurements of Plucked Tones -- References -- Chapter 11: Plucked String Instruments in Asia -- 11.1 Classification of Asian Musical Instruments Based on Construction Material -- 11.2 Japanese Satsuma Biwa -- 11.2.1 Structural Response -- 11.2.2 Sawari Mechanisms and Their Effects on High-Frequency Emphasis. , 11.2.3 Examples of Characteristic Sounds -- 11.2.4 Brief Comparison with the Chinese Pipa -- 11.3 Japanese Shamisen -- 11.3.1 Shamisen as an Overall String-Bridge-Membrane System -- 11.3.2 Sawari and Its Effect on the Tuning -- 11.4 Japanese Koto and Korean Gayageum -- 11.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Bowed Strings -- 12.1 Kinematics of the Bowed String -- 12.2 Dynamics of the Bowed String -- 12.3 Bowing to Achieve Anomalous Low Frequencies -- References -- Chapter 13: Violin -- 13.1 History -- 13.2 Research -- 13.3 Evaluating Violins -- 13.4 Sound Analysis -- 13.5 Frequency Response -- 13.6 Tone Quality -- 13.6.1 Sizzle -- 13.6.2 Directional Tone Color -- 13.6.3 Projection -- 13.7 Playability -- 13.7.1 Helmholtz Motion -- 13.7.2 Bow Force Limits -- 13.7.3 Damping and Playability -- 13.8 Violin Body Vibrations -- 13.8.1 Normal Modes of Vibration -- 13.8.2 Vibrational Models -- 13.8.3 A Three-Dimensional Model of Vibration -- 13.8.4 Modal Analysis -- 13.8.5 What Modes Can a Maker Control? -- 13.9 Component Parts -- 13.9.1 Top and Back Plates -- 13.9.2 Tap Tones -- 13.9.3 The Mass of a Violin -- 13.9.4 Enclosed Air -- 13.9.5 Bridge -- 13.9.6 Ribs -- 13.9.7 Fingerboard -- 13.9.8 Bass bar and Soundpost -- 13.10 Measuring Sound Radiation -- 13.11 Low-Frequency Radiation -- 13.12 High-Frequency Radiation -- 13.13 Radiation Damping -- 13.14 Electric and Virtual Violins -- References -- Chapter 14: Cello -- 14.1 The Cello -- 14.2 Modal Analysis of Cellos -- 14.2.1 Frequency Response -- 14.2.2 Modes of Vibration -- 14.2.3 Observing the Modes -- 14.2.4 Labeling the Resonances -- 14.3 Modes of Component Parts -- 14.3.1 Cello Plate Modes -- 14.3.2 Cello Air Cavity Modes -- 14.4 Cello Body Modes -- 14.4.1 Comparison with Violin Resonances -- 14.5 Sound Spectra of the Cello -- 14.6 Mobility (Admittance) at the Bridge. , 14.7 The ``New Violin Family´´ -- 14.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Double Bass -- 15.1 Modes of Vibration -- 15.1.1 The Modes in Playing -- 15.1.2 Mobility Curves and Instrument Identity -- 15.2 The Double Bass Compared to the Violin and Cello -- 15.3 Double Basses of Different Quality -- 15.4 The Violin Octet -- 15.5 The Player´s Support -- 15.6 Scaling -- 15.7 Body Size and Radiated Sound -- 15.8 Stage Risers -- 15.9 Directional Radiation -- 15.10 Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 16: Bows, Strings, and Bowing -- 16.1 The Bow -- 16.1.1 Effect of Camber on Transverse Hair Stiffness -- 16.1.2 Wood -- 16.1.3 Tonal Quality -- 16.1.4 Effect of Hair Elasticity and Surface Roughness -- 16.1.5 Rosin/Friction -- 16.2 Strings -- 16.2.1 The Concept of Wave Resistance or Wave Impedance -- 16.2.2 Tension -- 16.2.3 Damping -- 16.2.4 Torsion -- 16.3 Bowing Techniques -- 16.3.1 The Main Three Bowing Parameters -- 16.3.2 Flautando -- 16.3.3 Harmonics -- 16.3.4 Harmonics and Intonation -- 16.3.5 Double Stops -- 16.3.6 Tone Onsets, Attacks -- 16.3.7 Détaché -- 16.3.8 Martelé -- 16.3.9 Light Bowing -- 16.3.10 Spiccato/Sautillé/Ricochet -- 16.3.11 Bouncing Rate -- 16.3.12 Parameters That Affect the String´s Spectrum -- References -- Chapter 17: Viols and Other Historic Bowed String Instruments -- 17.1 Medieval Bowed String Instruments -- 17.1.1 Medieval Fiddles -- 17.1.2 Rebecs -- 17.1.3 Acoustics of Medieval Bowed String Instruments -- 17.1.3.1 Acoustical Properties of the Medieval Fiddle -- 17.1.3.2 Acoustical Properties of the Rebec -- 17.2 Renaissance Viols -- 17.2.1 The Development of the Renaissance Viol -- 17.2.2 Acoustics of Renaissance Viols -- 17.3 Baroque Viols -- 17.3.1 Development of the Baroque Viol -- 17.3.2 Acoustics of the Baroque Viol -- 17.3.2.1 The Baroque Treble Viol -- 17.3.2.2 The Baroque Tenor Viol. , 17.3.2.3 The Baroque Bass Viol.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1. Salmonids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 HistoryofSalmonCulture -- 1.2.1 EarlyHistoryofSalmonCulture -- 1.2.2 From 1890 to 1975 -- 1.2.3 From 1975 to the Present Time -- 1.3 TaxonomicStatusandDistribution -- 1.3.1 Genus Salmo -- 1.3.2 Genus Oncorhynchus -- 1.3.3 Genus Salvelinus -- 1.3.4 Genus Coregonus -- 1.3.5 Genus Hucho -- 1.4 GeneticImprovement -- 1.4.1 Genetic Improvement Programs in Salmon Aquaculture -- 1.5 GeneticMappinginSalmonids -- 1.5.1 FirstGenerationMap -- 1.5.2 SecondGenerationMap -- 1.5.3 Mapping Consequences of Ancestral Tetraploidy ofSalmonids -- 1.6 DetectionofQuantitativeTraitLoci -- 1.6.1 UpperTemperatureTolerance -- 1.6.2 Spawning Date -- 1.6.3 EmbryonicDevelopmentRate -- 1.6.4 MorphologicalandMeristicTraits -- 1.6.5 ResistancetoDiseaseandImmunologicTraits -- 1.7 AssociationofTraitswithSpecificMolecularMarkers -- 1.7.1 BulkedSegregantAnalysis -- 1.7.2 SelectiveGenotyping -- 1.7.3 OtherSingleLocusMarkers -- 1.8 PhysicalMapping -- 1.8.1 Karyotypes -- 1.8.2 PhysicalMappingofCentromericRepeats -- 1.8.3 PhysicalMappingofTelomericRepeatedSequences -- 1.8.4 Physical Mapping of Multicopy Genes: Ribosomal Genes -- 1.8.5 Physical Mapping of Coding Genes -- 1.8.6 PhysicalMappingofSexMarkers -- 1.9 IntegrationofGeneticandCytogeneticMaps -- References -- 2. Cyprinids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Biology and History of Farmed Cyprinids -- 2.2.1 The Taxonomy and Physiology of Farmed Cyprinids -- 2.2.2 Classical Studies on the Taxonomy and Origin of Farmed Cyprinids -- 2.2.3 The History of Cyprinid Aquaculture -- 2.3 ClassicalGenetics -- 2.3.1 PhenotypicMarkers -- 2.3.2 BiochemicalMarkers -- 2.4 Cyprinid Chromosome Sets and Their Manipulation -- 2.4.1 ChromosomeSets -- 2.4.2 Gynogenesis -- 2.4.3 Androgenesis -- 2.4.4 InducedTriploidy -- 2.4.5 InducedTetraploidy -- 2.4.6 NuclearTransfer. , 2.5 Genetic and Genomic Resources for Cyprinid Research -- 2.5.1 DNAMarkersandTheirApplications -- 2.5.2 Genetic Maps, Map-Based Cloning, and QTLs -- 2.5.3 Libraries,cDNAsandProteins -- 2.5.4 TheZebrafishGenomeProject -- 2.5.5 cDNAArraysandOligonucleotideChips -- 2.5.6 InducedMutantsandTransgenicLines -- 2.6 Speculation on Sequencing the Genome of a Farmed Cyprinid Species -- 2.7 The Urgent Need for Comparative Cyprinid Genomics -- 2.7.1 Genome Maps Need to Be Established in Farmed Cyprinids -- 2.7.2 MoreGenomicandcDNALibrariesAreNeeded -- 2.7.3 Comparative Transcriptomics of Cyprinids - A Treasure TroveWaitingtoBeOpened -- 2.7.4 A Call for Cross-compatible Cyprinid and Teleost Databases -- 2.8 Synopsis -- References -- 3. Catfish -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 ConstructionofGeneticMaps -- 3.2.1 DevelopmentandEvaluationofMolecularMarkers -- 3.2.2 DevelopmentofTypeIMarkers -- 3.2.3 ResourceFamiliesandLinkageMaps -- 3.2.4 A Summary of the Linkage Map -- 3.3 QTL Mapping and Identification of Candidate Genes -- 3.4 LandscapeoftheCatfishGenome -- 3.5 BACLibrariesandPhysicalMapping -- 3.6 ESTAnalysisandTranscriptomeAnalysis -- 3.7 Systematic Characterization of Genes and/or Full-Length cDNAs -- 3.8 FuturePerspectives -- References -- 4. Tilapias -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Brief History: Center of Origin, Domestication, Dissemination -- 4.1.2 ZoologicalDescriptions -- 4.1.3 EconomicImportance -- 4.1.4 Breeding Objectives and Classical Breeding Achievements -- 4.1.5 ClassicalMarkerDevelopmentandApplication -- 4.1.6 DevelopmentofDNAMarkers -- 4.1.7 Limitations of Conventional Genetics and Breeding ApproachesandtheUtilityofMolecularMapping -- 4.2 GeneticMappinginTilapia -- 4.2.1 First-GenerationMaps -- 4.2.2 Second-GenerationMap -- 4.2.3 PhysicalMapping -- 4.3 GeneMapping -- 4.4 QTLinTilapias -- 4.4.1 DetectionofQTL -- 4.4.2 Gene-TraitAssociation. , 4.5 FutureScopeandRelatedTilapiaGenomicResearch -- References -- 5. European Sea Bass -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 History -- 5.1.2 ZoologicalDescriptions -- 5.1.3 EconomicImportance -- 5.1.4 BiodiversityandStrainEvaluation -- 5.1.5 Strain Testing, Breeding Objectives, and Classical Breeding -- 5.2 ConstructionofGeneticMaps -- 5.3 GeneMapping -- 5.4 StudiesonQuantitativeTraitLoci(QTL) -- 5.4.1 TargetTraits -- 5.4.2 GenomeScan -- 5.4.3 QTLsDetected -- 5.5 Marker-Assisted Breeding -- 5.6 AdvancedResearch -- References -- 6. Japanese Flounder -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 EconomicImportanceandCurrentStatus -- 6.1.2 Breeding Objectives and the Utility of Molecular Mapping -- 6.2 MolecularMarkers -- 6.2.1 AvailableMarkers -- 6.2.2 Application of Molecular Markers in Aquaculture andPopulationStudies -- 6.3 GeneticLinkageMaps -- 6.3.1 First-GenerationGeneticLinkageMap -- 6.3.2 Second-GenerationGeneticLinkageMap -- 6.3.3 Marker-CentromereMap -- 6.4 ApplicationofGeneticLinkageMapsandFutureProspects -- 6.4.1 QuantitativeTraitLociStudies -- 6.4.2 FutureProspects -- References -- 7. Shrimp -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Biosecurity, Domestication, and Development ofSpecificPathogenFreeShrimp -- 7.2 GeneticMarkersandLinkageMapsinShrimp -- 7.2.1 GeneticMarkers -- 7.2.2 LinkageMapsofShrimp -- 7.3 EffortsinReverseGenetics -- 7.3.1 ExpressedSequenceTag(EST)Analysis -- 7.3.2 mRNADifferentialDisplay -- 7.3.3 MicroarrayAnalysis -- 7.4 FuturePerspectives -- References -- 8. Oysters -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 TheOysterGenome -- 8.2.1 ChromosomeNumber -- 8.2.2 GeneticLength -- 8.2.3 GenomeSize -- 8.3 ConstructionofGeneticMaps -- 8.3.1 BriefHistory -- 8.3.2 First-GenerationMaps -- 8.3.3 MappingwithCodominantMarkers -- 8.3.4 ComparativeandCytogeneticMapping -- 8.4 GeneMapping -- 8.5 QTL Mapping and Marker-Assisted Breeding -- 8.5.1 GrowthandShellCharacteristics. , 8.5.2 DiseaseResistance -- 8.5.3 Marker-Assisted Breeding -- 8.6 AdvancedGenomicResources -- 8.6.1 PhysicalMapping -- 8.6.2 ESTsandMicroarrays -- 8.6.3 Whole-GenomeSequencing -- 8.7 ConclusionsandFutureProspects -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Figures and Tables -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- I. Folk Management -- 2. Of Beggars and Thieves: Customary Sharing of the Catch and Informal Sanctions in a Philippine Fishery -- 3. The Privatization of Common-Property Resources in a Mexican Lobster Cooperative: Human Ecological Perspectives -- 4. Between Economic Success and Ecological Resilience: Folk Management among Belizean Lobster Fishermen -- 5. Nylon Nets and National Elites: Alata System of Marine Tenure among the Lau of Fanalei Village, Port Adam Passage, Small Malaita, Solomon Islands -- II. State and Centralized Management -- 6. Resource Management, Social Class, and the State at a Muslim Fishing Village in Southern Thailand -- 7. Language and "Limited Entry": The Formation of Texas Shrimping Policy -- 8. Managing Resources: European Union Regional Dilemmas -- 9. Tradition, Co-Management, Diversity, and the FAO in Small-Scale Inland Fisheries in Africa -- III. Co-Management -- 10. With Blinders and Hobbles: Management of the Maine Lobster Industry -- 11. Resolving the Stone Crab-Shrimp Fisheries Conflict: A Case of Implicit Co-Management -- 12. Regional Co-Management in Pacific Salmon Fisheries -- IV. Conclusion -- 13. Sea Changes in Fisheries Policy: Contributions from Anthropology -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- About the Contributors.

Note: Intro -- Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bees in the Forest, Still -- 3 Leaving the Wild -- 4 Are Honey Bees Domesticated? -- 5 The Nest -- 6 Annual Cycle -- 7 Colony Reproduction -- 8 Food Collection -- 9 Temperature Control -- 10 Colony Defense -- 11 Darwinian Beekeeping -- Notes -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Illustration Credits -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Editor's Preface -- Preface -- 1. Land of Tall Timber -- 2. Carpetbaggers of the Woods -- 3. Nesting Birds and Wooden Ships -- 4. Dawning of the Age of Scientific Forestry -- 5. Inception of the South's Second Forest -- 6. The CCC Boys -- 7. The Tennessee Valley Experiment -- 8. Charles Herty's Legacy -- 9. The Grand March South -- 10. Rearranging the Land -- Bibliographical Essay -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The Fascination of Studying Insects -- For the Love of Ants -- Chapter 2. Insects and the Human Food Supply -- The Worm in the Apple -- Nature's Perfume -- Chapter 3. Population and Pests -- Gypsy Moth -- Chapter 4. Insect Societies -- The Origin of Cooperation -- The Superorganism -- Chapter 5. Location is Everything -- The Foraging Abilities of a Colony -- Chapter 6. Insects and the Human Condition -- People and Insect Plagues -- Chapter 7. War and Insects -- Army Ants -- Chapter 8. Insect Terror -- The Creation of a Pop Insect -- Temperate and Tropical Honey Bees -- The Process of Africanization -- Chapter 9. The Birds and the Mosquitoes -- Bugs That Eat Birds -- Chapter 10. Water Babies, Risky Behavior, and Sex -- The Next Generation -- Chapter 11. How Insects "Work -- The Search: Appetitive Behavior, 201 -- Chapter 12. Hot and Cold Insects -- Night-Flying Moths -- Chapter 13. Insect Defenses -- The Love Potion -- Chapter 14. Love at First Smell -- The Sweet Smell of Success -- Chapter 15. Night Creatures -- Evasive Behavior in the Cockroach -- Chapter 16. More Than Just Jewelry -- What is Amber -- Chapter 17. Crime Scene Bugs -- Prologue: Honolulu 1984 -- Chapter 18. Monarchs and Movement -- Millions of Monarchs -- Chapter 19. Insects and The Dismal Science -- The Bumblebee Colony Cycle -- Economy of the Colony -- Chapter 20. Questions of Paternity, Reversal of Sexual Roles, and Sex Addiction -- Hemiptera: Heteroptera II -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Avoiding Asphyxia -- 2. Forest Homes -- 3. Homesite Inspectors -- 4. Choosing a Homesite -- 5. Consensus or Quorum? -- 6. Piping Hot Bees -- 7. Boisterous Buzz-Runners -- 8. Flight Control in Swarms -- 9. Astonishing Behavioral Versatility -- 10. Messenger Bees -- 11. A Tale of Four Species -- 12. Colonies Are Information Centers -- 13. Foragers as Sensors -- 14. Nectar Flow On? -- 15. Mystery of the Tremble Dance -- 16. Two Recruitment Dances, or Just One? -- 17. Movers and Shakers -- 18. Groom Me, Please -- 19. Colony Thirst -- 20. Resin Work -- Closing Thoughts -- Appendix: List of Signals -- Notes -- References -- Illustration Credits -- Index.