Keywords:
Planets - Crust.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book explains how and why solid planets and satellites develop crusts. It presents a comprehensive survey and comparative analysis of crustal development on different planetary bodies, and is a key reference for researchers and students in geology, geochemistry, planetary science, astrobiology and astronomy.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (402 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9780511463037
Series Statement:
Cambridge Planetary Science Series ; v.Series Number 10
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=410108
DDC:
551.1/3
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Notes and references -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Prologue -- Notes and references -- 1 The planets: their formation and differentiation -- 1.1 Planetary formation -- 1.2 The solar nebula and the giant planets -- 1.2.1 The depletion of the volatile elements in the inner nebula -- 1.3 Planetesimals and the accretion of the terrestrial planets -- 1.4 The random nature of terrestrial planet formation -- 1.4.1 Meteorites and planetary composition -- 1.4.2 Uncompressed density and bulk planetary compositions -- 1.5 Types of crusts -- 1.6 Geochemical processes during crust formation -- 1.6.1 Europium as a universal tracer -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 2 A primary crust: the highland crust of the Moon -- 2.1 The composition of the Moon -- 2.2 The lunar surface -- 2.3 Structure of the crust -- 2.3.1 Tectonics -- 2.3.2 Lunar stratigraphy -- 2.4 Craters and multiring basins -- 2.4.1 A lunar cataclysm? -- 2.5 Composition of the lunar highland crust -- 2.5.1 Anorthosites -- 2.5.2 KREEP -- 2.5.3 The Mg-suite -- 2.5.4 Lunar highland terranes -- 2.5.5 The Cayley Plains: a cautionary tale -- 2.5.6 Tektites and the Moon -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 3 A secondary crust: the lunar maria -- 3.1 The maria -- 3.1.1 Mare basalt ages -- 3.2 Composition of the mare basalts -- 3.2.1 The interior of the Moon -- 3.3 Origin of the mare basalts -- 3.3.1 An impact origin? -- 3.4 The magma ocean -- 3.4.1 The depletion in europium -- 3.4.2 Depth of melting -- 3.5 Large-impact model for lunar origin -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 4 Mercury -- 4.1 The planet -- 4.1.1 The composition and internal structure of Mercury -- 4.2 Origin of Mercury -- 4.3 Surface structure -- 4.3.1 The heavily cratered terrain -- 4.3.2 The intercrater plains.
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4.3.3 The Caloris Basin: a mercurian cataclysm? -- 4.3.4 The smooth plains -- 4.4 The origin of the plains: a Cayley Plains analog? -- 4.4.1 Lobate scarps -- 4.5 The crust of Mercury -- 4.5.1 Primary and secondary crusts on Mercury? -- 4.5.2 Atmosphere -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 5 Mars: early differentiation and planetary composition -- 5.1 The origin of Mars -- 5.1.1 A volatile-rich and oxidized planet -- 5.2 The interior of Mars -- 5.2.1 Core -- 5.2.2 Mantle -- 5.2.3 Crust -- 5.3 Martian stratigraphy -- 5.4 Cratering record and the age of the martian surface -- 5.4.1 Crustal dichotomy -- 5.4.2 Quasi-circular depressions -- 5.4.3 Tharsis and Valles Marineris -- 5.5 Early plate tectonics? -- 5.5.1 Crustal magnetization and plate tectonics -- 5.6 Samples from Mars -- 5.6.1 Martian meteorites -- 5.6.2 Shergottite crystallization ages -- 5.7 Early differentiation on Mars and magma oceans -- 5.8 Multiple reservoirs and the age of the earliest crust -- 5.9 The composition of Mars -- 5.9.1 A cautionary note -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 6 Mars: crustal composition and evolution -- 6.1 Sampling martian crust -- 6.2 Crustal dimensions -- 6.2.1 Hypsometry -- 6.3 Igneous diversity in a basaltic crust -- 6.3.1 SNC meteorites and crustal contamination -- 6.3.2 Hemispheric dichotomy, Surface Types 1 and 2 and martian andesites -- 6.3.3 Gusev plains and Meridiani Planum -- 6.3.4 Alkaline volcanism and the Columbia Hills -- 6.4 The sedimentary rock cycle on Mars -- 6.4.1 Water, wind and ice -- 6.4.2 Surficial processes -- 6.4.3 Soils and dust -- 6.4.4 Sedimentary rocks on Mars -- 6.4.5 Meteoritic components -- 6.5 Bulk composition of the crust -- 6.5.1 Compositional evolution of the martian surface -- 6.6 Heat flow and crustal heat production -- 6.6.1 Compositional variation with depth -- 6.7 Crustal evolution on Mars.
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6.7.1 Tertiary crusts on Mars? -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 7 Venus: a twin planet to Earth? -- 7.1 The enigma of Venus -- 7.2 Surface features of Venus -- 7.2.1 Plains -- 7.2.2 Channels -- 7.2.3 Volcanoes -- 7.2.4 Coronae -- 7.2.5 Tesserae -- 7.2.6 Ishtar Terra and Aphrodite Terra -- 7.3 Impact craters and the age of the surface -- 7.4 Heat production and rates of volcanism -- 7.4.1 A one-plate planet -- 7.5 Crustal composition -- 7.5.1 Pancake domes: rhyolites on Venus? -- 7.5.2 The differentiation of Venus -- 7.6 The geological history of Venus -- 7.6.1 Water on Venus -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 8 The oceanic crust of the Earth -- 8.1 The sea floor and plate tectonics -- 8.2 Structure of the oceanic crust -- 8.3 Mid-ocean ridges -- 8.3.1 Formation processes at mid-ocean ridges -- 8.4 Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) -- 8.4.1 Interaction with seawater -- 8.5 Oceanic island basalts (OIB) -- 8.6 Composition of the oceanic crust -- 8.7 Mantle structure -- 8.7.1 Mantle plumes -- 8.8 Composition of the Earth -- 8.8.1 Core -- 8.8.2 Mantle -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 9 The Hadean crust of the Earth -- 9.1 The Hadean crust and mantle -- 9.2 A terrestrial magma ocean -- 9.3 The early crust -- 9.3.1 The bombardment record -- 9.4 The early continental crustal myth -- 9.5 Isotopic constraints:… -- 9.5.1 Mantle keels in the Hadean? -- 9.6 A model for the Hadean -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 10 The Archean crust of the Earth -- 10.1 The Archean -- 10.1.1 The earliest Archean rocks -- 10.1.2 Akilia island, southwest Greenland -- 10.2 The Archean upper crust -- 10.2.1 Archean high-grade terrains -- 10.3 The Archean bulk crust -- 10.3.1 The Archean oceanic crust -- 10.3.2 Heat flow in the Archean -- 10.4 The formation of the TTG suite -- 10.4.1 Adakites and the TTG suite -- 10.4.2 The evidence from sanukitoids.
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10.5 Plate tectonics in the Archean? -- 10.5.1 The subcrustal lithosphere and mantle keels -- 10.6 Meteorite impacts in the Archean -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 11 The Post-Archean continental crust -- 11.1 The Archean Proterozoic transition -- 11.2 Changes in crustal composition during the Archean Proterozoic transition -- 11.3 The Post-Archean upper crust -- 11.3.1 Paradoxes: niobium and lead -- 11.4 The lower crust (Post-Archean) -- 11.4.1 Anorthosites -- Synopsis -- Appendices -- Area, thickness and density of the present continental crust -- Age of the continental crust -- Sedimentary rocks as crustal samples -- Notes and references -- 12 Composition and evolution of the continental crust -- 12.1 Heat flow constraints -- 12.2 Composition of the bulk crust -- 12.3 The andesite model -- 12.3.1 Delamination and its problems -- 12.3.2 The formation of andesites -- 12.3.3 Granites and granites -- 12.4 Alternatives: basaltic compositions -- 12.5 Alternatives: felsic compositions -- 12.6 Crustal growth and its episodic nature -- 12.6.1 The freeboard constraint -- 12.6.2 Recycling -- 12.6.3 Continental break-up and assembly -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 13 Crusts on minor bodies -- 13.1 Minor bodies in the Solar System -- 13.2 Observational problems -- 13.2.1 Nanophase iron -- 13.2.2 Eros and Itokawa -- 13.3 Vesta, a differentiated asteroid -- 13.3.1 Evolution of Vesta -- 13.3.2 Eucrites and the Moon -- 13.4 The Galilean satellites -- 13.5 The extraordinary crust of Io -- 13.5.1 Volcanic activity -- 13.5.2 Mountains -- 13.5.3 Nature of the crust -- 13.6 The thick icy crust of Europa -- 13.7 Two crusts on Ganymede -- 13.8 Callisto, an ancient crust -- 13.9 Sand dunes on Titan -- 13.10 Nitrogen ice on Triton -- Synopsis -- Notes and references -- 14 Reflections: the elusive patterns of planetary crusts -- 14.1 Too many variables.
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14.1.1 Sampling -- 14.2 Earth-like planets elsewhere? -- 14.3 Planetary evolution and plate tectonics -- Notes and references -- Author index -- Subject index.
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