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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple myeloma among blacks and Whites in the United States: the role of chronic antigenic stimulation (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 529-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Antigenic stimulation ; case-control study ; etiology ; multiple myeloma ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is twice as common among Blacks than Whites in the United States. The reasons for this racial disparity are unknown, and the etiology of this cancer in general, is poorly understood. Repeated or chronic antigenic stimulation (CAS) of the immune system has been suggested as a risk factor. Previous case-control studies have reported inconsistent CAS associations based on evaluations of individual and biologic categories of medical conditions. Interview data from 573 cases and 2,131 population-based controls were used to investigate further the CAS hypothesis using an immunologically based approach, and to determine whether CAS accounts for the excess of myeloma among Blacks. Over 50 medical conditions were grouped into biologically and immunologically related categories, and B-cell-and T-cell-mediated response groups. Except for urinary tract infections among Black men (odds ratio [OR]=2.0), no significantly increased risks of MM were observed. However, there was a suggestion of increased risk among Blacks with an increased exposure to anaphylatic conditions. Analysis by immunoglobulin type revealed significantly elevated risks of IgG myeloma with eczema (OR=2.1), the biologic category ‘allergic conditions” (OR=1.6), and the immunologic category ‘anaphylaxis response’ (OR=1.6) among Whites, with Blacks having slightly lower risks. Our findings do not support a causal relationship between CAS and MM, nor do they explain the higher incidence among Blacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01831381
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drinking practices and risk of squamous-cell esophageal cancer among Black and White men in the United States (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 605-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; esophagus ; men ; neoplasms ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate whether the fivefold greater incidence rate ofsquamous-cell esophageal cancer in Black compared with White men is due totype of alcoholic beverage consumed or to other qualitative differences inalcohol consumption, we conducted a population-based case-control studywith373 males diagnosed with squamous-cell esophageal cancer (124 Whites and249 Blacks) and 1,364 male controls (750 Whites and 614 Blacks) from threegeographic areas in the United States. Included were all histologicallyconfirmed cases newly diagnosed from 1 August 1986 through 30 April 1989,among White and Black men aged 30 to 79 years. Risks varied to some extentaccording to type of alcohol used, with beer a stronger contributor inWhites, and wine and liquor stronger contributors in Blacks. However, most ofthe differences in the odds ratios by type of alcohol and race wereeliminated after controlling for average weekly amount of total alcoholconsumed. Thus, while alcohol use in all forms is an important risk factorfor squamous-cell esophageal cancer in Whites and Blacks, type of alcoholicbeverage used does not appear to account for the racial differences inincidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018446430228
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary factors and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black and white men in the United States (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 467-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control studies ; diet ; esophageal neoplasms ; raw fruit ; raw vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate dietary factors for squamous cell esophageal cancer and whether these factors may contribute to the five-fold higher incidence of this cancer in the black versus white population of the United States. Methods: Data from a food frequency questionnaire were analyzed for 114 white men and 219 black men with squamous cell esophageal cancer, and 681 white and 557 black male controls from three areas of the United States who participated in a population-based case-control study of esophageal cancer. Results: Protective effects were associated with intake of raw fruits and vegetables (odds ratio for high versus low consumers=0.3 in both white and black men) and use of vitamin supplements (especially vitamin C; odds ratio for high versus low consumers=0.4 in both races), with the frequency of consumption of raw fruits and vegetables and vitamin supplements being greater for white than black controls. In addition, elevated risks were associated with high versus low intake of red meat (OR=2.7 for blacks and 1.5 for whites) and processed meat (OR=1.6 for blacks and 1.7 for whites), with the levels of consumption being greater for black than white controls. Conclusions: In the United States, these dietary factors may contribute in part to the much higher incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black compared to white men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008861806923
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Childhood brain tumor: presentation at younger age is associated with a family tumor history (1990)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 1 (1990), S. 75-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Brain ; neoplasms ; child ; theoretical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a registry-based sample of 361 children with a brain tumor, those whose grandparents and great-grandparents had a history of any kind of tumor were younger at the time of presentation than were those who lacked this family history (p=0.1). In post hoc analyses, the age difference was most apparent among children with cerebral tumors, and when family history was limited to brain tumors and to great-grandparents. These findings are in keeping with the hypothesis that a familial tumor diathesis contributes to an early age at onset of a brain tumor in some children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053186
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology of the M-component immunoglobulin types of multiple myeloma (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Environmental exposure ; infection ; ionizing radiation ; multiple myeloma ; occupational diseases ; risk factors ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this population-based case-control study was to learn whether risk factors differ for the individual immunoglobulin types of multiple myeloma. In particular, we sought to determine whether IgA and IgG myeloma were related to a history of exposure to reported IgA- and IgG-stimulating conditions, respectively, or to a history of selected occupational and physicochemical exposures. The M-component immunoglobulin type was determined from immunoelectrophoresis as reported in medical records, and exposure status was obtained through in-person interviews. IgG (56 percent) and IgA (22 percent) M-components predominated. For 17 percent of cases, no peak was found on immunoelectrophoresis; they were presumed to have light-chain myeloma. Persons with these three types of myeloma did not differ with respect to distributions of age or race, but a somewhat higher proportion of light-chain cases were women (58 percent cf 45 percent of all other cases). Detailed analysis of the IgA and IgG subtypes provided little evidence that they differ with respect to prior immune stimulation or employment in several specific jobs. IgA myeloma, but not IgG myeloma, was associated modestly with a history of exposure to chest and dental X-rays. Our study provides little evidence that IgA and IgG myeloma differ with respect to the risk factors examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053148
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tobacco use and prostate cancer in Blacks and Whites in the United States (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case control ; neoplasms ; prostate ; race ; tobacco ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostate cancer occurs more frequently in Blacks than Whites in the United States. A population-based case-control study which investigated the association between tobacco use and prostate cancer risk was carried out among 981 pathologically confirmed cases (479 Blacks, 502 Whites) of prostate cancer, diagnosed between 1 August 1986 and 30 April 1989, and 1,315 controls (594 Blacks, 721 Whites). Study subjects, aged 40 to 79 years, resided in Atlanta (GA), Detroit (MI), and 10 counties in New Jersey, geographic areas covered by three, population-based, cancer registries. No excesses in risk for prostate cancer were seen for former cigarette smokers, in Blacks (odds ratio [OR]=1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.7–1.5) and in Whites (OR=1.2, CI=0.9–1.6), or for current cigarette smokers, in Blacks (OR=1.0, CI=0.7–1.4) and in Whites (OR=1.2, CI=0.8–1.7). Increases in risk were noted for smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day, among former (OR=1.4, CI=1.0–1.5) and current (OR=1.5, CI=1.0–2.4) smokers. Duration of cigarette use and cumulative amount of cigarette use (pack-years) were not associated with prostate cancer risk for Blacks or Whites. By age, only the youngest subjects, aged 40 to 59 years, showed excess risk associated with current (OR=1.5, CI=1.0–2.3) and former (OR=1.7, CI=1.1–2.6) use of cigarettes, but there were no consistent patterns in this group according to amount or duration of smoking. Risks also were not elevated for former or current users of pipes, cigars, or chewing tobacco, but the risk associated with current snuff use was OR=5.5 (CI=1.2–26.2). This subgroup finding may have been due to chance. The results of the present study may be consistent with a small excess risk for prostate cancer associated with tobacco use, but the lack of consistent findings in population subgroups and the lack of a clear dose-response relationship argue more strongly that no causal association exists. The data do not indicate that the Black-White difference in prostate cancer risk is related to tobacco use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830240
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple myeloma among Blacks and Whites in the United States: role of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 610-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; esophagus ; multiple myeloma ; smoking ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the United States, the incidence rates of multiple myeloma inBlacks are more than twice those in Whites, but the etiology of this canceris poorly understood. A population-based case-control interview study of 571subjects (365 White, 206 Black) with multiple myeloma and 2,122 controls(1,155 White, 967 Black) living in three areas of the United States (Georgia,Michigan, New Jersey) offered the opportunity to investigate the relationshipwith smoking and alcohol drinking and to evaluate whether these factors mightcontribute to the excess risk of multiple myeloma in Blacks. For Blacks andWhites of either gender, there were no significantly elevated risksassociated with ever use of cigarettes or alcoholic beverages and noconsistent patterns with either intensity or duration of use. These datasupport previous studies indicating that smoking and drinking are not relatedcausally to the risk of multiple myeloma, and thus cannot account for theracial disparity in incidence rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018498414298
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Racial differences in cancer of the male breast — 15 year experience in the Detroit Metropolitan Area (1992)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 21 (1992), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: cancer treatment ; epidemiology ; male breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Characteristics of cancer of the male breast were evaluated in a population based review of 244 cases identified retrospectively through the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System (MDCSS) between 1973 and 1987. The mean age at diagnosis was 65 years and median survival time, 44 months. There were no apparent time trends in incidence for either white or black men from 1973 through 1987. Modified radical mastectomy was the most common surgical procedure, while simple and radical mastectomy declined in popularity over time. Cox's proportional hazards regression model was used to test the simultaneous effects of age, race, stage, and treatment on survival. Men older than 65 at diagnosis had a greater risk of dying than men under 65 (RR 1.52, 95% confidence interval, 1.01–2.28). Survival was significantly worse for men who presented at a more advanced stage; regional versus localized (RR 2.19, 95% confidence interval, 1.39–3.45) and remote versus localized (RR 4.31, 95% confidence interval 2.26–8.23). Race had no significant effect on survival in men with breast cancer in the Detroit Metropolitan Area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01811964
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk of urinary bladder cancer among Blacks and Whites: the role of cigarette use and occupation (1991)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 2 (1991), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Blacks ; bladder cancer ; occupational risk factors ; smoking ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case-control study was conducted in the United States to examine the relationship between urinary bladder cancer, usual occupation and industry, and cigarette smoking. A total of 2,160 bladder cancer cases and 3,979 colon and rectum comparison cases, with complete histories of occupation and tobacco use, were included in the analysis. Ever having smoked cigarettes significantly elevated bladder cancer risk (odds ratio = 2.4). A dose-response relationship was demonstrated between bladder cancer and pack-years of smoking, usual number of cigarettes smoked per day, and number of years having smoked. This study observes greater risk of urinary bladder cancer due to cigarette smoking among Black males and females than among White males and females. A significant excess of bladder cancer was found among armed services personnel; this excess was restricted to White males when the analysis was performed separately by race. Black males with ‘mechanic’ as their usual occupation had a significant sevenfold excess of bladder cancer. The population attributable risks for occupation and smoking were 25 percent and 51 percent, respectively. The results demonstrate the strength of the association between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer and the need to control for smoking in occupational analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054297
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Racial and age differences in multiple primary cancers after breast cancer: A population-based analysis (1989)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 14 (1989), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: age ; breast cancer ; multiple primary cancers ; race
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of multiple primary cancers was evaluated among 17,944 white and black female residents of Metropolitan Detroit diagnosed with breast cancer between 1973 and 1983. Invasive second primary cancers were diagnosed among 1106 of these women, almost twice the expected number. Subsequentin situ cancers were detected four times more often than expected. Fifty-six percent of the subsequent invasive cancers were of the breast (Standardized Incidence Ratio, SIR = 3.80). Black women experienced higher risk of subsequent breast cancers (SIR = 5.30) than white women (SIR = 3.62). Highest risk was seen among women first diagnosed before age 40 (SIR for black women = 26.15, SIR for white women = 10.87) and within five years of initial diagnosis. These findings suggest that young breast cancer patients, especially black women, are at high risk of developing a second primary breast cancer soon after their initial diagnosis and should be under continued medical surveillance. The occurrence of multiple primary breast cancers among young women suggests a genetic component to risk. Identification of this subpopulation would be useful in the study of molecular and genetic markers for cancer. Subsequent colon (SIR = 1.24) and cervical (SIR = 1.54) cancers also were diagnosed significantly more often than expected, as were ovarian cancers among white women (SIR = 1.45). These findings are consistent with common etiologic factors associated with these cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01810741
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