Description: Interpreting the vulnerability of pelagic calcifiers to ocean acidification (OA) is enhanced by an understanding of their critical thresholds and how these thresholds are modified by other climate change stressors (e.g., warming). To address this need, we undertook a three-part data synthesis for pteropods, one of the calcifying zooplankton group. We conducted the first meta-analysis and threshold analysis of literature characterizing pteropod responses to OA and warming by synthetizing dataset comprising of 2,097 datapoints. Meta-analysis revealed the extent to which responses among studies conducted on differing life stages and disparate geographies could be integrated into a common analysis. The results demonstrated reduced calcification, growth, development, and survival to OA with increased magnitude of sensitivity in the early life stages, under prolonged duration, and with the concurrent exposure of OA and warming, but not species-specific sensitivity. Second, breakpoint analyses identified OA thresholds for several endpoints: dissolution (mild and severe), calcification, egg development, shell growth, and survival. Finally, consensus by a panel of pteropod experts was used to verify thresholds and assign confidence scores for five endpoints with a sufficient signal: noise ratio to develop life-stage specific, duration-dependent thresholds. The range of aragonite saturation state from 1.5–0.9 provides a risk range from early warning to lethal impacts, thus providing a rigorous basis for vulnerability assessments to guide climate change management responses, including an evaluation of the efficacy of local pollution management. In addition, meta-analyses with OA, and warming shows increased vulnerability in two pteropod processes, i.e., shell dissolution and survival, and thus pointing toward increased threshold sensitivity under combined stressor effect.

Description: Eutrophication, defined as the accumulation of organic matter typically in response to anthropogenically enhanced nutrient inputs, often takes the form of macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries and causes a cascade of adverse ecosystem effects. Confidence in the use of macroalgae as an indicator of eutrophication in estuaries is limited by the lack of quantitative data on thresholds of adverse effects. Field experiments can provide ?benchmarks? of no effect or adverse effects that can be used to validate thresholds derived statistically from field data. To determine a benchmark of adverse effects of macroalgal abundance on macrobenthic faunal communities in intertidal flats, experiments were conducted in two sites in Bodega Harbor (BOD) and two sites in Upper Newport Bay (UNB), California, USA. At each site, 24 cages maintained six treatments of macroalgae for eight weeks, with mat depths of 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 cm composed mostly of bloom-forming green macroalgae in the genus Ulva. Every two weeks, cores of sediment (10 cm deep) were collected, and macrofauna were quantified. Mats 1 cm deep, equivalent to a biomass of 110?120 g dry mass (dm)/m2 or 840?930 g wet mass/m2, resulted in the reduction of macrofaunal abundance by at least 67% and species richness by at least 19% within two weeks at three of four sites. Loss was attributed to the decline of key functional groups. Surface-deposit feeders were eliminated from one site at BOD within four weeks and at one site in UNB within six weeks, while 1-cm mats negatively affected suspension feeders and herbivores in the second site at BOD. In contrast, the other site at UNB was not affected by macroalgal treatment, likely due to an initial community composed of a high proportion of subsurface-deposit feeders tolerant of stressful environments. Macroalgal abundances as low as 110?120 g dm/m2 had significant and rapid negative effects on macrobenthic invertebrates, providing a clear benchmark of adverse effects of macroalgal blooms on macrofaunal abundance and community structure, two indicators of ecosystem health. This information can inform the establishment of appropriate metrics for macroalgal abundance in eutrophic estuaries. # doi:10.1890/13-0524.1