Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- FOREWORD -- NAMIBIA'S FISHERIES: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW -- 1 A DIRECT ESTIMATE OF THE NAMIBIAN UPWELLING FLUX -- 2 THE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONTROL ON THE NORTHERN BENGUELA ECOSYSTEM -- 3 BIODIVERSITY OF THE NAMIBIAN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE: A BRIEF REVIEW WITH EMPHASIS ON ONLINE DATABASES -- 4 ON NAMIBIA'S MARINE FISH DIVERSITY -- 5 RECONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION OF MARINE FISHERIES CATCHES FROM NAMIBIAN WATERS, 1950 TO 2000 -- 6 MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS OF MANIBIAN ANGLING FISH SPECIES -- 7 AGGREGATION DYNAMICS AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE CAPE HORSE MACKEREL (TRACHURUS TRACHURUS CAPENSIS) IN THE NORTHERN BENGUELA-IMPLICATIONS FOR ACOUSTIC ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION -- A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CURRENT BIOECONOMIC STUDIES OF NAMIBIAN FISHERIES -- A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CURRENT BIOECONOMIC STUDIES OF NAMIBIAN FISHERIES -- 10 BENEFITS AND COSTS OF THE NAMIBIANISATION POLICY -- 11 ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE RECREATIONAL SHORE FISHERY: A COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES -- 12 THE NAMIBIAN-SOUTH AFRICAN HAKE FISHERY: COSTS OF NON-COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT -- 13 A STOCHASTIC FEEDBACK MODEL FOR OPTIMAL MANAGMENT OF NAMIBIAN SARDINE -- 14 INSTITUTIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVES ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN NAMIBIA -- 15 AGAINST ALL ODDS: TAKING CONTROL OF THE NAMIBIAN FISHERIES -- 16 MARINE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN NAMIBIA: HAS IT WORKED? -- GLOSSARY -- CONTRIBUTORS.

Note: Front Cover -- Infinity Fish -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- Broadening the scope of what we value -- Intergenerational discounting -- Applications of the intergenerational discounting approach -- Tackling broader issues in support of Infinity fish -- Epilogue -- References -- 2 Getting values and valuation right is a must for achieving Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Theory of valuation -- The practice of valuation -- Results of the survey -- Measuring market values -- Measuring option and existence values -- Incorporating bequest value -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Comprehensive valuation of benefits from restored ecosystems needed for Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Economic valuation -- The ecosystem-economic valuation approach -- Ecosystem modeling -- Market values -- Ecological-economic values -- Ecological-social-economic values -- Case study: past and present ecosystems of the Strait of Georgia -- The results -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 4 Making future generations count via discounting to ensure Infinity Fish: a static model -- Introduction -- Why the need for marine ecosystem restoration? -- Catch profiles at individual species levels -- Fish catches in the North Atlantic, 1950-99 -- Global fisheries catch data, 1951-98 -- The conventional cost-benefit analysis -- The need for a new cost-benefit analysis approach -- The intergenerational CBA -- Application of approach to an ecosystem model of Iceland -- Modeling the Icelandic marine ecosystem -- Economic valuation of the outcomes under the status quo and restoration regimes -- Results -- Catch profiles -- Net benefit profiles -- Impact of changes in discount rates -- Net present value of benefits as seen by each of 50 overlapping year classes of people -- Conclusion. , References -- 5 Making future generations count via discounting to ensure Infinity Fish: a dynamic model -- Introduction -- Rationale for the new approach -- Deriving the intergenerational discounting equation -- Comparing intergenerational and standard discounting -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 6 Making future generations count via discounting to ensure Infinity Fish: an example -- Introduction -- Methods -- Model parameterization -- Determining optimal harvest patterns -- Valuation of the harvest profile -- Conventional discounting -- Intergenerational discounting -- Calculating fisheries profits -- Selection of discount rate -- Results -- Optimal policies -- Economic results -- Sensitivity analysis -- Discussion -- References -- 7 An ecological-economic model for spatial management in support of Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Methods -- Deriving a bioeconomic vulnerability index -- Global fisheries catch data -- Discount rate by fishing countries -- Estimating intrinsic population growth rate (r) -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 The performance of different fisheries management systems in relation to Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- The rationale for discounting -- Property rights, institutional hierarchies, and alternative management systems -- Exogenous discount factors -- Endogenous discount factors -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Good governance of ocean and fish stocks needed to ensure Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Global fisheries: current state and socioeconomic contributions -- Challenges to successful governance -- The common property or open-access nature of fishery resources -- The challenge -- Tackling the challenge -- Climate change, ocean warming, and acidification -- The challenge -- Tackling the challenge -- Government subsidies to the fishing sector -- The challenge. , Tackling the challenge -- Technological progress and increasing trade in the face of ineffective governance -- The challenge -- Tackling the challenge -- Illegal, unreported, unregulated (IUU) fishing -- The challenge -- Tackling the challenge -- Shortsightedness in valuation -- The challenge -- Tackling the challenge -- A meaningful role for aquaculture -- The challenge -- Tackling the challenge -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 10 Addressing the common property nature of fish stocks in support of Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Ecological concerns with ITQ management -- Social and equity concerns with ITQ management -- A balanced approach to the use of ITQs and catch shares in fisheries management -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Fisheries subsidies are an obstacle to achieving Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Methods -- Subsidy classification -- Data collection -- Estimating missing subsidy values -- General approach -- Fuel subsidies -- Fishing access agreements -- Marine protected areas -- Data analysis -- Results -- Global subsidies estimates -- Fisheries subsidies by type -- Fisheries subsidies by major regions -- Top subsidizing countries -- Fisheries subsidies by major fishing entities -- Discussion -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 12 Rebuild depleted fish stocks to ensure Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Results -- Gains from rebuilding -- Cost of reform -- Net gain from rebuilding -- Discussion -- Materials and methods -- Estimating global fleet size -- Estimating effort reductions required to rebuild global fisheries -- Estimating the potential value of rebuilt fisheries -- Estimating the cost of rebuilding global fisheries -- Calculating the unit cost of reducing fishing effort -- Data and databases -- Sensitivity analysis -- References -- 13 Avoid oil spills to support Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Materials and methods. , Modeling oil spill impacts -- Commercial fisheries -- Recreational fisheries -- Mariculture -- Results -- Commercial fisheries -- Recreational fisheries -- Mariculture -- Discussion -- References -- 14 Illegal and illicit trade in fish catch are incompatible with Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Channels and scale of illicit trade in fisheries -- The scale of illicit trade in the marine resources of Africa -- Identify key products traded illicitly -- Quantify the losses to Africa due to illicit trade -- Overview of Africa's marine fish catch and catch values -- Economic losses -- Sustainability losses -- Assessing the role of governance, corruption, and enforcement capacity in the incidence of illicit trade in the sector -- Impact of the loss from illicit trade -- Impact of the "economic losses" -- Impact of the "sustainability" losses -- Policy response for curbing illicit trade in fish and fish products -- Current initiatives to address illicit trade of fish -- A call to further action to prevent, deter, and eliminate illicit trade in Africa's marine resources -- Case Studies -- Eliminating illegal fishing in Namibia's fishery resource -- IUU fishing and piracy in Somalia -- Role of regional institutions such as the African Development Bank -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Climate change is a huge challenge to Infinity Fish -- Introduction -- Biophysical impacts on fisheries -- Changes in the productivity of fish stocks -- Shifts in fish-stock distribution -- Changes in ecosystem productivity -- Projecting fisheries impacts into the future -- Economic impacts on fisheries -- Impact on prices and ex-vessel revenues -- Impact on fishing costs -- Impact on resource rent and other indicators -- Adapting fisheries for the future -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Overfishing, climate change, and the chance of achieving Infinity Fish -- Introduction. , A broad definition of overfishing -- Climate change impacts on fish and ocean life -- How ending overfishing can increase fish stock resilience under climate change -- End overfishing, increase fish abundance of commercial stocks -- End overfishing, protect the integrity of marine food webs -- End overfishing, avoid marine habitat degradation -- End overfishing, decrease CO2 emissions by the fishing sector -- End overfishing, increase fish biomass and CO2 sequestration by marine life -- Policies and actions to end overfishing -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 17 Epilogue-knowing the cost of everything but the value of nothing -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix 5.1 Derivation of intergenerational discounting equation -- Appendix 5.2 Making future generations count: comment on "Remembering the future" -- Introduction -- Response to Prager and Shertzer -- Conclusion -- Appendix 7.1 Country-level discount rates -- Appendix 11.1 Subsidy types and definitions -- Appendix 11.2 Scientific listening tour -- Appendix 12.1 Key fisheries data for Africa -- Appendix 12.2 Key fisheries data for Asia -- Appendix 12.3 Key fisheries data for Europe -- Appendix 12.4 Key fisheries data for North America -- Appendix 12.5 Key fisheries data for Oceania -- Appendix 12.6 Key fisheries data for South, Central America, and the Caribbean -- Appendix 13.1 More on input-output models -- Type I & -- II output multipliers -- Appendix 14.1 Losses due to illicit trade in Africa's marine resources -- Appendix 14.2 Economic, income multipliers and economic impact to job ratios -- Appendix 14.3 Impacts of illicit trade in Africa's marine resources -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate: Sustainability and Economic Perspectives -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Valuing the Ocean: An Introduction -- Purpose and Scope of the Book -- Threats to the Oceans: Current State of the Science -- A Holistic View of Threats to the Oceans -- Differential Analysis for Future Scenarios -- Global-Scale Economic Valuation: What Are the Costs of Inaction? -- Monetary vs. Nonmonetary Damages -- Thresholds and Discontinuities -- Major Categories for Valuation -- A Case Study for the Pacific: Global to Regional Aspects -- Economic Value and Earth System Function Value -- Expert Survey Approach -- The Matrix: Values, Threats, and Knowledge -- Knowledge for Decision Support -- References -- Chapter 2: Ocean Acidification -- Cause and Chemistry -- Time and Space Scales -- Future Ocean Acidification Scenarios -- Potential Future Effects on Physiological Processes and Behavior -- Changes in Calcification -- Changes to Primary Production and the Microbial Loop -- Changes to Behavior and Sensory Cues -- Changes to Reproduction, Juvenile Survival, and Recruitment -- Changes to Hypercapnia, Respiration, Energetics, and Growth -- Impacts on Communities, Food Webs, and Ecosystems -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Ocean Warming -- Introduction -- Physical Consequences of Ocean Warming -- "Extreme Weather": Precipitation and Flooding -- Tropical Cyclones -- Signal or Noise? -- Changes in Frequency -- Changes in Intensity, Genesis, and Storm Tracks -- Observational Evidence of an Increase in the Intensities of the Strongest Tropical Cyclones -- Projections of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Future -- Potential Impacts of Fewer but Stronger Tropical Cyclones -- Biological Consequences of Ocean Warming -- Availability of Dissolved Oxygen. , Temperature-Dependent Respiration and Metabolism -- Thermal Limits and Distribution of Organisms -- Summary and Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 4: Hypoxia -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- The Heart of the Problem -- Global Patterns in Hypoxia -- OMZs and Open Ocean Decline in Oxygen -- Environmental Consequences of Hypoxia -- Economic Consequences of Hypoxia -- Global Change and Hypoxia -- Restoration and the Future of Hypoxia -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Sea-Level Rise -- Introduction -- Causes of Sea-Level Rise -- Absolute Versus Relative Sea-Level Change -- Thermal Expansion/Density Changes -- Glacier and Ice Sheet Melting -- Changes in Land Storage -- Summary -- Observations of Sea-Level Rise -- Past Sea-Level Changes -- Direct Measurements: Tide Gauges -- Satellite Measurements -- Summary of Observations -- Sea Level Rise in the Future -- Projections of Sea-Level Rise -- Impacts of Sea-Level Rise -- Types of Impacts -- Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise -- Economic Consequences of Sea-Level Rise -- Summary and Take-Home Messages -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Marine Pollution -- Introduction -- Chemical Pollution-POPs and Metals/Toxic Chemicals -- Sources and Pathways -- Effects on Marine Environment and Ecosystem Services -- Oil Pollution -- Sources and Pathways -- Impacts on the Marine Environment and Ecosystem Services -- Solid Substances -- Marine Debris -- Sedimentation and Mine Tailings -- Introduction of Hard Structures -- Radioactive Waste -- Sources and Pathways -- Effects on the Marine Environment and Ecosystem Services -- Noise -- Sources and Pathways -- Effects on the Marine Environment and Ecosystem Services -- Present and Forecasted Impacts of Pollution on Global Marine Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 7: The Potential Economic Costs of the Overuse of Marine Fish Stocks. , Fish and Fisheries Are Important to People -- Evidence of Overuse of Fish Stocks -- Climate Change Will Exacerbate the Problem of Overuse of Fish Stocks -- Global Economic Loss due to Overfishing -- Estimated Economic Losses -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Impacts of Multiple Stressors -- Introduction -- Global-Scale Stressors -- Local- and Regional-Scale Stressors -- Feedbacks and Synergistic Effects -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Tipping Points, Uncertainty, and Precaution: Preparing for Surprise -- Introduction -- Why Buy Insurance? -- Making Decisions in the Dark -- Peering into the Future -- Shell Game -- Pentagon Planning -- Safe Standards and Planetary Boundaries -- References -- Chapter 10: Valuing the Ocean Environment -- Introduction -- What Is Not Included -- Classic Studies of the Value of Ocean Environments -- Fisheries and Climate Change -- Tourism and Climate Change -- Costs of SLR -- Stormy Weather -- Shrinking the Ocean Carbon Sink -- Valuing the Damages -- Scenario Definitions -- Fisheries -- Sea-Level Rise -- Storms -- Tourism -- Ocean Carbon Sink -- References -- Chapter 11: Managing Multiple Human Stressors in the Ocean: A Case Study in the Pacific Ocean -- Introduction -- Pattern of Biodiversity and Marine Living Resources -- Key Human Pressures in the Pacific Ocean -- Overfishing -- Challenges to Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources in the Pacific Ocean -- Climate Change -- Pollution and Other Human Impacts -- Sustainable Management of the Pacific Ocean -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Paths to Sustainable Ocean Resources* -- Introduction -- Implications of Major Threats and Policy Recommendations -- Ocean Acidification -- Policy Recommendations -- Ocean Warming -- Policy Recommendations -- Hypoxia in the Ocean -- Policy Recommendations -- Sea-Level Rise. , Policy Recommendations -- Pollution -- Policy Recommendations -- Overuse of Marine Resources -- Policy Recommendations -- Multiple Stressors: Putting the Pieces Together -- Implications of Valuing Ocean Damages and Planning for Surprise -- Pacific Region Case Study-Implications for Regional Ocean Governance -- The Next Era of Global Ocean Governance: Paths to Sustainability -- Address Global Ocean Governance Issues -- Secure Sustainable Financing for the Ocean and Adaptation -- The "Blue Economy": The Importance of the Ocean and Coasts -- Concluding Recommendations -- References -- Index.