Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Outline contents -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Part One Introduction -- One Approaches to geomorphology -- 1.1 Concepts -- 1.2 The geomorphic system -- 1.2.1 Systems structure -- 1.2.2 Complex response and thresholds -- 1.3 Geomorphic scale -- 1.3.1 Timescales -- 1.3.2 Spatial scales -- Two Morphologic evolutionary systems -- 2.1 The cycle of erosion -- 2.2 Interruptions of the cycle of erosion -- 2.3 Denudation chronology -- 2.4 Criticisms of the cycle and alternative models -- 2.4.1 The Penck model -- 2.4.2 The L. C. King model -- 2.5 Strategies for inferring landform evolution -- 2.5.1 Ergodic assumptions -- 2.5.2 Direct observation and measurement -- 2.5.3 Simulation modelling -- 2.6 Equilibriumla ndforms -- 2.7 New evolutionary concepts -- Three Cascading process systems -- 3.1 The solar energy cascade -- 3.2 The hydrological cycle -- 3.3 Denudation: the sediment cascade -- 3.3.1 Transported loads in rivers -- 3.3.2 Erosion rates over space and time -- 3.3.3 Regional denudation -- 3.4 Diastrophism: the geophysical cascade -- 3.4.1 Orogenic movements -- 3.4.2 Isostatic and epeirogenic movements -- 3.5 Diastrophism and erosion -- Part Two Geological geomorphology -- Four Minerals, rocks and sediments -- 4.1 Igneous minerals and rocks -- 4.1.1 Minerals -- 4.1.2 Igneous rocks -- 4.2 Sediments -- 4.2.1 Provenance -- 4.2.2 Particle size and sorting -- 4.2.3 Particle shape -- 4.2.4 Sedimentary fabric -- 4.3 Sedimentary rocks -- 4.3.1 Bedding -- 4.3.2 Diagenesis -- 4.3.3 Classification -- 4.3.3.1 Clastic rocks -- 4.3.3.2 Chemically precipitated rocks -- 4.3.4 Facies -- 4.4 Metamorphic rocks -- Five Diastrophism -- 5.1 Earth structure -- 5.1.1 Global topography -- 5.1.2 Geophysical evidence -- 5.1.3 Interpretations of the evidence. , 5.2 Global tectonics -- 5.2.1 Continental drift and plate tectonics -- 5.2.2 Zones of spreading -- 5.2.3 Subduction zones and orogeny -- Six Igneous activity and landforms -- 6.1 Igneous activity in space and time -- 6.2 Intrusive constructional forms -- 6.2.1 Plutons -- 6.2.2 Smaller intrusions -- 6.3 Extrusive constructional forms -- 6.3.1 Types of eruption -- 6.3.2 Basaltic magmas -- 6.3.3 · Acidic magmas -- 6.4 Igneous tectonism -- Seven Structure and landforms -- 7.1 Horizontal and domed structures -- 7.2 Homoclinal structures -- 7.3 Folded structures -- 7.3.1 Simple folding -- 7 .3.2 Complex folding -- 7.4 Faulted structures -- 7.4.1 Faulting -- 7.4.2 Faulted landforms -- Eight Lithology and landforms -- 8.1 Arenaceous landforms -- 8.2 Argillaceous landforms -- 8.3 Calcareous landforms -- 8.4 Igneous destructional landforms -- 8.5 Metamorphic landforms -- 8.6 Rock strength -- Part Three Geomorphic processes and landforms -- Nine Weathering -- 9.1 The earth-atmosphere interface -- 9.2 Processes of weathering -- 9.2.1 Physical weathering -- 9.2.2 Chemical weathering -- 9.2.3 Biochemical weathering -- 9.3 Rates of weathering -- 9.4 The weathered mantle -- Ten Mass movement -- 10.1 Significance -- 10.2 Gravity tectonics -- 10.3 Classification -- 10.4 Location of mass movement -- 10.5 Causes of mass movement -- 10.6 Mass movement and landform evolution -- Eleven Hillslopes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Characteristic slopes -- 11.3 Classification of hillslopes -- 11.4 Origin of hillslopes -- 11.5 Hillslope erosion -- 11.5.1 Creep -- 11.5.2 Overland flow -- 11.5.3 Rainsplash -- 111.5.4 Slope erosion -- 11.5.5 Rills -- 11.5.6 Throughflow -- 11.6 The evolution of hillslopes -- 11.7 Summary -- Twelve Rivers -- 12.1 Significance -- 12.2 Open-channel hydraulics -- 12.3 Sediment transport -- 12.4 Hydrology -- 12.5 River morphology. , 12.5.1 Hydraulic geometry -- 12.5.2 Channel patterns -- 12.6 Channel stability -- 12.6.1 Stable channels -- 12.6.2 Unstable channels -- 12.7 Examples of river metamorphosis -- 12.7.1 Historical river metamorphosis -- 12.7.2 Geological river metamorphosis -- 12.8 Rivers and valley morphology -- Thirteen Drainage basins -- 13.1 The basin geomorphic unit -- 13.2 Morphometric analysis -- 13.3 Morphometric controls -- 13.4 Drainage basin evolution -- 13.4.1 The ergodic method -- 13.4.2 Physical simulation -- 13.5 Drainage basin response -- Fourteen Fluvial depositional landforms -- 14.1 Alluvial fans -- 14.1.1 Fan structure -- 14.1.2 Dry fans -- 14.1.3 Wet fans -- 14.1.4 Depositional belts -- 14.2 Valley fills -- 14.2.1 Floodplains -- 14.2.2 River terraces -- 14.3 Deltas -- 14.3.1 Delta morphology -- 14.3.2 Experimental study of delta morphology -- 14.3.3 Avulsion -- Fifteen Coastal geomorphology -- 15.1 Sea level, waves and currents -- 15.2 Beach processes and profiles -- 15.3 Shoreline processes and depositional forms -- 15.3.1 Longshore movement -- 15.3.2 Shoreline configuration -- 15.3.3 Barrier islands -- 15.4 Erosional coasts -- 15.4.1 Processes of coastal bedrock erosion -- 15.4.2 Cliffs -- 15.4.3 Shore platforms -- 15.5 Sea-level variations -- 15.5.1 Eustatic changes -- 15.5.2 Submergence features -- 15.5.3 Emergence features -- 15.5.4 Coastal classification -- 15.6 Organic coasts -- 15.6.1 Coral reefs -- 15.6.2 Salt marshes and mangrove coasts -- 15.7 Coastal management -- Sixteen Aeolian processes and landforms -- 16.1 Aeolian environments -- 16.2 Aeolian sand movement -- 16.3 Wind abrasion -- 16.4 Aeolian bedforms -- 16.5 Coastal sand dunes -- 16.6 Loess -- 16.7 Snow drifting -- Seventeen The glacier sedimentary system -- 17.1 Glaciers -- 17.2 Glacier ice -- 17.3 Glacier flow -- 17.3.1 Internal deformation -- 17.3.2 Sliding and bed deformation. , 17.3.3 Velocities -- 17.3.4 Ice surface features -- 17.4 Rock debris in glaciers -- 17.5 Processes affecting debris at the glacier sole -- 17.5.1 Entrainment -- 17.5.2 Rocle particles in traction at the bed -- 17.6 Erosion by glaciers -- 17.7 Deposition by glaciers -- 17.8 Landforms of glacial deposition -- 17.9 The glacier meltwater subsystem -- Part Four Climatic geomorphology -- Eighteen Morphogenetic landforms -- 18.1 Morphogenetic regions -- 18.2 Humid tropical landforms -- 18.3 Tropical wet-dry landforms -- 18.4 Arid and semi-arid landforms -- 18.4.1 Pediments -- 18.4.2 Inselbergs -- 18.4.3 Desert surfaces -- 18.5 Cold region landforms -- 18.5.1 The periglacial system -- 18.5.2 The glacial system -- Nineteen Geomorphological effects of former glacier expansion -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Direct erosional effects -- 19.2.1 Alpine glaciation -- 19.2.2 Ice sheet glaciation -- 19.3 Direct depositional effects -- 19.3.1 Glacial deposition -- 19.3.2 Models of ice retreat -- 19.4 Indirect effects: glacioisostasy and glacioeustasy -- Twenty Climatic change and polygenetic landforms -- 20.1 Climatic change -- 20.1.1 Tertiary climatic changes -- 20.1.2 Pleistocene climatic changes -- 20.1.3 Holocene climatic changes -- 20.1.4 Historical climatic changes -- 20.2 The geomorphic effects of climatic change -- 20.2.1 Precipitation changes dominant -- 20.2.2 Temperature changes dominant -- 20.3 Conclusion -- Appendix Applied geomorphology -- A 1.1 Nature of applied geomorphology -- A 1.2 Objectives of applied geomorphology -- A 1.3 Geomorphic hazards -- A 1.4 Fluvial hazard evaluation -- A 1.5 Case studies -- Plates -- Index -- Endpiece The geological time s cale.