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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Sympathetic Nerve Terminals in the Heart of Cold-Exposed Rats (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 61 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Changes in sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart after varying periods of exposure of rats to 4°C were investigated. Two indices were used for changes in the number of noradrenaline storage vesicles, i.e., vesicular dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and noradrenaline storage capacity. The latter was obtained after uptake of [3H]noradrenaline; endogenous content, uptake of exogenous noradrenaline, and degree of saturation of the vesicles were calculated using the specific activity of the [3H]noradrenaline. As a measure of tyrosine hydroxylase activity, whole ventricular noradrenaline, dopamine, and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content were used. After 4 h of cold exposure there was an increase in vesicular endogenous noradrenaline content, uptake, storage capacity, and DBH activity as well as a large increase in whole ventricular dopamine. After 6 h in the cold, vesicular endogenous noradrenaline content, storage capacity, and DBH activity were decreased. The results suggest that during cold exposure there is an initial increase followed by a decrease in the number of functional vesicles in the nerve terminal, which could explain the fluctuations in the rate of noradrenaline release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03547.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurochemical correlates of behavioural responses to frustrative nonreward in the rat: implications for the role of central noradrenergic neurones in behavioural adaptation to stress (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Extincton ; Nonreward ; Adrenoceptor ; Noradrenaline ; Stress ; Sympathetic nervous system ; 6-hydroxydopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We tested whether the stress of nonreward has neurochemical effects on noradrenergic neurones which resemble those reported for other forms of stress. Rats trained to run in a straight runway for food reward were subjected to either 1 or 10 extinction trials. Half the rats in each group were injected before the start of acquisition with IP 6-hydroxydopamine to deplete peripheral noradrenaline stores. All animals were killed immediately after their final test in the runway, together with untrained controls. Noradenaline depletion had no behavioural or neurochemical effects. The rate of extinction in the 10-trial group, which was indexed by the slope of the linear regression of running time on trial, correlated negatively with both alpha2 and beta-adrenoceptor number (Bmax). There were no differences between groups in cerebral cortical noradrenaline content, or alpha2 or beta-adrenoceptor binding. These results substantially conflict with those predicted from Stone's hypothesis relating beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity to the behavioural response to stress. A further finding was that alpha2, but not beta-adrenoceptor number, negatively correlated with levels of noradrenaline in the tissue, suggesting that noradrenaline is less involved in the regulation of beta than in that of alpha2-adrenoceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248536
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of novel environmental stimuli on rat behaviour and central noradrenaline function measured by in vivo microdialysis (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 145 (1999), S. 393-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Frontal cortex ; Hypothalamus ; Light/dark shuttle-box ; Microdialysis in vivo ; Novelty ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Although physically aversive stimuli induce functional changes in central noradrenergic neurones, little is known about the noradrenergic response to environmentally aversive stimuli. Objectives: The first aim was to characterise environmental features that are perceived as stressful by rats. The second was to investigate whether changes in the concentration of extracellular noradrenaline are induced by these environmental features. Methods: A light/dark shuttle-box was used to test rats’ behavioural response to a range of stimuli (novelty, bright light, and the presence of an unfamiliar rat), either before or after microdialysis probe implantation. Changes in the concentration of extracellular noradrenaline in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus in vivo were then evaluated on exposure to these same test conditions. Results: Naive rats spent less time in a brightly-lit test arena than a dark one. However, the behavioural response to the light arena was attenuated by the presence of an unfamiliar rat. Probe implantation intensified the response to the light arena but did not affect behaviour in the dark arena. In the microdialysis studies, there was no change in the concentration of extracellular noradrenaline on transfer of rats to the dark arena but there was an increase in both the frontal cortex (+45%) and hypothalamus (+75%) on exposure to the light arena. A similar increase was induced in both brain regions when the light arena contained an unfamiliar rat. Conclusions: Implantation of a microdialysis probe modifies the behavioural responses to certain environmental stimuli. Regardless of this, the extent to which rats perceive a novel environment as aversive is not the only determinant of the noradrenergic response to such stimuli. However, differences in stimulus controllability in the microdialysis and the behavioural experiments could influence the apparent intensity of the stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130051073
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A partial noradrenergic lesion induced by DSP-4 increases extracellular noradrenaline concentration in rat frontal cortex: a microdialysis study in vivo (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 136 (1998), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Desipramine ; DSP-4 ; In vivo microdialysis ; Noradrenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of systemic administration of the selective neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) on noradrenaline efflux in the frontal cortex was studied in freely-moving rats using microdialysis in vivo. Five days after treatment with DSP-4 (40 mg/kg IP), the noradrenaline content of the frontal cortex was reduced by 75%. Yet, noradrenaline efflux in the frontal cortex was nearly two-fold greater in DSP-4 treated rats than in saline-injected controls. Local infusion of the noradrenaline-selective uptake blocker, desipramine (5 μM), via the microdialysis probe, increased noradrenaline efflux in rats from both groups. Perfusion of Ringer’s solution, containing 80 mM K+, also increased noradrenaline efflux in both groups, but the increase after DSP-4 pretreatment was greater than in the controls. In contrast, removal of Ca2+ from the infusion medium reduced noradrenaline efflux in both treatment groups. These results indicate that, at this dose, DSP-4 increases the extracellular concentration of noradrenaline in rat frontal cortex despite causing a partial lesion of noradrenergic neurones. This is due to an increase in the release of noradrenaline, although reduced clearance is also likely. These data challenge the assumption that depletion of noradrenaline content after treatment with DSP-4 invariably translates into diminished noradrenergic transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050569
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of GABAA receptor ligands on noradrenaline concentration and β-adrenoceptor binding in mouse cerebral cortex (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 357-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: β-adrenoceptor ; GABAA receptor ; Noradrenaline ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiments investigated changes in β-adrenoceptor binding and noradrenaline stores in mouse cerebral cortex after single treatments with drugs which bind to the GABAA receptor but which attenuate the actions of GABA. Neither the GABA antagonist, securinine, nor the picrotoxin/Cl− channel ligand, picrotoxin, affected noradrenaline levels or β-adrenoceptor binding. However, both the benzodiazepine inverse agonist, DMCM, and pentylenetetrazole increased noradrenaline levels 24 h after injection. Only pentylenetetrazol modified β-adrenoceptor binding: there was a significant increase in receptor number 4 days after injection, but a significant decrease after 7 days. The anxiogenic, proconvulsant drug, yohimbine, was without effect. The changes induced by DMCM and pentylenetetrazole do not seem to be related to the behavioural effects of these drugs or to their affinity for binding to benzodiazepine receptors. The possibility that these compounds have actions in addition to those at the GABAA receptor is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a single or repeated administration of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG7142 on behaviour and cortical adrenoceptor binding in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 417-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Adrenoceptor ; Behaviour FG7142 ; Noradrenaline ; Seizures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have reported previously an increase in the number of β-adrenoceptors in mouse cerebral cortex 7 days after kindling of seizures by repeated once-daily administration of the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, FG7142. In subsequent experiments, an even larger increase in β-adrenoceptor number was found 7 days after a single injection of this compound. The present experiments investigated whether FG7142-induced changes in adrenoceptor binding are also found in the rat and whether the effects of a single and repeated injections of this drug differ quantitatively. In view of the anxiogenic effects of FG7142, we have also tested for parallel changes in behaviours associated with anxiety and exploration. Nine days after a single injection of FG7142, the number of β-adrenoceptors in the cerebral cortex was greater than that found after repeated administration of this compound; this difference was statistically significant. There was no difference in β-adrenoceptor binding to tissues from chronically FG7142-treated and vehicle-injected animals and there were no changes in α2-adrenoceptor binding or noradrenaline levels after either a single or repeated FG7142 treatment. Neither single nor repeated FG7142 treatment modified spontaneous behaviour in either the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety or the holeboard test of exploration. The behavioural effects of yohimbine and clenbuterol in these tests were also unaffected by FG7142. We discuss the possibility that the difference in the effects of a single and repeated administration of FG7142 on β-adrenoceptor binding is related to the expression of kindled seizures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00451698
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