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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Communications 51 (1984), S. 951-955 
    ISSN: 0038-1098
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Communications 25 (1978), S. 987-990 
    ISSN: 0038-1098
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica B+C 116 (1983), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 0378-4363
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 887-894 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Activated charcoal ; Sorbitol ; Paracetamol ; Diphenhydramine ; Codeine ; Adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Due to its paramount adsorption capacity, activated charcoal is supposed to be the remedy of choice for binding a variety of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. Hence it is surprising — at least according to the advice of German textbooks — that activated charcoal is only recommended for administration after time-consuming treatments like induced emesis and gastric lavage. Particularly with infants at home, a ready-for-use suspension of activated charcoal would allow the early management of acute poisoning. In such cases, inactivation of the poison by adsorption could be particularly helpful, since the period after ingestion is usually short. The charcoal-sorbitol-suspension (30 g activated charcoal in 150 ml of 70% sorbitol) is a creamy preparation which is easy to drink, because density and viscosity prevent sedimentation. The prescription-free drugs can be dispensed by each pharmacist. The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of sorbitol on the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal. To this end, adsorption isotherms were established in vitro and compared with results in volunteers to whom NAPAP, diphenhydramine or codeine was administered separately. These drugs are gaining increasing importance in medicinal toxicology since they are constituents of various analgesics and cold remedies. To determine absorption, the cumulative urinary excretion was estimated of the parent drugs and their main metabolites. Without charcoal the volunteers were dosed with 500 mg NAPAP, 50 mg diphenhydramine-HCl, and 50 mg codeine phosphate, respectively. When the charcoal-sorbitol-suspension was swallowed two min after ingestion of the tablett-slurry, the five-fold dose of each drug was administered. The charcoal-sorbitol-suspension significantly (p〈0.01) diminished systemic absorption of codeine to 12%, of diphenhydramine to 28% and of NAPAP to 44% (means, n=5). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the charcoal-sorbitol-suspension to inhibit drug absorption. In vitro, sorbitol at neutral and acidic pH reduced the maximal adsorbance capacity of charcoal mainly for codeine (by 72%), less for diphenhydramine (19%) and least for NA-PAP (14%). Hence it is obvious that in-vitro experiments hardly predict the efficacy in vivo. This discrepancy suggests that part of the drugs had been already absorbed before binding to charcoal. This assumption is underlined by one experiment when diphenhydramine and charcoal-sorbitol were taken together. In this case less than 2% of the drug was absorbed. The charcoal-sorbitol-suspension was generally well tolerated besides marked flatulence. Black stools appeared within 1–3 h, the laxative action persisted for about 8 hours. It is recommended to administer activated charcoal to acutely poisoned patients as soon as possible (children 1 g/kg). The only exceptions are obtunded patients or ingestion of caustics. This first aid measure should start immediately at home or at work (e.g. after advice by telephone), in the ambulance car, and in busy (lack of staff !) intensive care units. When charcoal is rather ineffective (alcohol, iron or lithium salts) or in case of very large quantities of the ingested poison, emesis and gastric lavage can be performed even after charcoal administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Assistierte Spontanatmung ; Entwöhnung von der Beatmung ; Atemarbeit ; Key words Assisted spontaneous breathing ; Weaning from mechanical ventilation ; Work of breathing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Study objective: To investigate whether automatic tube compensation (ATC) or conventional pressure support (PS) is suit- able to compensate for the work of breathing imposed by the breathing circuit without altering the breathing pattern. Methods: Breathing pattern and work of breathing were measured in healthy volunteers. After a 20 min period of quiet breathing through a mouth piece (control) the volunteers were breathing through a 8.0 mm ID endotracheal tube (ETT) with four different settings: CPAP at 0 mbar, ATC, PS 5 mbar, PS 10 mbar. Each mode was applied for a 20 min period. At the end of each period data from 10 consecutive breaths were analyzed and aver-aged. Tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (f), and minute ventilation (Ve) were determined from the stored gas flow tracings. Work of breathing was assessed as the pressure time product (PTP) calculated from the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) using a combined esophageal and gastric balloon catheter. Results: During the control period the breathing pattern was as follows: VT=882±277 ml, f=13,7±5/min, Ve=11,5±4,2 L/min. Maximal Pdi was 9,2±5,4 mbar and PTP was 11,3±7,1 mbar×s. Breathing CPAP through the ETT resulted in a slight increase in Pdi (10,8±5,4 mbar) and PTP (14,8±10,4 mbar×s) with an unchanged breathing pattern. How-ever, for the same amount of unloading from respiratory workload ATC did not alter the breathing pattern, whereas PS 5 mbar and PS 10 mbar resulted in a clear increase in VT (1014±202 ml, 1336±305 ml, respectively). Conclusion: From the presented data in healthy volunteers it might be concluded that ATC and PS 5 mbar and 10 mbar are suitable modes for unloading the respiratory system from work imposed by the breathing circuit. ATC does not alter the breathing pattern in contrast to PS which results in an increased tidal volume. Therefore, the exact compensa-tion of the work imposed by the ETT during ATC seems to be advantageous over ATC to assess the actual breathing pattern.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Ist die automatische Tubuskompensation (ATC) oder die konventionelle inspiratorische Druckunterstützung (pressure support, PS) geeignet, die zusätzliche, durch den endotrachealen Tubus und das Beatmungsgerät entstehende, Atemarbeit zu kompensieren? Methodik: In dieser Untersuchung an freiwilligen gesunden Probanden wurden die Atemarbeit und das Atemmuster gemessen. Nach einer Kontrollperiode mit Atmung über ein Mundstück atmeten die Probanden durch einen 8,0 mm Endotrachealtubus mit fünf verschiedenen Einstellungen: Kontinuierlich positiver Atemwegsdruck (CPAP) von 0 mbar, ATC während Inspiration, PS 5 mbar, PS 10 mbar. Jeder Modus wurde 20 min angewendet, bevor die Messung der Daten als Mittelwert von 10 konsekutiven Atemzügen vorgenommen wurde. Das Atemzugvolumen (VT), die Atemfrequenz (f) und das resultierende Atemminutenvolumen (Ve) wurden aus den gespeicherten Gasflußkurven bestimmt. Die Atemarbeit wurde als transdiaphragmaler Druck (Pdi) mit Hilfe eines Doppelballonkatheters im Magen und Ösophagus gemessen. Hiervon wurde das Druck-Zeit-Produkt (PTP) als Integral über die Inspirationszeit abgeleitet. Ergebnisse: Während der Kontrollphase betrugen VT=882±277 ml, f=13,7±5,0/min, so daß ein Ve von 11,5±4,2 l/min resultierte. Der maximale Pdi betrug im Mittel 9,2±5,4 mbar, das PTP 11,3±7,1 mbar×s. Bei Atmung durch einen endotrachealen Tubus ergaben sich ein leichter Anstieg des Pdi (10,8±5,4 mbar) und des PTP (14,8±10,4 mbar×s) bei relativ unverändertem Atemmuster. Während ATC zu einer Entlastung der Atemarbeit führte, ohne das Atemmuster zu beeinträchtigen, resultierten PS 5 mbar und PS 10 mbar in einer deutlichen Zunahme des VT auf 1014±202 ml bzw. 1336±305 ml bei einer vergleichbaren Abnahme der Atemarbeit. Schlußfolgerungen: Bei Probanden können sowohl ATC als auch PS zur Kompensation zusätzlicher Atemarbeit eingesetzt werden. Während das Atemmuster bei Anwendung von ATC dem der Spontanatmung ohne Tubus gleicht, führt PS zu einer deutlichen Erhöhung des Atemzugvolumens. Durch die gezielte Wegnahme lediglich der zusätzlichen Atemarbeit scheint ATC das bessere Verfahren zur Abschätzung des spontanen Atemmusters zu sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 16 (1987), S. 383-390 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of the trace elements aluminum, cadmium, lead, manganese, and zinc were determined in water and sediments of six acidic clear-water lakes (pH 3.6–6.2) in northwestern New Jersey. Levels of aluminum, lead, and zinc in the water column were sharply elevated in the most acidic lakes, with values similar to acidified systems elsewhere. Seasonal fluctuations occurred, with lead displaying peak concentrations in all lakes during the fall sampling period. Analyses of core samples of lake sediment indicated that while lead concentrations exhibited a typical sharp increase in most recent sediments, cadmium and zinc levels in the upper layers were substantially lower than values reported for similar systems elsewhere. As expected, manganese concentrations generally decreased in the upper sediment layers in the acidic lakes, while aluminum varied dramatically between systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 18 (1989), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Assessment of trace element behavior in a series of six clear-water acidic lakes in northwestern New Jersey indicated that, while there was considerable variation over time, in general, the most acidic lakes exhibited the highest water column concentrations of aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Concentrations of Cd and Zn in the upper 2.5 cm of sediment from two of the most acidic sites were markedly lower than those from other lakes. Submerged species of aquatic macrophytes generally contained higher trace element levels than did floating-leafed species. Concentrations of Al and Pb were highest in specimens growing in the most acidic lakes. Pb:Zn ratios varied dramatically, with Pb levels greatly exceeding those of Zn in several species of macrophytes in highly acidic Long Pine Pond and Crater Lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 (1999), S. 317-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The community structure of a benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage in a contaminated salt marsh was evaluated as part of an ecological characterization of a former chloralkali production facility in Georgia. Sample locations were chosen based on a gradient of the primary contaminants of concern, total mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), primarily Aroclor 1268. Sediment concentrations of Aroclor 1268 ranged from 2.3 to 150 mg/kg dry weight, while mercury concentrations ranged from 15 to 170 mg/kg dry weight in the study area. Mercury and PCBs were determined to be co-located in the sediments. Total organic carbon composition of the sediments was negatively associated with PCB and mercury concentrations. A total of 29 benthic taxa was identified in 49 samples; replicate samples were taken at each of five sampling locations. Mean infaunal density across all sampling locations was estimated at approximately 61,000 to 234,000 organisms m−2. Overall, polychaetes comprised 57% of the infaunal community with Manayunkia aestuarina as the dominant species. Oligochaetes, nematodes, crustacea, insects, and gastropods comprised 23.0, 18.0, 1.0, 0.7, and 0.2% of the overall benthic community, respectively. Density estimates of individual species between sampling locations showed no consistent patterns in response to pollutants. However, an analysis of higher taxonomic levels revealed some general trends. In uncontaminated areas, the benthic community was dominated by nematodes and oligochaetes, whereas moderate to highly contaminated areas were dominated by polychaetes and a smaller percentage of oligochaetes and nematodes. A trophic analysis of the same data set revealed that the community shifted from an evenly distributed percentage of surface and subsurface feeders in the uncontaminated areas to a community dominated by surface feeders in the more contaminated locations. Carnivores comprised from 0.13 to 0.90% of the trophic structure, with the percentage of carnivores generally decreasing with increasing contamination. Mercury and PCBs were bioaccumulating in representative marsh benthic invertebrates, presenting a potential source of contaminants to marsh consumers. Tissue PCB and tissue mercury concentrations were positively related to sediment PCB and mercury concentrations, respectively. A standard 14-day toxicity test using the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus showed no acute toxicity across the sampling locations.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-03-29
    Print ISSN: 1101-1262
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-360X
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 10
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    American Physical Society (APS)
    Publication Date: 2018-03-30
    Description: Author(s): P. Sprenger, M. A. Hoefer, and G. A. El A notion of hydrodynamic optical soliton tunneling is introduced in which a dark soliton is incident upon an evolving, broad potential barrier that arises from an appropriate variation of the input signal. The barriers considered include smooth rarefaction waves and highly oscillatory dispersive sho... [Phys. Rev. E 97, 032218] Published Thu Mar 29, 2018
    Keywords: Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
    Topics: Physics
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