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  • 1
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    Age and growth of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the North Atlantic Ocean (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/15152 | 403 | 2014-05-29 07:08:12 | 15152 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: Age and growth estimates for the blue shark (Prionace glauca) were derived from 411 vertebral centra and 43 tag-recaptured blue sharks collected in the North Atlantic, ranging in length from 49 to 312 cm fork length (FL). The vertebrae of two oxytetracycline-injected recaptured blue sharks support an annual spring deposition of growth bands in the vertebrae in sharks up to 192 cm FL. Males andfemales were aged to 16 and 15 years, respectively, and full maturity is attained by 5 years of age in both sexes.Both sexes grew similarly to age seven, when growth rates decreased in males and remained constant in females.Growth rates from tag-recaptured individuals agreed with those derived from vertebral annuli for smaller sharks but appeared overestimated for larger sharks. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters derived from vertebral length-at-age data are L∞ = 282 cm FL, K = 0.18, and t0 = –1.35 for males, andL∞ = 310 cm FL, K = 0.13, and t0 = −1.77 for females. The species grows faster and has a shorter life span than previously reported for these waters.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 627-639
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  • 2
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    Mesoscale eddies influence the movements of mature female white sharks in the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea (2018)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 8 (2018): 7363, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25565-8.
    Description: Satellite-tracking of mature white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) has revealed open-ocean movements spanning months and covering tens of thousands of kilometers. But how are the energetic demands of these active apex predators met as they leave coastal areas with relatively high prey abundance to swim across the open ocean through waters often characterized as biological deserts? Here we investigate mesoscale oceanographic variability encountered by two white sharks as they moved through the Gulf Stream region and Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the vicinity of the Gulf Stream, the two mature female white sharks exhibited extensive use of the interiors of clockwise-rotating anticyclonic eddies, characterized by positive (warm) temperature anomalies. One tagged white shark was also equipped with an archival tag that indicated this individual made frequent dives to nearly 1,000 m in anticyclones, where it was presumably foraging on mesopelagic prey. We propose that warm temperature anomalies in anticyclones make prey more accessible and energetically profitable to adult white sharks in the Gulf Stream region by reducing the physiological costs of thermoregulation in cold water. The results presented here provide valuable new insight into open ocean habitat use by mature, female white sharks that may be applicable to other large pelagic predators.
    Description: This work was supported by the WHOI Ocean Life Institute and awards from NASA and NSF.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Integrating archival tag data and a high-resolution oceanographic model to estimate basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) movements in the western Atlantic (2018)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 25, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00025.
    Description: Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) populations are considered “vulnerable” globally and “endangered” in the northeast Atlantic by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Much of our knowledge of this species comes from surface observations in coastal waters, yet recent evidence suggests the majority of their lives may be spent in the deep ocean. Depth preferences of basking sharks have significantly limited movement studies that used pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags as conventional light-based geolocation is impossible for tagged animals that spend significant time below the photic zone. We tagged 57 basking sharks with PSAT tags in the NW Atlantic from 2004 to 2011. Many individuals spent several months at meso- and bathy-pelagic depths where accurate light-level geolocation was impossible during fall, winter and spring. We applied a newly-developed geolocation approach for the PSAT data by comparing three-dimensional depth-temperature profile data recorded by the tags to modeled in situ oceanographic data from the high-resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Observation-based likelihoods were leveraged within a state-space hidden Markov model (HMM). The combined tracks revealed that basking sharks moved from waters around Cape Cod, MA to as far as the SE coast of Brazil (20°S), a total distance of over 17,000 km. Moreover, 59% of tagged individuals with sufficient deployment durations (〉250 days) demonstrated seasonal fidelity to Cape Cod and the Gulf of Maine, with one individual returning to within 60 km of its tagging location 1 year later. Tagged sharks spent most of their time at epipelagic depths during summer months around Cape Cod and in the Gulf of Maine. During winter months, sharks spent extended periods at depths of at least 600 m while moving south to the Sargasso Sea, the Caribbean Sea, or the western tropical Atlantic. Our work demonstrates the utility of applying advances in oceanographic modeling to understanding habitat use of highly migratory, often meso- and bathy-pelagic, ocean megafauna. The large-scale movement patterns of tagged sharks highlight the need for international cooperation when designing and implementing conservation strategies to ensure that the species recovers from the historical effects of over-fishing throughout the North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge funding from the US National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNS06AA96G), the Massachusetts Environmental Trust, and the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Program. CB was funded by the Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability Fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Grassle Fellowship and Ocean Venture Fund at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship. Funding for the development of HYCOM has been provided by the National Ocean Partnership Program and the Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Movement ecology ; Satellite archival telemetry ; Migration ; Mesopelagic ; Oceanographic modeling ; Site fidelity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Diving behavior of the reef manta ray links coral reefs with adjacent deep pelagic habitats (2014)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e88170, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088170.
    Description: Recent successful efforts to increase protection for manta rays has highlighted the lack of basic ecological information, including vertical and horizontal movement patterns, available for these species. We deployed pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags on nine reef manta rays, Manta alfredi, to determine diving behaviors and vertical habitat use. Transmitted and archived data were obtained from seven tagged mantas over deployment periods of 102–188 days, including three recovered tags containing 2.6 million depth, temperature, and light level data points collected every 10 or 15 seconds. Mantas frequented the upper 10 m during daylight hours and tended to occupy deeper water throughout the night. Six of the seven individuals performed a cumulative 76 deep dives (〉150 m) with one individual reaching 432 m, extending the known depth range of this coastal, reef-oriented species and confirming its role as an ecological link between epipelagic and mesopelagic habitats. Mean vertical velocities calculated from high-resolution dive data (62 dives 〉150 m) from three individuals suggested that mantas may use gliding behavior during travel and that this behavior may prove more efficient than continuous horizontal swimming. The behaviors in this study indicate manta rays provide a previously unknown link between the epi- and mesopelagic layers of an extremely oligotrophic marine environment and provide evidence of a third marine species that utilizes gliding to maximize movement efficiency.
    Description: inancial support was provided in part by KAUST baseline research funds (to MLB), KAUST award numbers USA00002 and KSA 00011 (to SRT), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to SRT and GBS).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Subsurface observations of white shark predatory behaviour using an autonomous underwater vehicle (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of The Fisheries Society of the British Isles for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fish Biology 87 (2015): 1293–1312, doi:10.1111/jfb.12828.
    Description: Investigations of animal habitat use and behaviour are important for understanding the ecology of animals and are vital for making informed conservation decisions. Most of what is known about shark behaviour comes from direct observations at shallow depths, captive studies, baited and chance encounters, and inferences from tracking and tagging data. Over the course of the last two decades, new technologies have been developed to track the movements of marine animals over multiple spatial and temporal scales, but they do little to reveal what these animals are actually doing. It is well established that the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is a top predator of marine mammals and fishes, but virtually all published observations of white shark predatory behaviour are based on surface interactions with pinnipeds at well-studied white shark aggregation areas. Guadalupe Island off the coast of Mexico is a seasonal aggregation site for white sharks, which are presumably drawn to the island to feed upon pinnipeds, yet predation has rarely been observed. In this study, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) was used to test this technology as a viable tool for directly observing the behaviour of marine animals and to investigate the behaviour, habitat use, and feeding ecology of white sharks off Guadalupe Island. During the period 31 October – 7 November 2013, six AUV missions were conducted to track one male and three female white sharks, ranging in estimated total length (TL) from 3.9-5.7 m, off the northeast coast of Guadalupe Island. In doing so, the AUV generated over 13 hours of behavioral data for white sharks at depths up to 90 m. The white sharks remained in the area for the duration of each mission and moved through broad depth and temperature ranges from the surface to 163.8 m (mean ± SD = 112.5 ± 40.3 m) and 7.9-27.1 °C (mean ± SD = 12.7 ± 2.9 °C), respectively. Video footage and AUV sensor data revealed that two of the white sharks being tracked and eight other white sharks in the area approached (n=17), bumped (n=4), and bit (n=9) the AUV during these tracks. In this study, it was demonstrated that an AUV can be used to effectively track and observe the behaviour of a large pelagic animal, the white shark. In doing so, the first observations of subsurface predatory behaviour were generated for this species. At its current state of development, this technology clearly offers a new and innovative tool for tracking the fine-scale behaviour of marine animals.
    Description: This research was funded by Discovery Communications in partnership with Big Wave Productions and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Description: 2016-12-28
    Keywords: Carcharodon carcharias ; Behaviour ; AUV ; Guadalupe Island ; REMUS
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 6
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    Vertebral bomb radiocarbon suggests extreme longevity in white sharks (2014)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This article is distributed free of all copyright. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e84006, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084006.
    Description: Conservation and management efforts for white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) remain hampered by a lack of basic demographic information including age and growth rates. Sharks are typically aged by counting growth bands sequentially deposited in their vertebrae, but the assumption of annual deposition of these band pairs requires testing. We compared radiocarbon (Δ14C) values in vertebrae from four female and four male white sharks from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean (NWA) with reference chronologies documenting the marine uptake of 14C produced by atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices to generate the first radiocarbon age estimates for adult white sharks. Age estimates were up to 40 years old for the largest female (fork length [FL]: 526 cm) and 73 years old for the largest male (FL: 493 cm). Our results dramatically extend the maximum age and longevity of white sharks compared to earlier studies, hint at possible sexual dimorphism in growth rates, and raise concerns that white shark populations are considerably more sensitive to human-induced mortality than previously thought.
    Description: This study was funded by the National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 was awarded to SRT) and LLH was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    Format: application/msword
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  • 7
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    Movements of the reef manta ray (Manta alfredi) in the Red Sea using satellite and acoustic telemetry (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Biology 162 (2015): 2351-2362, doi:10.1007/s00227-015-2760-3.
    Description: Populations of mobulid rays are declining globally through a combination of directed fisheries and indirect anthropogenic threats. Understanding the movement ecology of these rays remains an important priority for devising appropriate conservation measures throughout the world’s oceans. We sought to determine manta movements across several temporal and spatial scales with a focus on quantifying site fidelity and seasonality in the northern Farasan Banks, Red Sea. We fitted manta rays with acoustic transmitters (n = 9) and popup satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags (n = 9), including four with GPS capability (Fastloc), during spring 2011 and 2012. We deployed an extensive array of acoustic receivers (n = 67) to record movements of tagged mantas in the study area. All acoustically tagged individuals travelled frequently among highuse receiver locations and reefs and demonstrated fidelity to specific sites within the array. Estimated and realized satellite tag data indicated regional movements 〈200 km from the tagging location, largely coastal residency, and high surface occupation. GPStagged individuals regularly moved within the coastal reef matrix up to ~70 km to the south but continued to return to the tagging area near the highoccupancy sites identified in the acoustic array. We also tested the accuracy of several geolocation models to determine the best approach to analyze our lightbased satellite tag data. We documented significant errors in lightbased movement estimates that should be considered when interpreting tracks derived from lightlevel geolocation, especially for animals with restricted movements through a homogenous temperature field. Despite some error in satellite tag positions, combining results from PSAT and acoustic tags in this study yielded a comprehensive representation of manta spatial ecology across several scales, and such approaches will, in the future, inform the design of appropriate management strategies for manta rays in the Red Sea and tropical regions worldwide.
    Description: Financial support was provided in part by KAUST baseline research funds (to MLB), KAUST award nos. USA00002 and KSA 00011 (to SRT), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to SRT and GBS).
    Description: 2016-10-27
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 8
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    Integrating archival tag data and a high-resolution oceanographic model to estimate basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) movements in the western Atlantic (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-19
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Braun, C. D., Skomal, G. B., & Thorrold, S. R. (2018). Integrating archival tag data and a high-resolution oceanographic model to estimate basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) movements in the western Atlantic. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, (2018):25, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00025.
    Description: Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) populations are considered “vulnerable” globally and “endangered” in the northeast Atlantic by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Much of our knowledge of this species comes from surface observations in coastal waters, yet recent evidence suggests the majority of their lives may be spent in the deep ocean. Depth preferences of basking sharks have significantly limited movement studies that used pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags as conventional light-based geolocation is impossible for tagged animals that spend significant time below the photic zone. We tagged 57 basking sharks with PSAT tags in the NW Atlantic from 2004 to 2011. Many individuals spent several months at meso- and bathy-pelagic depths where accurate light-level geolocation was impossible during fall, winter and spring. We applied a newly-developed geolocation approach for the PSAT data by comparing three-dimensional depth-temperature profile data recorded by the tags to modeled in situ oceanographic data from the high-resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Observation-based likelihoods were leveraged within a state-space hidden Markov model (HMM). The combined tracks revealed that basking sharks moved from waters around Cape Cod, MA to as far as the SE coast of Brazil (20°S), a total distance of over 17,000 km. Moreover, 59% of tagged individuals with sufficient deployment durations (〉250 days) demonstrated seasonal fidelity to Cape Cod and the Gulf of Maine, with one individual returning to within 60 km of its tagging location 1 year later. Tagged sharks spent most of their time at epipelagic depths during summer months around Cape Cod and in the Gulf of Maine. During winter months, sharks spent extended periods at depths of at least 600 m while moving south to the Sargasso Sea, the Caribbean Sea, or the western tropical Atlantic. Our work demonstrates the utility of applying advances in oceanographic modeling to understanding habitat use of highly migratory, often meso- and bathy-pelagic, ocean megafauna. The large-scale movement patterns of tagged sharks highlight the need for international cooperation when designing and implementing conservation strategies to ensure that the species recovers from the historical effects of over-fishing throughout the North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: We thank B. Galuardi and C. H. Lam for contributing analysis code, and H. Dewar, U. Thygesen and I. Jonsen for valuable feedback on the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge funding from the US National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNS06AA96G), the Massachusetts Environmental Trust, and the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Program. Computational support was provided by the AWS Cloud Credits for Research program. CB was funded by the Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability Fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Grassle Fellowship and Ocean Venture Fund at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship. Funding for the development of HYCOM has been provided by the National Ocean Partnership Program and the Office of Naval Research. Data assimilative products using HYCOM are funded by the U.S. Navy. Computer time for HYCOM was made available by the DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program.
    Keywords: movement ecology ; satellite archival telemetry ; migration ; mesopelagic ; oceanographic modeling ; site fidelity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Movement patterns of juvenile whale sharks tagged at an aggregation site in the Red Sea (2014)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e103536, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103536.
    Description: Conservation efforts aimed at the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, remain limited by a lack of basic information on most aspects of its ecology, including global population structure, population sizes and movement patterns. Here we report on the movements of 47 Red Sea whale sharks fitted with three types of satellite transmitting tags from 2009–2011. Most of these sharks were tagged at a single aggregation site near Al-Lith, on the central coast of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Individuals encountered at this site were all juveniles based on size estimates ranging from 2.5–7 m total length with a sex ratio of approximately 1:1. All other known aggregation sites for juvenile whale sharks are dominated by males. Results from tagging efforts showed that most individuals remained in the southern Red Sea and that some sharks returned to the same location in subsequent years. Diving data were recorded by 37 tags, revealing frequent deep dives to at least 500 m and as deep as 1360 m. The unique temperature-depth profiles of the Red Sea confirmed that several whale sharks moved out of the Red Sea while tagged. The wide-ranging horizontal movements of these individuals highlight the need for multinational, cooperative efforts to conserve R. typus populations in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
    Description: Financial support was provided in part by KAUST baseline research funds (to MLB), KAUST award nos. USA00002 and KSA 00011 (to SRT), and the United States National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to SRT and GBS).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Multi-method assessment of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) residency, distribution, and dispersal behavior at an aggregation site in the Red Sea (2019)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cochran, J. E. M., Braun, C. D., Cagua, E. F., Campbell, M. F., Hardenstine, R. S., Kattan, A., Priest, M. A., Sinclair-Taylor, T. H., Skomal, G. B., Sultan, S., Sun, L., Thorrold, S. R., & Berumen, M. L. Multi-method assessment of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) residency, distribution, and dispersal behavior at an aggregation site in the Red Sea. Plos One, 14(9), (2019): e0222285, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222285.
    Description: Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are typically dispersed throughout their circumtropical range, but the species is also known to aggregate in specific coastal areas. Accurate site descriptions associated with these aggregations are essential for the conservation of R. typus, an Endangered species. Although aggregations have become valuable hubs for research, most site descriptions rely heavily on sightings data. In the present study, visual census, passive acoustic monitoring, and long range satellite telemetry were combined to track the movements of R. typus from Shib Habil, a reef-associated aggregation site in the Red Sea. An array of 63 receiver stations was used to record the presence of 84 acoustically tagged sharks (35 females, 37 males, 12 undetermined) from April 2010 to May 2016. Over the same period, identification photos were taken for 76 of these tagged individuals and 38 were fitted with satellite transmitters. In total of 37,461 acoustic detections, 210 visual encounters, and 33 satellite tracks were analyzed to describe the sharks’ movement ecology. The results demonstrate that the aggregation is seasonal, mostly concentrated on the exposed side of Shib Habil, and seems to attract sharks of both sexes in roughly equal numbers. The combined methodologies also tracked 15 interannual homing-migrations, demonstrating that many sharks leave the area before returning in later years. When compared to acoustic studies from other aggregations, these results demonstrate that R. typus exhibits diverse, site-specific ecologies across its range. Sightings-independent data from acoustic telemetry and other sources are an effective means of validating more common visual surveys.
    Description: Financial support was provided in part by KAUST baseline research funds (to MLB), KAUST award nos. USA00002 and KSA 00011 (to SRT), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to SRT and GBS).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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