Note: Intro -- MEDICAL DEVICES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PART I INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL DEVICES -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 History of Medical Devices -- 1.2 Medical Device Terminology -- 1.3 Purpose of the Book -- 2. Design of Medical Devices -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Medical Device Design Environment -- 2.2.1 US Regulation -- 2.2.2 Differences in European Regulation -- 2.2.3 Standards -- 2.3 Basic Design Phases -- 2.3.1 Feasibility -- 2.3.2 Planning and Organization-Assembling the Design Team -- 2.3.3 When to Involve Regulatory Affairs -- 2.3.4 Conceptualizing and Review -- 2.3.5 Testing and Refinement -- 2.3.6 Proving the Concept -- 2.3.7 Pilot Testing and Release to Manufacturing -- 2.4 Postmarket Activities -- 2.5 Final Note -- PART II MINIMALLY INVASIVE DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES -- 3. Instrumentation for Laparoscopic Surgery -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic Principles -- 3.3 Laparoscopic Instrumentation -- 3.3.1 Trocars -- 3.3.2 Standard Laparoscopic Instruments -- 3.3.3 Additional Laparoscopic Instruments -- 3.3.4 Specimen Retrieval Bags -- 3.3.5 Disposable Instruments -- 3.4 Innovative Applications -- 3.5 Summary and Future Applications -- 4. Surgical Instruments in Ophthalmology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cataract Surgery -- 4.2.1 Basic Technique -- 4.2.2 Principles of Phacoemulsification -- 4.2.3 Phacoemulsification Instruments -- 4.2.4 Phacoemulsification Systems -- 4.2.5 Future Directions -- 4.3 Vitreoretinal Surgery -- 4.3.1 Basic Techniques -- 4.3.2 Principles of Vitrectomy -- 4.3.3 Vitrectomy Instruments -- 4.3.4 Vitrectomy Systems -- 4.3.5 Future Directions -- 4.4 Other Ophthalmic Surgical Procedures -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 5. Surgical Robotics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Background and Leading Concepts -- 5.2.1 Human-Machine Interfaces: System Approach -- 5.2.2 Tissue Biomechanics -- 5.2.3 Teleoperation. , 5.2.4 Image-Guided Surgery -- 5.2.5 Objective Assessment of Skill -- 5.3 Commercial Systems -- 5.3.1 ROBODOC® (Curexo Technology Corporation) -- 5.3.2 daVinci (Intuitive Surgical) -- 5.3.3 Sensei® X (Hansen Medical) -- 5.3.4 RIO® MAKOplasty (MAKO Surgical Corporation) -- 5.3.5 CyberKnife (Accuray) -- 5.3.6 Renaissancetm (Mazor Robotics) -- 5.3.7 ARTAS® System (Restoration Robotics, Inc.) -- 5.4 Trends and Future Directions -- 6. Catheters in Vascular Therapy -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Historic Overview -- 6.3 Catheter Interventions -- 6.4 Catheter and Guide Wire Shapes and Configurations -- 6.4.1 Catheters -- 6.4.2 Guide Wires -- 6.5 Conclusion -- PART III ENERGY DELIVERY DEVICES AND SYSTEMS -- 7. Energy-Based Hemostatic Surgical Devices -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 History of Energy-Based Hemostasis -- 7.3 Energy-Based Surgical Methods and Their Effects on Tissues -- 7.3.1 Disambiguation -- 7.3.2 Thermal Effects on Tissues -- 7.4 Electrosurgery -- 7.4.1 Electrosurgical Theory -- 7.4.2 Cutting and Coagulation Techniques -- 7.4.3 Equipment -- 7.4.4 Considerations and Complications -- 7.5 Future Of Electrosurgery -- 7.6 Conclusion -- 8. Tissue Ablation Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Evolving Paradigms in Cancer Therapy -- 8.3 Basic Ablation Categories and Nomenclature -- 8.4 Hyperthermic Ablation -- 8.5 Fundamentals of In Vivo Energy Deposition -- 8.6 Hyperthermic Ablation: Optimizing Tissue Ablation -- 8.7 Radiofrequency Ablation -- 8.8 RFA: Basic Principles -- 8.9 RFA: In Vivo Energy Deposition -- 8.10 Optimizing RFA -- 8.11 Other Hyperthermic Ablation Techniques -- 8.11.1 Microwave Ablation (MWA) -- 8.11.2 MWA: Basic Principles -- 8.11.3 MWA: In Vivo Energy Deposition -- 8.11.4 Optimizing MWA -- 8.12 Laser Ablation -- 8.13 Hypothermic Ablation -- 8.13.1 Cryoablation: Basic Concepts -- 8.13.2 Cryoablation: In Vivo Considerations. , 8.13.3 Optimizing Cryoablation Systems -- 8.14 Chemical Ablation -- 8.15 Novel Techniques -- 8.15.1 High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) -- 8.15.2 Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) -- 8.16 Tumor Ablation and Beyond -- 9. Lasers in Medicine -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Historical Perspective -- 9.1.2 Basic Operational Concepts -- 9.1.3 First Experimental MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) -- 9.2 Laser Fundamentals -- 9.2.1 Two-Level Systems and Population Inversion -- 9.2.2 Multiple Energy Levels -- 9.2.3 Mode of Operation -- 9.2.4 Beams and Optics -- 9.3 Laser Light Compared to Other Sources of Light -- 9.3.1 Temporal Coherence -- 9.3.2 Spectral Coherence (Line Width) -- 9.3.3 Beam Collimation -- 9.3.4 Short Pulse Duration -- 9.3.5 Summary -- 9.4 Laser-Tissue Interactions -- 9.4.1 Biostimulation -- 9.4.2 Photochemical Interactions -- 9.4.3 Photothermal Interactions -- 9.4.4 Ablation -- 9.4.5 Photodisruption -- 9.5 Lasers in Diagnostics -- 9.5.1 Optical Coherence Tomography -- 9.5.2 Fluorescence Angiography -- 9.5.3 Near Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.6 Laser Treatments and Therapy -- 9.6.1 Overview of Current Medical Applications of Laser Technology -- 9.6.2 Retinal Photodynamic Therapy (Photochemical) -- 9.6.3 Transpupillary Thermal Therapy (TTT) (Photothermal) -- 9.6.4 Vascular Birth Marks (Photocoagulation) -- 9.6.5 Laser Assisted Corneal Refractive Surgery (Ablation) -- 9.7 Conclusions -- PART IV IMPLANTABLE DEVICES AND SYSTEMS -- 10. Vascular and Cardiovascular Devices -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biocompatibility Considerations -- 10.3 Materials -- 10.3.1 316L Stainless Steel -- 10.3.2 Nitinol -- 10.3.3 Cobalt-Chromium Alloys -- 10.4 Stents -- 10.5 Closure Devices -- 10.6 Transcatheter Heart Valves -- 10.7 Inferior Vena Cava Filters -- 10.8 Future Directions-Thin Film Nitinol -- 10.9 Conclusion. , 11. Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 History -- 11.3 Basic Principles -- 11.3.1 Biocompatibility and Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices -- 11.3.2 Hemocompatibility: Microscopic Considerations -- 11.3.3 Hemocompatibility: Macroscopic Considerations -- 11.4 Engineering Considerations in Mechanical Circulatory Support -- 11.4.1 Overview -- 11.4.2 Pump Design -- 11.4.3 Positive Displacement Pumps -- 11.4.4 Rotary Pumps -- 11.4.5 Pulsatile Versus Nonpulsatile Flow -- 11.5 Devices -- 11.5.1 The HeartMate XVE Left Ventricular Assist System -- 11.5.2 The HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist System -- 11.5.3 Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support: The Intraaortic Balloon Pump -- 11.5.4 Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support: The Berlin Heart -- 11.6 The Future of MCS Devices -- 11.6.1 CorAide -- 11.6.2 HeartMate III -- 11.6.3 HeartWare -- 11.6.4 VentrAssist -- 11.7 Summary -- 12. Orthopedic Implants -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Overview -- 12.1.2 History -- 12.2 Basic Principles -- 12.2.1 Optimization for Strength and Stiffness -- 12.2.2 Maximization of Implant Fixation to Host Bone -- 12.2.3 Minimization of Degradation -- 12.2.4 Sterilization of Implants and Instrumentation -- 12.3 Implant Technologies -- 12.3.1 Total Hip Replacement -- 12.3.2 Technology in Total Knee Replacement -- 12.3.3 Technology in Spine Surgery -- 12.4 Summary -- PART V IMAGING AND IMAGE-GUIDED TECHNIQUES -- 13. Endoscopy -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Ancient Origins -- 13.3 Modern Endoscopy -- 13.3.1 Creating Cold Light -- 13.3.2 Introduction of Rod-Lens Technology -- 13.4 Principles of Modern Endoscopy -- 13.4.1 Optics -- 13.4.2 Mechanics -- 13.4.3 Electronics -- 13.4.4 Software -- 13.5 The Imaging Chain -- 13.5.1 Light Source (1) -- 13.5.2 Telescope (2) -- 13.5.3 Camera Head (3) -- 13.5.4 Camera CCU (4) -- 13.5.5 Video Cables (5). , 13.5.6 Monitor (6) -- 13.5.7 Image Management Systems (7) -- 13.6 Endoscopes for Today -- 13.6.1 Rigid Endoscopes-Designs to Enhance Functionality -- 13.6.2 Less Traumatic Ureterorenoscopes -- 13.6.3 Advances in Flexible Endoscope Design -- 13.6.4 Broader Functionality with New Technologies -- 13.6.5 Enhancing Video Capabilities -- 13.7 Endoscopy's Future -- 14. Medical Ultrasound Devices -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Basic Principles of Ultrasound -- 14.2.1 Basic Acoustic Physics -- 14.2.2 Reflection and Refraction -- 14.2.3 Attenuation -- 14.2.4 Piezoelectricity -- 14.2.5 Ultrasound Systems -- 14.2.6 Resolution and Bandwidth -- 14.2.7 Beam Characteristics -- 14.3 Ultrasound Transducer Design -- 14.3.1 Piezoelectric Material -- 14.3.2 Backing Layers and Damping -- 14.3.3 Matching Layers -- 14.3.4 Mechanical Focusing -- 14.3.5 Electrical Matching -- 14.3.6 Sector Scanners -- 14.3.7 Array Transducers -- 14.3.8 Transducer Array Fabrication -- 14.3.9 Regulatory Considerations -- 14.4 Applications of Medical Ultrasound -- 14.4.1 Image Guidance Applications -- 14.4.2 Intravascular and Intracardiac Applications -- 14.4.3 Intraoral and Endocavity Applications -- 14.4.4 Surgical Applications -- 14.4.5 Ophthalmic Ultrasound -- 14.4.6 Doppler and Doppler Applications -- 14.4.7 Therapeutic Applications -- 14.5 The Future of Medical Ultrasound -- 15. Medical X-ray Imaging -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 X-ray Physics -- 15.2.1 Photon Interactions with Matter -- 15.2.2 Clinical Production of X-rays -- 15.2.3 Patient Dose Considerations -- 15.3 Two-Dimensional Image Acquisition -- 15.4 Image Acquisition Technologies and Techniques -- 15.4.1 Film -- 15.4.2 Computed Radiography -- 15.4.3 Digital Radiography -- 15.4.4 Clinical Applications of 2D X-ray Techniques -- 15.5 Basic 2D Processing Techniques -- 15.5.1 Independent Pixel Operations. , 15.5.2 Grouped Pixel Operations.

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Note: Intro -- RECENT ADVANCES IN MICROBIOLOGY: VOLUME 1 -- RECENT ADVANCES IN MICROBIOLOGY: VOLUME 1 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Types of Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Microbial Mediated Nanoparticles -- Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Metagenomics: Revolutionizing the Microbial Industry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Microbial Enzymes: Exploring beyond the Tip of the Iceberg -- Metagenomics: an Aid to Hunt Novel Antibiotics and Anticancer Drugs -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: Methods and Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Genome of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (H37rv) -- Genotyping of Tuberculosis: Methods and Applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4: Laboratory Methods for Antimicrobial Resistance Determination in Common Gram Positive Organisms -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus -- Screening Tests for Drug Resistance in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci -- Drug Resistance in ENTEROCOCCI -- Drug Resistance in PNEUMOCOCCI -- Drug Resistance In Β-Hemolytic STREPTOCOCCI -- Drug Resistance in Viridians Streptococci -- References -- Chapter 5: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- MRSA and Development of Resistance -- Role of Penicillin-Binding Protein 2A (PBP2A) in Methicillin Resistance -- Epidemiology of MRSA Infection -- Clinical Features of MRSA -- Types of MRSA -- Laboratory Diagnosis of MRSA -- Treatment -- Maggot Therapy: A New Approach in MRSA Treatment -- Control and Prevention -- References. , Chapter 6: Role of Carbapenemases in Antibiotic Resistance of Gram Negative Organisms and Their Detection -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Carbapenem Resistance -- Carbapenemases -- Classification of Carbapenemases -- Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Carbapenemases -- Treatment Strategy -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Helicobacter Pylori and Peptic Ulcer: Causes That Transform Disease Risk -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pathogenicity of H. Pylori -- Therapy to Cure H. Pylori-Induced Peptic Ulcer -- H. Pylori did not Alter the Cox-2 Expression -- Role of H. Pylori in Acid Secretion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Recent Advances in Molecular Diagnostic Approaches for Microbial Diseases -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Historical Significance -- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Pathogens -- Advantage and Limitation of Molecular Diagnostics Techniques in Clinical Microbiology -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Diabetic Foot Infection and Its Herbal Treatment -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Microbes and Diabetic Foot Infection -- Facts for Patients -- Role of Herbalism in Diabetic Wound Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Biofilms: A New Targetin Health and Medicine -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Formation and Growth of biofilms -- Beneficial and Natural Occuring Biofilms -- Biofilms in Health and Medicine -- Biofilms in Chronic Wounds -- Future Aspects -- References -- Chapter 11: Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis in Microbes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Non Ribosomal Peptides -- Mechanism of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis -- Applications of NRP Biosynthetic Pathway -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 12: Biopolymers of Microbial Origin for Health Care -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Polysaccharides -- Polyamide -- Polyester -- Polyanhydrides -- Conclusion. , References -- Chapter 13: Role of Microorganisms in Food -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Food Spoilage Causing Microorganisms -- Disease Causing Microorganisms Associated with Food -- Beneficial Microorganisms Associated with Food -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Non-Thermal Food Processing by High Hydrostatic Pressure and Pulse Electric Field: Microbiology -- Abstract -- Introduction -- High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) Processing of Food -- Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) -- Combining HHP and PEF -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Various Techniques of Sterilization and Its Principles -- Introduction -- Pharmaceutical Importance of Sterilization -- Methods of Sterilization -- Tests for Sterility -- Evaluation of Sterilization Method -- Process of Microbial Destruction -- Evaluation and in ProcessMonitoring of Sterilization Procedures -- References -- Chapter 16: Interaction between Microbiology and Behavioural Ecology in Vertebrates -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Negative Effects of Microbes on Host Fitness -- The Beneficial Role of Bacteria in Vertebrates -- Microbes and Sexual Selection -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: Microbial Detectionin Drinking Water -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Borne and Transmitted Disaeases -- Analytical Methods forMicrobiological Water Quality Testing -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18: Microbial Dynamics in Constructed Wetland under Sewage Treatment -- Introduction -- Domestic Sewage -- Green Technologies for Sewage Treatment -- Wetland -- Biological Nutrient Removal -- References -- Chapter 19: Arsenic Contamination ofGround Water and Its Possible Remedial Measures -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oxidation of Arsenite to Arsenatewith the Help of Bacteria -- Oxidation of Ferrous to Ferricwith the Help of Bacteria -- Removal of Phosphate from GroundWater with the Help of Bacteria. , Removal of Arsenite withthe Help of Probiotic Bacteria -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 20: Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Chromium: A Green Technology for Combating Chromium Pollution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Chromium Contamination, Transport and Uptake -- Chromium Reduction, Biotransformationand Accumulation by Bacteria -- Chromium Accumulation and Response in Plants -- Role of Rhizobacteria in theRehabilitation of a Contaminated Habitat -- Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Chromium -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 21: Microbial Degradation of Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dechlorination -- Benzene Ring Cleavage -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 22: Current Prospective of Microbial Contamination of Fermentation Industry -- INTRODUCTION -- Isolation and Identification Methodsof Bacterial Contaminants fromDifferent Distillery Sources -- Metabolic Pathways Used by MicrobialContaminants of Ethanol Fermentation -- Acidophilic Bacterial Contaminants of Ethanol Fermentation Industry and Their Control Measures -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 23: Wine Fermentation: Microbial Ecology and Their Influence on Biochemical Changes during Fermentation -- Abstract -- Wine Yeast -- Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) during Fermentation -- Biochemistry of Wine Fermentation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 24: Application of Fermentation Techniquefor Effective Recovery of (after)Valuable Biomolecules from Animaland Fish Processing Waste -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Composition of Animal and Fish Processing by-Product -- Technologies for Stabilization and Utilization of Animal and Fish Processing Waste -- Fermentation As an Emerging Technologyfor Utilizing Animal and Fish Processing Waste -- LAF for Preservation of Waste -- Applications of LAF. , Microbial Proteases for Recovery of Biomolecules -- Animal and Fish Processing Waste As Substratefor Production of Bacterial Metabolites -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 25: Biotransformation of Nitriles -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Distribution of Nitrilase Systems -- Production Process of Nitrilases and Activity -- Mesophilic and Thermophilic Nitrilase -- Industrial Applications of Nitrilases -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 26: Exploitations of Cyanobacterial Photoprotective Compounds -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Cyanobacterial Photoprotective Compounds -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 27: Bacterial Endophytes: CurrentStatus and Future Prospects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Bacterial Endophyte and Its Distribution -- Bioactive Compound from Bacterial Endophyte -- Plant Growth Promotion Role of Bacterial Endophyte -- Biological Control by Bacterial Endophyte -- Bioremediation by Bacterial Endophyte -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 28: Eco-Biological Soil Enrichmentfor Management of FusariumWilt Disease of Guava in India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Soil Amendments and Disease Management Practices -- Disease Decline -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 29: Molecular Methods forStudying Soil Microbial Ecology -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Molecular Methods of StudyingMicrobial Diversity in Soil -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 30: Extremophiles: Potential Sources of Biomolecules -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Thermophiles -- Psychrophiles -- Acidophiles -- Alkaliphiles -- Halophiles -- Piezophiles -- Xerophiles -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 31: Investigations on Properties and Applications of Microbial Cholesterol Oxiadse -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources of COD -- Properties of COD -- Applications of COD -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 32: Role of Entomopathogenic Fungi (Beauveria Bassiana) in Stored Food Grain Safety.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- End User License Agreement -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Tools and Techniques to Analyse Microplastic Pollution in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Gautam Priyadarshi1, Sagar Prajapati1 and Mrugesh Trivedi1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- SAMPLING OF MPS -- Sieving or Filtration -- Electrostatic Separation -- Magnetic Extraction -- Digestion -- CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION -- Visual Identification -- Manual Counting (Optical Microscope) -- Polymer Identification -- Raman Spectroscopy -- Emerging Techniques (Pyr GC-MS, GC-MS, TGA, DSC and PEE) -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Occurrence and Source of Microplastic in the Environment -- Sarabjeet Kaur1,* and Monita Dhiman2 -- INTRODUCTION -- SOURCES -- Primary Source -- Secondary Source -- Occurrence -- Microplastics in Hydrosphere -- Marine Water -- Fresh Water -- Microplastics in Lithosphere -- Microplastics in Atmosphere -- Microplastics in Biosphere -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Impact of Microplastics on Flora and Fauna -- Quseen Mushtaq Reshi1, Imtiaz Ahmed1,*, Ishtiyaq Ahmad1 and Francesco Fazio2 -- INTRODUCTION -- INFLUENCE OF MICROPLASTICS IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS -- INFLUENCE OF MICROPLASTICS ON AQUATIC HABITATS -- Freshwater Biota -- Marine Biota -- EFFECT OF MICROPLASTICS ON ORGANISMS AT CELLULAR AND SUB CELLULAR LEVEL -- EFFECT OF MICROPLASTICS ON FLORA -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Removal of Microplastic Contaminants from Aquatic Environment -- Kuljit Kaur1 and Harpreet Kaur1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- MICROPLASTIC SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE -- TOXICITY OF MICROPLASTIC -- Toxicity from Physical Properties of Microplastics -- Toxicity from Chemicals (Unbound Monomers & -- Additives) -- Toxicity from Organic Pollutants, Metal-ions, &. , Microorganisms (Biofilm) Adsorbed on MPs -- MICROPLASTIC DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION -- MICROPLASTICS' REMOVAL FROM WATER -- MPs Removal from Water Using Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes (M-CNT) -- MPs Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Mg/Zn Modified Biochars (Mg/Zn-MBCs) -- Fabrication of Chitin and Graphene Oxide (ChGO) Sponges for the Removal of Microplastics -- MPs Removal from Wastewater Using Pine and Spruce Bark Biochar with Steam Activation -- Removal of Microplastic Spheres Using Corn Straw and a Hardwood Biochar -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Status of Microplastic Pollution in Natural Water Bodies -- Sadguru Prakash1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT -- IMPACT OF MICROPLASTICS IN FRESHWATER FISH -- ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF MICOPLASTICS -- EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTIC ON HUMAN HEALTH -- SUGGESTIONS TO REDUCE THE MICROPLASTIC POLLUTION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Microplastic Pollution, A Threat to Human Health: A Case Study at Thoothukudi, South India -- Sekar Selvam1,* and Perumal Muthukumar1 -- INTRODUCTION -- MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Study Site -- Sampling on the Shorelines -- SAMPLE SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION -- Flotation Process -- Sample Purification -- IDENTIFICATION PROCESS -- Visual Identification -- Identification by FTIR Spectroscopy -- Identification of Surface Morphology by AFM -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- MICROPLASTICS AS A HUMAN THREAT -- EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTICS -- Humans -- Coastal Communities -- Wildlife -- MITIGATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Microplastic as a Multiple Stressor -- Savita Bhardwaj1, Dhriti Sharma1, Tunisha Verma1 and Dhriti Kapoor1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- MICROPLASTIC AS STRESSOR -- Aquatic Environment -- Terrestrial System -- Microbes -- Plants. , MICROPLASTIC AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS -- MICROPLASTIC AS MULTIPLE STRESSORS -- MICROPLASTIC TO NANO PLASTIC -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Bioplastic as an Alternative to Microplastic -- Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan1, Manpreet Kaur Somal2, Ritu Bala1, Khushboo1, Mukesh Kumar1, Inderpal Devgon1 and Arun Karnwal1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- HARMFUL EFFECT OF MICRO-PLASTIC -- BIOPLASTIC AS AN ALTERNATIVE -- Plant-based Bioplastics -- Microorganism-based Bioplastic -- MICROPLASTICS VS BIOPLASTICS -- Microplastics as Bane -- Bioplastics -- APPLICATIONS AND BIODEGRADATION OF BIOPLASTIC IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- Bioplastic in Medical and Pharmaceuticals -- Bioplastic in Packaging Industries -- Bioplastic in Domestic -- Bioplastic in the Industry -- Biodegradation of Bioplastic in the Environment -- Stage of Biodeterioration -- Stage of Biofragmentation -- Stage of Assimilation -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Challenges to the Analysis of Microplastic Pollution from the Environment -- Nafiaah Naqash1 and Rahul Singh1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND CHALLENGES -- Marine and Freshwater Sampling -- Sediment and Soil Sampling -- Air and Biota Sampling -- SAMPLE PREPARATION AND CHALLENGES -- Size and Density Separation -- Alternative Extraction Methods -- Purification -- Visual Identification -- INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MICROPLASTIC -- Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy -- Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) -- Thermal Extraction and Desorption-Gas -- Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) -- Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1 H-qNMR) and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Distribution of Microplastics in Man-made Water Bodies -- Suraya Partap Singh1,* and Reetika Rani2. , INTRODUCTION -- TYPES OF WATER BODIES -- Inland Water Bodies -- Inland Natural Wetlands -- Inland Man-made Wetlands -- Coastal Wetlands -- Coastal Natural Wetlands -- Coastal Man-made Water Bodies -- MICROPLASTICS OVERVIEW -- SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS INTO MAN-MADE WATER BODIES -- DISTRIBUTION OF MICROPLASTICS ON MANMADE WATER BODIES ECOSYSTEM -- EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTICS ON MAN-MADE WATER BODIES ECOSYSTEM -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.