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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Species Mean : A User's Guide to the Units of Biodiversity. (2018)
    Milton :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Details
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Everyone uses species names and yet there are communication gaps between those who who name species and those who use species names. This book is intended to explore why different groups of scientists understand and use taxa in very different ways, and the consequences for measuring and understanding biodiversity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (259 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781498799386
    Series Statement: Species and Systematics Series
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5570769
    DDC: 576.8/6
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Author -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: General Concepts -- Chapter 3: Everyone Uses Species -- The Advantages of Understanding Species -- Putting Names to Faces -- Identity Politics: When Species Matter to Us -- How to Identify Differentness -- Differences of Opinion with Consequences -- How to Separate Species -- Species Criteria -- Everyone Uses Species -- References -- Chapter 4: Why Do the Names Keep Changing? -- To Improve Is to Change -- Colonialism, Revision, and the Type Concept -- Taxonomic Surrogacy -- Names Carry Important Information -- How Do Names Change and How Can You Tell What Happened? -- Species Novelty and Reclassification -- The Type Concept Revisited -- Revision End Game -- References -- Chapter 5: Species Are Units of Evolution -- Variation -- Plasticity and Adaptation -- Selection and Sufficiency in the Moment -- Microevolution and Macroevolution -- Experimental Approaches -- Macroevolution and Species Identity -- References -- Chapter 6: Natural Patterns in Classification -- Frames of Reference -- Taxonomy and Systematics -- The Linnaean System -- Relativism and Regulation -- Tree Thinking -- The Problem with Paraphyly (Part 1: Genera) -- The Application of Ranks -- The Problem with Paraphyly (Part 2: A higher problem) -- Ranks and Communication -- References -- Chapter 7: Are Species Real? -- Background -- Species Metaphysics -- From Aristotle to the Origin -- The Modern Synthesis and Beyond -- Species 'Concepts' Are Lines of Evidence -- Species in Time -- Total Evidence and the New Pluralism -- The Species Category -- Species Are Real -- Species Descriptions Are Hypotheses -- References -- Chapter 8: How to Name a Species -- Who are the Makers of Names? -- Pronunciation -- Writing and Syntax. , Endings and Name Changes -- Plural and Singular -- Integrity and Humility -- History and the Role of Collections -- A Step-by-Step Guide -- References -- Chapter 9: Biodiversity and Extinction through Time -- Extinction Is a Natural Part of Evolution -- Living 'Fossils' Are Still Evolving -- Extinct Species Outnumber Living Species -- Fossils Fill the Gaps -- Is Diversity on Earth Decreasing? -- References -- Chapter 10: How Many Species Are There? -- The Great Global Census -- Under-Studied Taxa -- Approaches to Estimating Global Species Richness -- Why Is this Problem so Hard? -- The Importance of Higher Ranks -- If It Doesn't Have a Name, It Doesn't Exist -- How Many Species Are Still Undiscovered? -- References -- Chapter 11: Dynamic Patterns in Biodiversity -- What Determines Biodiversity Patterns? -- Impacts of the Very Recent Past -- Impacts of Invasive Species -- The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient -- Biogeographic Patterns and 'Rules' -- Life Is Resilient -- References -- Chapter 12: Translating Biodiversity across Cultural Barriers -- Makers and Users of Species Names -- Misconception: Taxonomy is done by 'someone else' -- Misconception: Taxonomy is easy now, because you can just sequence things -- Misconception: Taxonomic papers never get cited -- Misconception: Biodiversity is well-known -- Geographic and Cultural Divides -- Quantifying Species Richness -- Taxonomy Is Scientific Infrastructure -- International Law, Biodiversity, and Benefit Sharing -- International Law and the Movement of Specimens -- The Fallacy of Economics -- Cultural Ownership of Biodiversity -- References -- Species and Systematics -- Index.
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    GEOMAR EBL
  • 2
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    ElevatedpCO2drives lower growth and yet increased calcification in the early life history of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (3). pp. 970-980.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Ocean acidification is an escalating environmental issue and associated changes in the ocean carbonate system have implications for many calcifying organisms. The present study followed the growth of Sepia officinalis from early-stage embryos, through hatching, to 7-week-old juveniles. Responses of cuttlefish to elevated pCO(2) (hypercapnia) were investigated to test the impacts of near-future and extreme ocean acidification conditions on growth, developmental time, oxygen consumption, and yolk utilization as proxies for individual fitness. We further examined gross morphological characteristics of the internal calcareous cuttlebone to determine whether embryonically secreted shell lamellae are impacted by environmental hypercapnia. Embryonic growth was reduced and hatching delayed under elevated pCO(2), both at environmentally relevant levels (0.14 kPa pCO(2) similar to predicted ocean conditions in 2100) and extreme conditions (0.40 kPa pCO(2)). Comparing various metrics from control and intermediate treatments generally showed no significant difference in experimental measurements. Yet, results from the high pCO(2) treatment showed significant changes compared with controls and revealed a consistent general trend across the three treatment levels. The proportion of animal mass contributed by the cuttlebone increased in both elevated pCO(2) treatments. Gross cuttlebone morphology was affected under such conditions and cuttlebones of hypercapnic individuals were proportionally shorter. Embryonic shell morphology was maintained consistently in all treatments, despite compounding hypercapnia in the perivitelline fluid; however, post-hatching, hypercapnic animals developed denser cuttlebone laminae in shorter cuttlebones. Juvenile cuttlefish in acidified environments thus experience lower growth and yet increased calcification of their internal shell. The results of this study support recent findings that early cuttlefish life stages are more vulnerable towards hypercapnia than juveniles and adults, which may have negative repercussions on the biological fitness of cuttlefish hatchlings in future oceans.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv188
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    The Aquatic Symbiosis Genomics Project: probing the evolution of symbiosis across the tree of life [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] (2021)
    Wellcome
    In:  (Submitted) Wellcome Open Research, 6 . Art.Nr. 254.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-25
    Description: We present the Aquatic Symbiosis Genomics Project, a global collaboration to generate high quality genome sequences for a wide range of eukaryotes and their microbial symbionts. Launched under the Symbiosis in Aquatic Systems Initiative of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the ASG Project brings together researchers from across the globe who hope to use these reference genomes to augment and extend their analyses of the dynamics, mechanisms and environmental importance of symbiosis. Applying large-scale, high-throughput sequencing and assembly technologies, the ASG collaboration will assemble and annotate the genomes of 500 symbiotic organisms – both the “hosts” and the microbial symbionts with which they associate. These data will be released openly to benefit all who work on symbiosis, from conservation geneticists to those interested in the origin of the eukaryotic cell.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17222.1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Heterogeneity on the abyssal plains: A case study in the Bering Sea (2023)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The abyssal plains are vast areas without large scale relief that occupy much of the ocean floor. Although long considered relatively featureless, they are now known to display substantial biological heterogeneity across different spatial scales. Ecological research in these regions benefits increasingly from non-destructive visual sampling of epifaunal organisms with imaging technology. We analysed images from ultra-high-definition towed camera transects at depths of around 3500 m across three stations (100–130 km apart) in the Bering Sea, to ask whether the density and distribution of visible epifauna indicated any substantial heterogeneity. We identified 71 different megafaunal taxa, of which 24 occurred at only one station. Measurements of the two most abundant faunal elements, the holothurian Elpidia minutissima and two xenophyophores morphotypes (the more common identifiable as Syringammina limosa), indicated significant differences in local densities and patchy aggregations that were strikingly dissimilar among stations. One station was dominated by xenophyophores, one was relatively depauperate in both target taxa as well as other identified megafauna, and the third station was dominated by Elpidia. This is an unexpected level of variation within comparable transects in a well-mixed oceanic basin, reinforcing the emerging view that abyssal habitats encompass biological heterogeneity at similar spatial scales to terrestrial continental realms.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Unlocking the potential of marine biodiscovery (2021)
    Royal Society of Chemistry
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The tremendous diversity of life in the ocean has proven to be a rich source of inspiration for drug discovery, with success rates for marine natural products up to 4 times higher than other naturally derived compounds. Yet the marine biodiscovery pipeline is characterized by chronic underfunding, bottlenecks and, ultimately, untapped potential. For instance, a lack of taxonomic capacity means that, on average, 20 years pass between the discovery of new organisms and the formal publication of scientific names, a prerequisite to proceed with detecting and isolating promising bioactive metabolites. The need for “edge” research that can spur novel lines of discovery and lengthy high-risk drug discovery processes, are poorly matched with research grant cycles. Here we propose five concrete pathways to broaden the biodiscovery pipeline and open the social and economic potential of the ocean genome for global benefit: (1) investing in fundamental research, even when the links to industry are not immediately apparent; (2) cultivating equitable collaborations between academia and industry that share both risks and benefits for these foundational research stages; (3) providing new opportunities for early-career researchers and under-represented groups to engage in high-risk research without risking their careers; (4) sharing data with global networks; and (5) protecting genetic diversity at its source through strong conservation efforts. The treasures of the ocean have provided fundamental breakthroughs in human health and still remain under-utilised for human benefit, yet that potential may be lost if we allow the biodiscovery pipeline to become blocked in a search for quick-fix solutions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    One size fits all: stability of metabolic scaling under warming and ocean acidification in echinoderms (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Carey, Nicholas; Dupont, Sam; Lundve, Bengt; Sigwart, Julia D (2014): One size fits all: stability of metabolic scaling under warming and ocean acidification in echinoderms. Marine Biology, 161(9), 2131-2142, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2493-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Responses by marine species to ocean acidification (OA) have recently been shown to be modulated by external factors including temperature, food supply and salinity. However the role of a fundamental biological parameter relevant to all organisms, that of body size, in governing responses to multiple stressors has been almost entirely overlooked. Recent consensus suggests allometric scaling of metabolism with body size differs between species, the commonly cited 'universal' mass scaling exponent (b) of ¾ representing an average of exponents that naturally vary. One model, the Metabolic-Level Boundaries hypothesis, provides a testable prediction: that b will decrease within species under increasing temperature. However, no previous studies have examined how metabolic scaling may be directly affected by OA. We acclimated a wide body-mass range of three common NE Atlantic echinoderms (the sea star Asterias rubens, the brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis and Amphiura filiformis) to two levels of pCO2 and three temperatures, and metabolic rates were determined using closed-chamber respirometry. The results show that contrary to some models these echinoderm species possess a notable degree of stability in metabolic scaling under different abiotic conditions; the mass scaling exponent (b) varied in value between species, but not within species under different conditions. Additionally, we found no effect of OA on metabolic rates in any species. These data suggest responses to abiotic stressors are not modulated by body size in these species, as reflected in the stability of the metabolic scaling relationship. Such equivalence in response across ontogenetic size ranges has important implications for the stability of ecological food webs.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Amphiura filiformis; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Ash free dry mass; Asterias rubens; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2calc; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Echinodermata; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Identification; Laboratory experiment; North Atlantic; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Ophiothrix fragilis; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Sample ID; Single species; Species; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 12028 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 7
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    Size matters: plasticity in metabolic scaling shows body-size may modulate responses to climate change (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Carey, Nicholas; Sigwart, Julia D (2014): Size matters: plasticity in metabolic scaling shows body-size may modulate responses to climate change. Biology Letters, 10(8), 20140408-20140408, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0408
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Variability in metabolic scaling in animals, the relationship between metabolic rate ( R) and body mass ( M), has been a source of debate and controversy for decades. R is proportional to Mb, the precise value of b much debated, but historically considered equal in all organisms. Recent metabolic theory, however, predicts b to vary among species with ecology and metabolic level, and may also vary within species under different abiotic conditions. Under climate change, most species will experience increased temperatures, and marine organisms will experience the additional stressor of decreased seawater pH ('ocean acidification'). Responses to these environmental changes are modulated by myriad species-specific factors. Body-size is a fundamental biological parameter, but its modulating role is relatively unexplored. Here, we show that changes to metabolic scaling reveal asymmetric responses to stressors across body-size ranges; b is systematically decreased under increasing temperature in three grazing molluscs, indicating smaller individuals were more responsive to warming. Larger individuals were, however, more responsive to reduced seawater pH in low temperatures. These alterations to the allometry of metabolism highlight abiotic control of metabolic scaling, and indicate that responses to climate warming and ocean acidification may be modulated by body-size.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Ash free dry mass; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2calc; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Coulometric titration; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Katharina tunicata; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; Mopalia muscosa; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric titration; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Sample ID; Single species; Species; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Tonicella lineata; Treatment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 16523 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 8
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    Grazing under experimental hypercapnia and elevated temperature does not affect the radula of a chiton (Mollusca, Polyplacophora, Lepidopleurida) (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Sigwart, Julia D; Carey, Nicholas (2014): Grazing under experimental hypercapnia and elevated temperature does not affect the radula of a chiton (Mollusca, Polyplacophora, Lepidopleurida). Marine Environmental Research, 102, 73-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.05.004
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Chitons (class Polyplacophora) are benthic grazing molluscs with an eight-part aragonitic shell armature. The radula, a serial tooth ribbon that extends internally more than half the length of the body, is mineralised on the active feeding teeth with iron magnetite apparently as an adaptation to constant grazing on rocky substrates. As the anterior feeding teeth are eroded they are shed and replaced with a new row. The efficient mineralisation and function of the radula could hypothetically be affected by changing oceans in two ways: changes in seawater chemistry (pH and pCO2) may impact the biomineralisation pathway, potentially leading to a weaker or altered density of the feeding teeth; rising temperatures could increase activity levels in these ectothermic animals, and higher feeding rates could increase wear on the feeding teeth beyond the animals' ability to synthesise, mineralise, and replace radular rows. We therefore examined the effects of pH and temperature on growth and integrity in the radula of the chiton Leptochiton asellus. Our experiment implemented three temperature (10, 15, 20 °C) and two pCO2 treatments (400 µatm, pH 8.0; 2000 µatm, pH 7.5) for six treatment groups. Animals (n = 50) were acclimated to the treatment conditions for a period of 4 weeks. This is sufficient time for growth of ca. 7-9 new tooth rows or 20% turnover of the mineralised portion. There was no significant difference in the number of new (non-mineralised) teeth or total tooth row count in any treatment. Examination of the radulae via SEM revealed no differences in microwear or breakage on the feeding cusps correlating to treatment groups. The shell valves also showed no signs of dissolution. As a lineage, chitons have survived repeated shifts in Earth's climate through geological time, and at least their radulae may be robust to future perturbations.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2calc; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Diameter; Diameter, standard deviation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Leptochiton asellus; Mollusca; North Atlantic; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Salinity; Single species; Species; Specimen count; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 196 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 9
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    Sea hare Aplysia punctata (mollusca: Gastropoda) can maintain shell calcification under extreme ocean acidification (2016)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Carey, Nicholas; Dupont, Sam; Sigwart, Julia D (2016): Sea hare Aplysia punctata (mollusca: Gastropoda) can maintain shell calcification under extreme ocean acidification. Biological Bulletin, 231(2), 142-151, https://doi.org/10.1086/690094
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean acidification is expected to cause energetic constraints upon marine calcifying organisms such as molluscs and echinoderms, because of the increased costs of building or maintaining shell material in lower pH. We examined metabolic rate, shell morphometry, and calcification in the sea hare Aplysia punctata under short-term exposure (19 days) to an extreme ocean acidification scenario (pH 7.3, 2800 µatm pCO2), along with a group held in control conditions (pH 8.1, 344 µatm pCO2). This gastropod and its congeners are broadly distributed and locally abundant grazers, and have an internal shell that protects the internal organs. Specimens were examined for metabolic rate via closed-chamber respirometry, followed by removal and examination of the shell under confocal microscopy. Staining using calcein determined the amount of new calcification that occurred over 6 days at the end of the acclimation period. The width of new, pre-calcified shell on the distal shell margin was also quantified as a proxy for overall shell growth. Aplysia punctata showed a 30% reduction in metabolic rate under low pH, but calcification was not affected. This species is apparently able to maintain calcification rate even under extreme low pH, and even when under the energetic constraints of lower metabolism. This finding adds to the evidence that calcification is a largely autonomous process of crystallization that occurs as long as suitable haeomocoel conditions are preserved. There was, however, evidence that the accretion of new, noncalcified shell material may have been reduced, which would lead to overall reduced shell growth under longer-term exposures to low pH independent of calcification. Our findings highlight that the chief impact of ocean acidification upon the ability of marine invertebrates to maintain their shell under low pH may be energetic constraints that hinder growth of supporting structure, rather than maintenance of calcification.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aplysia punctata; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcification/Dissolution; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2calc; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Dry mass; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; North Atlantic; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Registration number of species; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Sample ID; Shell length; Single species; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Width
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1184 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 10
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    A blueprint for an inclusive, global deep-sea ocean decade field program (2021)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Howell, K. L., Hilario, A., Allcock, A. L., Bailey, D. M., Baker, M., Clark, M. R., Colaco, A., Copley, J., Cordes, E. E., Danovaro, R., Dissanayake, A., Escobar, E., Esquete, P., Gallagher, A. J., Gates, A. R., Gaudron, S. M., German, C. R., Gjerde, K. M., Higgs, N. D., Le Bris, N., Levin, L. A., Manea, E., McClain, C., Menot, L., Mestre, N. C., Metaxas, A., Milligan, R. J., Muthumbi, A. W. N., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Ramalho, S. P., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Robson, L. M., Rogers, A. D., Sellanes, J., Sigwart, J. D., Sink, K., Snelgrove, P. V. R., Stefanoudis, P., V., Sumida, P. Y., Taylor, M. L., Thurber, A. R., Vieira, R. P., Watanabe, H. K., Woodall, L. C., & Xavier, J. R. A blueprint for an inclusive, global deep-sea ocean decade field program. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 584861, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.584861.
    Description: The ocean plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Earth System and in the provision of vital goods and services. The United Nations (UN) declared 2021–2030 as the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The Roadmap for the Ocean Decade aims to achieve six critical societal outcomes (SOs) by 2030, through the pursuit of four objectives (Os). It specifically recognizes the scarcity of biological data for deep-sea biomes, and challenges the global scientific community to conduct research to advance understanding of deep-sea ecosystems to inform sustainable management. In this paper, we map four key scientific questions identified by the academic community to the Ocean Decade SOs: (i) What is the diversity of life in the deep ocean? (ii) How are populations and habitats connected? (iii) What is the role of living organisms in ecosystem function and service provision? and (iv) How do species, communities, and ecosystems respond to disturbance? We then consider the design of a global-scale program to address these questions by reviewing key drivers of ecological pattern and process. We recommend using the following criteria to stratify a global survey design: biogeographic region, depth, horizontal distance, substrate type, high and low climate hazard, fished/unfished, near/far from sources of pollution, licensed/protected from industry activities. We consider both spatial and temporal surveys, and emphasize new biological data collection that prioritizes southern and polar latitudes, deeper (〉 2000 m) depths, and midwater environments. We provide guidance on observational, experimental, and monitoring needs for different benthic and pelagic ecosystems. We then review recent efforts to standardize biological data and specimen collection and archiving, making “sampling design to knowledge application” recommendations in the context of a new global program. We also review and comment on needs, and recommend actions, to develop capacity in deep-sea research; and the role of inclusivity - from accessing indigenous and local knowledge to the sharing of technologies - as part of such a global program. We discuss the concept of a new global deep-sea biological research program ‘Challenger 150,’ highlighting what it could deliver for the Ocean Decade and UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.
    Description: Development of this paper was supported by funding from the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) awarded to KH and AH as working group 159 co-chairs. KH, BN, and KS are supported by the UKRI funded One Ocean Hub NE/S008950/1. AH work is supported by the CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + 1432 UIDB/50017/2020) that is funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)/MCTES through national funds. AA is supported by Science Foundation Ireland and the Marine Institute under the Investigators Program Grant Number SFI/15/IA/3100 co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund 2014–2020. AC is supported through the FunAzores -ACORES 01-0145-FEDER-000123 grant and by FCT through strategic project UID/05634/2020 and FCT and Direção-Geral de Politica do Mar (DGPM) through the project Mining2/2017/005. PE is funded by national funds (OE), through FCT in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. SG research is supported by CNRS funds. CG is supported by an Independent Study Award and the Investment in Science Fund at WHOI. KG gratefully acknowledges support from Synchronicity Earth. LL is funded by the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (NA19OAR0110305) and the US National Science Foundation (OCE 1634172). NM is supported by FCT and DGPM, through the project Mining2/2017/001 and the FCT grants CEECIND/00526/2017, UIDB/00350/2020 + UIDP/00350/2020. SR is funded by the FCTgrant CEECIND/00758/2017. JS is supported by ANID FONDECYT #1181153 and ANID Millennium Science Initiative Program #NC120030. JX research is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the SponGES project (grant agreement no. 679849) and further supported by national funds through FCT within the scope of UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020. The Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada supports AM and PVRS. MB and the Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative are supported by Arcadia - A charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin. BN work is supported by the NERC funded Arctic PRIZE NE/P006302/1.
    Keywords: Deep sea ; Blue economy ; Ocean Decade ; Biodivercity ; Essential ocean variables
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    PAPER (OA)
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