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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Left and right superior parietal lobule in tactile object discrimination (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tactile object discrimination is one of the major manual skills of humans. While the exploring finger movements are not perceived explicitly, attention to the movement-evoked kinaesthetic information gates the tactile perception of object form. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in seven healthy subjects we found one area in the right superior parietal cortex, which was specifically activated by kinaesthetic attention during tactile object discrimination. Another area with similar location in the left hemisphere was related to the maintenance of tactile information for subsequent object discrimination. We conclude that kinaesthetic information is processed in the anterior portion of the superior parietal cortex (aSPL) with a right hemispheric predominance for discrimination and a left hemispheric predominance for information maintenance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03185.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activation of frontoparietal cortices during memorized triple-step sequences of saccadic eye movements: an fMRI study (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 13 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To determine the cortical areas controlling memory-guided sequences of saccadic eye movements, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in six healthy adults. Subjects had to perform a memorized sequence of three saccades in darkness, after a triple-step stimulus of successively flashed laser targets. To assess the differential contribution of saccadic subfunctions, we applied several control conditions, such as central fixation with or without triple-step visual stimulation, self-paced saccades in darkness, visually guided saccades and single memory-guided saccades. Triple-step saccades strongly activated the regions of the frontal eye fields, the adjacent ventral premotor cortex, the supplementary eye fields, the anterior cingulate cortex and several posterior parietal foci in the superior parietal lobule, the precuneus, and the middle and posterior portion of the intraparietal sulcus, the probable location of the human parietal eye field. Comparison with the control conditions showed that the right intraparietal sulcus and parts of the frontal and supplementary eye fields are more involved in the execution of triple-step saccades than in the other saccade tasks. In accordance with evidence from clinical lesion studies, we propose that the supplementary eye field essentially controls the triggering of memorized saccadic sequences, whereas activation near the middle portion of the right intraparietal sulcus appears to reflect the necessary spatial computations, including the use of extraretinal information (efference copy) about a saccadic eye displacement for updating the spatial representation of the second or third target of the triple-step sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01472.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fronto-parietal circuit for object manipulation in man: evidence from an fMRI-study (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to localize brain areas active during manipulation of complex objects. In one experiment subjects were required to manipulate complex objects for exploring their macrogeometric features as compared to manipulation of a simple smooth object (a sphere). In a second experiment subjects were asked to manipulate complex objects and to silently name them upon recognition as compared to manipulation of complex not recognizable objects without covert naming. Manipulation of complex objects resulted in an activation of ventral premotor cortex [Brodmann's area (BA) 44], of a region in the intraparietal sulcus (most probably corresponding to the anterior intraparietal area in the monkey), of area SII and of a sector of the superior parietal lobule. When the objects were covertly named additional activations were found in the opercular part of BA 44 and in the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45). We suggest that a fronto-parietal circuit for manipulation of objects exists in humans and involves basically the same areas as in the monkey. It is proposed that area SII analyses the intrinsic object characteristics whilst the superior parietal lobule is related to kinaesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00753.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of V5 (hMT+) in visually guided hand movements: an fMRI study (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electrophysiological studies in animals suggest that visuomotor control of forelimb and eye movements involves reciprocal connections between several areas (striate, extrastriate, parietal, motor and premotor) related to movement performance and visuospatial coding of movement direction. The extrastriate area MT [V5 (hMT+) in humans] located in the ‘dorsal pathway’ of the primate brain is specialized in the processing of visual motion information. The aim of our study was to investigate the functional role of V5 (hMT+) in the control of visually guided hand movements and to identify the corresponding cortex activation implicated in the visuomotor tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eight human subjects performed visually guided hand movements, either continuously tracking a horizontally moving target or performing ballistic tracking movements of a cursor to an eccentric stationary target while fixating a central fixation cross. The tracking movements were back-projected onto the screen using a cursor which was moved by an MRI-compatible joystick. Both conditions activated area V5 (hMT+), right more than left, particularly during continuous tracking. In addition, a large-scale sensorimotor circuit which included sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, striatum, thalamus and cerebellum as well as a number of cortical areas along the intraparietal sulcus in both hemispheres were activated. Because activity was increased in V5 (hMT+) during continuous tracking but not during ballistic tracking as compared to motion perception, it has a pivotal role during the visual control of forelimb movements as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03393.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 13 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to localize brain areas that were active during the observation of actions made by another individual. Object- and non-object-related actions made with different effectors (mouth, hand and foot) were presented. Observation of both object- and non-object-related actions determined a somatotopically organized activation of premotor cortex. The somatotopic pattern was similar to that of the classical motor cortex homunculus. During the observation of object-related actions, an activation, also somatotopically organized, was additionally found in the posterior parietal lobe. Thus, when individuals observe an action, an internal replica of that action is automatically generated in their premotor cortex. In the case of object-related actions, a further object-related analysis is performed in the parietal lobe, as if the subjects were indeed using those objects. These results bring the previous concept of an action observation/execution matching system (mirror system) into a broader perspective: this system is not restricted to the ventral premotor cortex, but involves several somatotopically organized motor circuits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01385.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascularization of syngenic intracerebral RG2 and F98 rat transplantation tumors (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 76 (1988), S. 599-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ricinus communis agglutinin ; Histochemistry ; Vascular endothelia ; Experimental brain tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascularization of intracerebral transplantation tumors of the two rat glioma clones RG2 and F98 was studied in various stages of progressive tumor growth by use of biotinylatedRicinus communis agglutinin I (B-RCA I) in avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC)-histochemistry. The tumors were induced by stereotactic implantation of 1000 glioma cells into the right caudate nucleus of 26 adult CDF-rats and examined after 10, 14, 18, and 21 days following controlled intracardial perfusion of the host animals. Our histochemical results on paraffin sections demonstrate that B-RCA I selectively stains vascular endothelial cells of arteries, veins, and capillaries not only in the normal rat brain but also in the transplantation tumors. Subsequently morphometric measurements of the B-RCA I-stained sections were performed to define the tumor vascularization in quantitative terms. There was an increase in the mean tumor vessel diameters during tumor growth in both transplantation tumor types leading to values about two times above those of the normal rat striatum. On the contrary, the mean vessel density and the mean vessel surface per tumor area were markedly reduced in the late stages of both tumor types when compared to the normal striatum. The RG2 and F98 transplantation tumors differed with regard to the intercapillary distance, which was two times higher in the F98 transplantation tumors than in the RG2 tumors on day 21. In conclusion, B-RCA I is a very sensitive histochemical marker for rat vascular endothelia on paraffin sections. Moreover, this method appears to provide the possibility for qualitative and quantitative study of the development of vasculature in intracerebral transplantation systems including tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689599
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The leakage of serum proteins across the blood-nerve barrier in hereditary and inflammatory neuropathies (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-nerve barrier ; Hereditary neuropathies ; Inflammatory neuropathies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphometric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The leakage of eight different serum proteins and immunoglobulins across the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) was studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method in hereditary and inflammatory neuropathies and graded semiquantitatively with respect to endoneurial staining intensity and distribution. These data were compared with the degree of alterations of the myelinated nerve fibre population evaluated by morphometric analysis. Our series of 18 human sural nerve biopsies included seven hereditary neuropathies (three HMSN I, two HMSN II, two tomaculous neuropathies), nine inflammatory neuropathies (seven polyneuritis, two hypertrophic neuritis) and two normal controls. In HMSN II and in tomaculous neuropathy there was no enhanced endoneurial staining for serum proteins despite of a severe nerve fibre loss, whereas in HMSN I a rise of serum proteins of small and moderate molecular size like albumin and IgG was demonstrated in the endoneurial space indicating an impaired BNB function. Qualitative changes of the BNB with leakage also of high molecular weight proteins were observed in polyneuritis and hypertrophic neuritis, irrespective of the degree of nerve fibre changes. Our results show that fibre loss and alteration of the BNB are not correlated. The unselective leakage of serum proteins through the BNB appears to be a characteristic change in inflammatory neuropathies leading to proteinous edema. With regard to the subperineurial accentuation of the endoneurial edema it will be discussed that the vascular diffusion barrier is more fragile than the perineurial diffusion barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695502
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Congenital Leigh's disease: Panencephalomyelopathy and peripheral neuropathy (1984)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Congenital Leigh's disease ; Panencephalomyelopathy ; Peripheral neuropathy ; Mitochondriopathies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A dystrophic newborn girl (38th week of gestation) presented as a floppy infant with relapsing episodes of lactic acidosis and progressive cerebral deterioration. She died after serious apnoea at the age of 8 weeks. Neuropathological examination demonstrated widespread changes of Leigh's subacute polioencephalomyelopathy affecting the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, mesencephalon and spinal cord. In addition, there was severe leukoencephalopathy of the cerebral hemispheres with sudanophilic tissue degregation, advanced axonal loss and reactive astrocytic gliosis. There was marked demyelination of the sciatic nerves. Electron-microscopical examination of the hypertrophic heart revealed pathological mitochondria with tubular inclusions suggestive of primary mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. Similar mitochondrial changes were not detected in the CNS and PNS. The complex of neuropathological alterations in this case is nevertheless consistent with a congenital variant of Leigh's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695581
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical demonstration of serum proteins in human cerebral gliomas (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human cerebral gliomas ; Peroxidase-antiperoxidase-immunohistochemistry ; Serum proteins ; Blood-brain barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The leakage of different serum proteins, including immunoglobulins, into human cerebral gliomas was studied by use of the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method on cryostat and paraffin sections. Our series of 50 tumour biopsies included 21 isomorphic astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas (grade II), 19 anaplastic astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas (grade III), and 10 glioblastomas (grade IV). The immunohistochemical staining of the serum proteins was similar on paraffin and cryostat sections and graded with respect to occurrence, distribution, and intensity. Serum proteins of a small hydrodynamic radius with a low serum concentration (prealbumin) or with a high serum concentration (albumin) were diffusely present in the interstitial spaces of all glioma types. Serum proteins with a medium molecular size and variable serum concentrations, i. e. IgG, IgA, and ceruloplasmin, were detected preferentially in anaplastic gliomas and in glioblastomas (grade III and IV) displaying comparable distribution patterns but different intensities. Alpha-2-macroglobulin a serum protein with a large hydrodynamic radius was also demonstrated in grade III and IV gliomas, whereas IgM and beta-lipoprotein being the largest serum proteins tested were almost restricted to blood vessels and tumour necroses. In addition, most serum proteins occurred with high intensities in those areas of isomorphic grade II gliomas that showed a macro-or microcystic or mucinous tissue degeneration. The varying immunohistochemical staining results for the serum protiens studied indicate that the blood-brain barrier within isomorphic and anaplastic gliomas is not completely disturbed. It appears that the vascular permeability is preferentially increased for small-sized serum proteins, whereas the leakage of larger serum proteins into the glioma interstitium seems to depend on the tumour type and on increasing malignancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693780
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas and glioma cell lines (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 270-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Vimentin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Rat Gliomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin was investigated immuno-histochemically in 104 experimental gliomas induced by transplancental application of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) in CDF rats. Immunoreactivity for vimentin was prominent in many astrocytic tumor cells and especially in small glioma cells forming anaplastic medulloblastoma-like foci in many tumors. The majority of tumor cells in oligodendroglial tumors were vimentin negative, except for some of the large polymorphous oligodendrogliomas which contained intermingled vimentin positive glioma cells. GFAP immunoreactivity was detectable only in a low fraction of tumor astrocytes and in a few exceptional cases some oligodendroglial tumor cells stained positive. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against neurofilaments and cytokeratins revealed no staining in tumor cells of ENU-induced gliomas, while all oligoden-drogliomatous tumors stained positive for HNK-1. Immunocytological and immunoblot investigations of the two rat glioma cell clones RG2 and F98, which are both derived from ENU-induced gliomas, showed a prominent expression of vimentin in monolayer cultures and in syngeneic intracerebral transplantation tumors. F98 additionally demonstrated a fraction of GFAP positive cells especially in confluent cultures and in intracerebral tumors. RG2, on the other hand, exhibited virtually no GFAP immunoreactivity in culture but showed individual GFAP positive tumor cells in intracerebral tumors. Our results revealed a more precise picture of the cellular differentiation in ENU-induced rat gliomas and in two widely used glioma cell lines. They underline the heterogeneity of experimental rat gliomas which may comprise cells at different stages of differentiation towards the oligodendroglial or astroglial phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687757
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