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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of lead concentrations and isotope ratios in recent snow samples from high alpine sites with a double focusing ICP-MS (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 359 (1997), S. 382-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A double focusing ICP-MS, equipped with a Micro Concentric Nebulizer, has been used to determine concentrations and isotopic ratios of lead in recent snow samples (1993–1996) from high alpine sites in Switzerland. Concentrations varied between 0.02 ± 0.002 and 5.5 ± 0.15 ng/g and are slightly lower than concentrations reported by Atteia [1], by Batifol et al. [2], and by Wagenbach et al. [3] for precipitation samples from similar remote sites in Europe. Since concentrations of lead in the fresh snow samples were mainly in the lower pg/g range, the method to determine the isotopic ratios 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb had to be optimized. They could finally be determined with an average standard error of 0.14% within 12 min and a total sample consumption of 0.8 mL. The average ratios 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb were 0.875 and 2.117, respectively. These values are comparable to isotopic compositions of lead in aerosols collected in Western Europe [4] and are less radiogenic than predicted by Grousset et al. [5]. Our data indicate that, although lead emissions from traffic have decreased largely during the last 10 years, the contribution from this source in modern snow is still detectable and seems to be equal to the lead input from other anthropogenic sources (e.g. waste incineration, industry).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050592
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercomparison of snow Sampling and Analysis Within the Alpine-Wide Snowpack Investigation (SNOSP) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 67-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Snow sampling ; snow chemistry ; intercomparison ; Alps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the seasonal and geographical distribution of snow concentrations anddeposition fluxes of environmentally relevant ionic species in the Alps, the international programSNOSP was initiated. In the framework of this program, intercomparisons of snow samplingtechniques and analytical methods to determine the ionic species C1-, NO 3 - ,SO 4 2- , K+, Na+, NH4 +, Mg2+, and Ca2+, as well as the pH and the specificconductivity were performed. The concentrations of these species in the snow samples collectedin the SNOSP program varied by orders of magnitude with, e.g., concentrations of NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , and NH4 + ranging from 0.2-60, 0.2-90, and 0.1-60 µeq L-1,respectively. The intercomparisons revealed a reasonable agreement of the determinations of thespecies Cl-, NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , Na+, and NH4 + in snow. Results were less satisfactory for K+, Mg2+, Ca2+,and H+, mainly due to the very low concentrations. In conclusion, recommendations areformulated for the reliable derivation of chemical inventories from snow packs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022167507380
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercomparison of snow sampling and analysis within the alpine-wide snowpack investigation (SNOSP) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 67-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Snow sampling ; snow chemistry ; intercomparison ; Alps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the seasonal and geographical distribution of snow concentrations and deposition fluxes of environmentally relevant ionic species in the Alps, the international program SNOSP was initiated. In the framework of this program, intercomparisons of snow sampling techniques and analytical methods to determine the ionic species Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, K+, Na+, NH4 +, Mg2+, and Ca2+, as well as the pH and the specific conductivity were performed. The concentrations of these species in the snow samples collected in the SNOSP program varied by orders of magnitude with, e.g., concentrations of NO3 −, SO4 2−, and NH4 + ranging from 0.2–60, 0.2–90, and 0.1–60μeq L−1, respectively. The intercomparisons revealed a reasonable agreement of the determinations of the species Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, Na+, and NH4 + in snow. Results were less satisfactory for K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and H+, mainly due to the very low concentrations. In conclusion, recommendations are formulated for the reliable derivation of chemical inventories from snow packs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404748
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A130 years deposition record of sulfate, nitrate and chloride from a high-alpine glacier (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 603-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Alps ; Chloride ; Deposition record ; Ice core ; Nitrate ; Sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An ice core from a high-alpine glacier (Grenzgletscher, Colle Gnifetti, Monte Rosa massif, 4450 m a.s.l., Switzerland) was used to reconstruct the pollution history of Central-Europe. Concentrations of the most important acidifying species sulfate and nitrate as well as of chloride were measured in 1151 samples with 5 cm resolution from the top 60 m of a 109 m long firn/ice core. This corresponds to a mean time resolution of 8 (bottom) to 14 (top) data points per year. A 210Pb nuclear dating showed that the ice core covers a time period between 1850–1981 and that the mean accumulation rate was 0.33 m water equivalent per year. Between the two time periods 1850 – 1880 and 1965 – 1981 the mean sulfate concentrations increased by a factor of 5.8±0.9 and for nitrate by a factor of 2.3±0.3. The mean concentrations at the beginning of the industrial time (period 1850 –1880) was 0.078±0.008 mg/l for sulfate and 0.067±0.005 mg/l for nitrate. The mean chloride concentration was 0.047±0.004 mg/l and did not show a trend in concentration over the time period investigated. A distribution analysis of the measured concentrations for the two time periods 1850 – 1865 and 1965 – 1981 was performed which showed that the data have a nearly log-normal distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476895
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  • 5
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    Recent increase in black carbon concentrations from a Mt. Everest ice core spanning 1860–2000 AD (2011)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-18
    Description: A Mt. Everest ice core spanning 1860–2000 AD and analyzed at high resolution for black carbon (BC) using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) demonstrates strong seasonality, with peak concentrations during the winter-spring, and low concentrations during the summer monsoon season. BC concentrations from 1975–2000 relative to 1860–1975 have increased approximately threefold, indicating that BC from anthropogenic sources is being transported to high elevation regions of the Himalaya. The timing of the increase in BC is consistent with BC emission inventory data from South Asia and the Middle East, however since 1990 the ice core BC record does not indicate continually increasing BC concentrations. The Everest BC and dust records provide information about absorbing impurities that can contribute to glacier melt by reducing the albedo of snow and ice. There is no increasing trend in dust concentrations since 1860, and estimated surface radiative forcing due to BC in snow exceeds that of dust in snow. This suggests that a reduction in BC emissions may be an effective means to reduce the effect of absorbing impurities on snow albedo and melt, which affects Himalayan glaciers and the availability of water resources in major Asian rivers.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Modulation of snow reflectance and snowmelt from Central Asian glaciers by anthropogenic black carbon (2017)
    In:  Scientific Reports
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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