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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The wealth of information existing on the general principle of S-layers has revealed a broad application potential. The most relevant features exploited in applied S-layer research are: (i) pores passing through S-layers show identical size and morphology and are in the range of ultrafiltration membranes; (ii) functional groups on the surface and in the pores are aligned in well-defined positions and orientations and accessible for binding functional molecules in very precise fashion; (iii) isolated S-layer subunits from many organisms are capable of recrystallizing as closed monolayers onto solid supports at the air-water interface, on lipid monolayers or onto the surface of liposomes. Particularly their repetitive physicochemical properties down to the subnanometer scale make S-layers unique structures for functionalization of surfaces and interfaces down to the ultimate resolution limit. The following review focuses on selected applications in biotechnology, diagnostics, vaccine development, biomimetic membranes, supramolecular engineering and nanotechnology. Despite progress in the characterization of S-layers and the exploitation of S-layers for the applications described in this chapter, it is clear that the field lags behind others (e.g. enzyme engineering) in applying recent advances in protein engineering. Genetic modification and targeted chemical modification would allow several possibilities including the manipulation of pore permeation properties, the introduction of switches to open and close the pores, and the covalent attachment to surfaces or other macromolecules through defined sites on the S-layer protein. The application of protein engineering to S-layers will require the development of straightforward expression systems, the development of simple assays for assembly and function that are suitable for the rapid screening of numerous mutants and the acquisition of structural information at atomic resolution. Attention should be given to these areas in the coming years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European food research and technology 181 (1985), S. 467-469 
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Brombeerextrakte wurden enzymatisch hydrolysiert und auf Hydroxybenzoesäuren untersucht. Durch präparative HPLC und Papierchromatographie wurden anthocyaninhaltige Fraktionen isoliert, die bei der enzymatischen Hydrolyse Protocatechusäure ergaben. Es wurde gezeigt, daß durch enzymatische Hydrolyse mit einem technischen Enzym Hydroxybenzoesäuren aus Anthocyaninen entstehen können. Durch alkalische Hydrolyse können ebenfalls Hydroxybenzoesäuren aus Anthocyaninen und anderen Flavonoiden entstehen.
    Notes: Summary Extracts of blackberries were hydrolysed enzymatically and examined for hydroxybenzoic acids. Fractions containing anthocyanins were isolated by preparative HPLC and PC and upon enzymatic hydrolysis protocatechuic acid was detected. In these fractions it could be shown, that hydroxybenzoic acids result from enzymatic hydrolysis of anthocyanins using a non-specific enzyme. After alkaline hydrolysis hydroxybenzoic acids could also be obtained from anthocyanins and other flavonoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 28 (1999), S. 583-590 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Crystalline bacterial surface layer ; S-layer ; Lipid membrane ; Irreversible breakdown
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Isolated protein subunits of the crystalline bacterial cell surface layer (S-layer) of Bacillus coagulans E38-66 have been recrystallized on one side of planar black lipid membranes (BLMs) and their influence on the electrical properties, rupture kinetics and mechanical stability of the BLM was investigated. The effect on the boundary potential, the capacitance or the conductance of the membrane was negligible whereas the mechanical properties were considerably changed. The mechanical stability was characterized by applying voltage pulses or ramps to induce irreversible rupture. The amplitude of the voltage pulse leading to rupture allows conclusions on the ability of membranes to resist external forces. Surprisingly, these amplitudes were significantly lower for composite S-layer/lipid membranes compared to undecorated BLMs. In contrast, the delay time between the voltage pulse and the appearance of the initial defect was found to be drastically longer for the S-layer-supported lipid bilayer. Furthermore, the kinetics of the rupture process was recorded. Undecorated membranes show a fast linear increase of the pore conductance in time, indicating an inertia-limited defect growth. The attachment of an S-layer causes a slow exponential increase in the conductance during rupture, indicating a viscosity-determined widening of the pore. In addition, the mechanical properties on a longer time scale were investigated by applying a hydrostatic pressure across the BLMs. This causes the BLM to bulge, as monitored by an increase in capacitance. Compared to undecorated BLMs, a significantly higher pressure gradient has to be applied on the S-layer face of the composite BLMs to observe any change in capacitance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-04-20
    Description: This study documents the structural and metamorphic evolution of middle to lower crust along an oblique convergent curved continental margin during a time span of ∼60 Myr. Our study documents the importance of variable obliquity during convergence which led to the development of overprinting fabrics and distinct exhumation histories along strike of the margin. We present structural analyses, 40Ar/39Ar, Rb/Sr, and zircon fission track ages from middle to lower crust exposed along the southern Alaskan margin in the Chugach Metamorphic Complex. Together with the metamorphic history and additional geochronology from the literature we derive the following tectonic evolution for this area: accretion of sediments during dextrally oblique convergence led to strain-partitioned D1 structures and greenschist-facies metamorphism prior to circa 55 Ma. At ∼55–51 Ma, a margin-parallel stretching phase with vertical thinning (D2) affected the margin and led to andalusite-sillimanite grade metamorphism and the onset of partial melting. A switch back to dextral transpression (D3) shortly after D2 led to rapid cooling of the western and central parts of the complex associated with exhumation of parts of the core of the complex until circa 46 Ma. The southeastern part of the complex cooled and exhumed regularly and slowly until circa 5 Ma due to its highly oblique orientation relative to the convergence direction. An increase in cooling and exhumation occurred after circa 5 Ma in the entire southeastern part of the complex, associated with the Neogene collision of the Yakutat terrane.
    Print ISSN: 0278-7407
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9194
    Topics: Geosciences
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