Note: Front Cover -- Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Biogeochemistry -- Part I: Processes and Reactions -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- What is biogeochemistry? -- Understanding the earth as a chemical system -- Scales of endeavor -- Thermodynamics -- Stoichiometry -- Large-Scale Experiments -- Models -- Lovelock's gaia -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 2: Origins -- Introduction -- Origins of the Elements -- Origin of the solar system and the solid earth -- Origin of the atmosphere and the oceans -- Origin of life -- Evolution of metabolic pathways -- Photosynthesis: The Origin of Oxygen on Earth -- Chemoautotrophy -- Anaerobic Respiration -- Comparative planetary history: earth, mars, and venus -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 3: The Atmosphere -- Introduction -- Structure and Circulation -- Atmospheric Composition -- Gases -- Aerosols -- Biogeochemical Reactions in the Troposphere -- Major Constituents-Nitrogen and Oxygen -- Carbon Dioxide -- Trace Biogenic Gases -- Atmospheric Deposition -- Processes -- Regional Patterns and Trends -- Biogeochemical Reactions in the Stratosphere -- Ozone -- Stratospheric Sulfur Compounds -- Models of the Atmosphere and Global Climate -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 4: The Lithosphere -- Introduction -- Rock weathering -- Chemical Weathering -- Secondary Minerals -- Soil chemical reactions -- Cation Exchange Capacity -- Soil Buffering -- Anion Adsorption Capacity -- Phosphorus Minerals -- Soil development -- Forests -- Grasslands -- Deserts -- Models of Soil Development -- Weathering rates -- Chemical Weathering Rates -- Mechanical Weathering -- Total Denudation Rates -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 5: The Biosphere -- Introduction -- Photosynthesis -- Water-Use Efficiency. , Nutrient-Use Efficiency -- Respiration -- Net Primary Production -- Measurement and Allocation of NPP -- Net Ecosystem Production and Eddy-Covariance Studies -- The Fate of Net Primary Production -- Remote Sensing of Primary Production and Biomass -- Global Estimates of Net Primary Production and Biomass -- Net Primary Production and Global Change -- Detritus -- The Decomposition Process -- Humus Formation and Soil Organic Matter -- Turnover -- Soil Organic Matter and Global Change -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 6: The Biosphere -- Introduction -- Biogeochemical cycling in land plants -- Nutrient Uptake -- Nutrient Balance -- Nitrogen Assimilation -- Nitrogen Fixation -- Mycorrhizal Fungi -- Nutrient allocations and cycling in land vegetation -- The Annual Intrasystem Cycle -- Litterfall -- Mass Balance of the Intrasystem Cycle -- Nutrient Use Efficiency -- Biogeochemical cycling in the soil -- Soil Microbial Biomass and the Decomposition Process -- Nitrogen Cycling -- Emission of Nitrogen Gases from Soils -- Soil Phosphorus Cycling -- Sulfur Cycling -- Transformations in Fire -- The Role of Animals -- Calculating landscape mass balance -- Human impacts on terrestrial biogeochemistry -- Acid Rain -- Nitrogen Saturation -- Rising CO2 and Global Warming -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 7: Wetland Ecosystems -- Introduction -- Types of wetlands -- Wetland Hydrology -- Wetland Soils -- Wetland Vegetation -- Productivity in wetland ecosystems -- Organic matter storage in wetlands -- Microbial metabolism in saturated sediments -- Free Energy Calculation -- Measuring the Redox Potential of the Environment -- Anaerobic metabolic pathways -- Fermentation -- Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction -- Iron and Manganese Reduction -- Sulfate Reduction -- Methanogenesis -- Aerobic Oxidation of CH4 -- Anaerobic Oxidation of CH4. , Microbial Consortia -- Wetlands and water quality -- Wetlands and global change -- Global Wetland Loss -- Sea Level Rise and Saltwater Intrusion -- Rising Temperatures -- Elevated CO2 -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 8: Inland Waters -- Introduction -- Special Properties of Water -- Gas Diffusion and Solubility -- Terrestrial-Aquatic Linkages -- Hydrologic Flowpaths -- Ion Chemistry -- Organic Subsidies -- Unique Features of Aquatic Food Webs -- Lakes -- Lake Water Budgets and Mixing -- Trophic Status of Lakes -- Carbon Cycling in Lakes -- Primary Production in Lakes -- Measuring Primary Productivity -- Nutrient Limitation of Lake NPP -- Micronutrient Limitation -- Light Limitation of NPP -- Herbivore Control of NPP -- The Fate of Organic Carbon in Lakes -- Carbon Export from Lakes -- Nutrient Cycling in Lakes -- Nitrogen Cycling in Lakes -- Lake Phosphorus Cycling -- Sulfur Cycling in Lakes -- Rivers -- River Water Budgets and Mixing -- Carbon Cycling in Rivers -- New Inputs of C-Primary Productivity in Rivers -- Limits to Autochthonous Production in Flowing Waters -- Carbon Budgets for Rivers -- Nutrient Spiraling in Rivers -- River Nitrogen Cycling -- River Phosphorus Cycling -- Estuaries -- Estuarine Water Budgets and Mixing -- Carbon Cycling in Estuaries -- Primary Production in Estuaries -- Nutrient Cycling in Estuaries -- Estuarine Phosphorus Cycling -- Anaerobic Metabolism in Estuarine Sediments -- Human impacts on inland waters -- Water Infrastructure -- Eutrophication -- Global Climate Change -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 9: The Oceans -- Introduction -- Ocean circulation -- Global Patterns -- El Niño -- The composition of seawater -- Major Ions -- Net primary production -- Measurement -- Global Patterns and Estimates -- Dissolved Organic Matter -- Fate of Marine Net Primary Production -- Sediment diagenesis. , Organic Diagenesis -- Biogenic Carbonates -- The biological pump: a model of carbon cycling in the ocean -- Nutrient cycling in the ocean -- Internal Cycles -- Air-Sea Exchange of Nitrogen -- External Inputs -- Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen from the Sea -- A Global Budget for Nitrogen in the Oceans -- Phosphorus -- Human Perturbations of Marine Nutrient Cycling -- Silicon, Iron, and Trace Metals -- Biogeochemistry of hydrothermal vent communities -- The marine sulfur cycle -- The sedimentary record of biogeochemistry -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Part II: Global Cycles -- Chapter 10: The Global Water Cycle -- Introduction -- The global water cycle -- Models of the hydrologic cycle -- The history of the water cycle -- The water cycle and climate change -- Rise in Sea Level -- Sea Ice -- Terrestrial Water Balance -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 11: The Global Carbon Cycle -- Introduction -- The modern carbon cycle -- Temporal perspectives on the carbon cycle -- Atmospheric methane -- Carbon monoxide -- Synthesis: linking the carbon and oxygen cycles -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 12: The Global Cycles of Nitrogen and Phosphorus -- Introduction -- The global nitrogen cycle -- Land -- Sea -- Temporal variations in the global nitrogen cycle -- Nitrous oxide -- The global phosphorus cycle -- Linking global biogeochemical cycles -- Summary -- Recommended Readings -- Chapter 13: The Global Cycles of Sulfur and Mercury -- Introduction -- The global sulfur cycle -- Temporal Perspectives on the Global Sulfur Cycle -- The Atmospheric Budget of Carbonyl Sulfide -- The global mercury cycle -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Chapter 14: Perspectives -- Recommended Reading -- Reference -- Index.