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  • 1
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    An ordered probit model for seismic intensity data (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-04
    Description: Seismic intensity, measured through the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale, provides an assessment of ground shaking level deduced from building damages, any natural environment changes and from any observed effects or feelings. Generally, moving away from the earthquake epicentre, the effects are lower but intensities may vary in space, as there could be areas that amplify or reduce the shaking depending on the earthquake source geometry, geological features and local factors. Currently, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia analyzes, for each seismic event, intensity data collected through the online macroseismic questionnaire available at the web-page www.haisentitoilterremoto.it. Questionnaire responses are aggregated at the municipality level and analyzed to obtain an intensity defined on an ordinal categorical scale. The main aim of this work is to model macroseismic attenuation and obtain an intensity prediction equation which describes the decay of macroseismic intensity as a function of the magnitude and distance from the hypocentre. To do this we employ an ordered probit model, assuming that the intensity response variable is related through the link probit function to some predictors. Differently from what it is commonly done in the macroseismic literature, this approach takes properly into account the qualitative and ordinal nature of the macroseismic intensity as defined on the MCS scale. Using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, we estimate the posterior probability of the intensity at each site. Moreover, by comparing observed and estimated intensities we are able to detect anomalous areas in terms of residuals. This kind of information can be useful for a better assessment of seismic risk and for promoting effective policies to reduce major damages.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1593–1602
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Images of ancient Calabrian-Sicilian earthquakes from a stereoscopic viewer of the early 20th century. The ethics behind a natural disaster photo-gallery (2021)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: This research was inspired by an old stereoscopic viewer from the early 1900s, containing 42 glass slides depicting scenes from two Italian earthquakes that struck Southern Calabria and Eastern Sicily in the years 1894 and 1905, causing hundreds of deaths, but whose memory was blurred by the subsequent, great earthquake of the Messina Straits of December 28, 1908. The sequence of three-dimensional images shown by the viewer gave a deep and realistic visual impact to scenes of collapses, debris, and victims, arousing feelings of dismay. In this work, we describe the viewer apparatus; the places depicted in the stereoscopic plates, and the seismic phenomena that caused the disasters. But above all, we investigate the social and cultural aims that pushed to show the effects of local earthquakes through this kind of primitive multimedia mechanism. We exclude that the viewer, with its photographic equipment, was merely an instrument of entertainment. We rather assume that it carried out an educational task. The repetition of the sequence of tragic images of earthquakes through the stereoscopic viewer had the purpose of contributing to give awareness of the looming seismic risk and to accept rationally those recurring disasters.
    Description: Published
    Description: Se104
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stereoscopic Viewer ; Calabrian-Sicilian Earthquakes ; Observational Seismology ; Seismic-Risk ; Geo-Education ; Geoethics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Quantification of earthquake diagnostic effects to assess low macroseismic intensities (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: A large amount of data about earthquake effects, supplied by citizens through a web-based questionnaire, enabled the analysis of the occurrence of many of the effects on humans and objects listed in macroseismic scales descriptions. Regarding the other diagnostic effects (rattling, moving, shifting, falling or overturning depending of the object type of doors, windows, china, glasses, small objects, pictures, vases, books, as well as frightened peo- ple and animal behaviour), data from more than 300,000 questionnaires about earthquakes felt in Italy from June 2007 to August 2017, were analysed by stacking them together as a function of hypocentral distance and magnitude. The comparison of the resulting percent- ages with the intensity prediction equation showed that almost all the chosen effects are good diagnostics for macroseismic intensity evaluation, as their percentages are well dif- ferentiated. We did not analyse the oscillations of hanging objects and liquids because the differences in effect attenuations, highlighted by the maps of the occurrence percentage, suggested to not consider them as diagnostic effect. This result allowed us to quantify the occurrence of each diagnostic effect for the intensity degrees from II to VI of the European macroseismic scale for the people who felt the earthquake. The application of the intensity assessment method to internet macroseismic data, based on the specifications herein pro- posed, should mitigate the problem of “not felt” undersampling in crowdsourced web data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1957–1973
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Images of ancient calabrian-sicilian earthquakes from a stereoscopic viewer of the early 20th c. the ethics of a natural disasters photo-gallery (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-11
    Description: This research was inspired by an old stereoscopic viewer from the early 1900s, containing 42 glass slides depicting scenes from two ancient and almost forgotten Italian earthquakes. We refer to the earthquakes that struck Southern Calabria and Eastern Sicily in the years 1894 and 1905, causing extensive destruction and hundreds of deaths, but whose memory was blurred by the subsequent, great earthquake of the Sicilian Strait of December 28,1908 which caused about 80,000 deaths.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Vienna, Austria
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Keywords: earthquake ; macroseismics ; taxiphote ; Sicily ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 5
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    Hai Sentito Il Terremoto (HSIT) (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-03
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Description: Published
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Keywords: Macroseismics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: web product
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  • 6
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    Frequency ranges and attenuation of macroseismic effects (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Macroseismic intensity is assessed on the basis of the effects caused by an earthquake. These effects reflect the expression of both the intensity and frequency of the ground motion, thus complicating prediction equation modelling. Here we analysed data of several macroseismic transitory effects caused by recent Italian earthquakes in order to study their attenuation as a function of magnitude and hypocentral distance and to obtain a specific prediction equation, of simple functional form, that could be applied to each of the effects under analysis. We found that the different attenuation behaviours could be clearly defined by the values of the specially formulated magnitude-distance scaling ratio (S), thus allowing to group the effects on the basis of the S value. The oscillation of hanging objects and liquids, together with the feeling of dizziness, were separated from most other variables, such as the effects of the earthquake on small objects, china and windows, which were caused by a vibration of higher frequency. Besides, the greater value of S, associated with the perception of the seismic sound, explained the peculiarity of this phenomenon. As a result, we recognized the frequency range associated with each effect through comparisons with the ground motion prediction equations and, in particular, with the 5 per cent damped horizontal response spectra. Here we show the importance of appropriately selecting the diagnostic elements to be used for intensity assessment in order to improve the correlation with ground motion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1765–1771
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake ground motions; Seismic attenuation; Wave propagation ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Regional macroseismic field and intensity residuals of the August 24, 2016, Mw= 6.0 central Italy earthquake (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: A macroseismic investigation of the August 24, 2016, Mw=6.0 Central Italy earthquake, was carried out through an online web survey. Data were collected through a macroseismic questionnaire available at the website www.haisentitoilterremoto.it, managed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). Over 12000 questionnaires were compiled soon after the seismic occurrence, coming from over 2600 municipalities. A statistical analysis was applied tothe data collected in order to investigate the spatial distribution of intensity of the earthquake. The macroseismic intensity field (I) was described by identifying three main components: an isotropic component (I I ), a regional anisotropic component (I A ) and a local random variations parameter (ε). The anisotropic component highlighted specific and well-defined geographical areas of amplification and attenuation. In general, the area between the Adriatic coast and Apennines Chain was characterized by an amplification ofintensity, while the West side of the Apennines showed attenuation, in agreement with the domains foundby other works focused on the analysis of instrumental data. Moreover, the regional macroseismic field showed similarities with instrumental PGA data. The results of our analysis confirm the reliability of web questionnaire data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Inferring the depth of pre-instrumental earthquakes from macroseismic intensity data: a case-history from Northern Italy (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-05
    Description: Determining the hypocentral depth of pre-instrumental earthquakes is a long-standing geophysical issue that still awaits to be elucidated. Using very well documented recent earthquakes we found that the depth of crustal and upper-mantle events correlates well with the slope of the first 50 km of their intensity attenuation curve, regardless of their magnitude. We used this observation to build a magnitude-independent method for calculating the depth of selected historical and early-instrumental earthquakes of northern Italy based on their macroseismic intensity field. Our method relies on both standard intensity data and questionnaire-based data for 20 earthquakes, encompassing a relatively large range of magnitude (Mw 4.0-5.8) and depth (3.0-72.4 km), that occurred in Northern Italy between 1983 and 2019. We then used the method to estimate the depth of 20 older earthquakes that occurred in the same region between 1570 and 1972. Knowing the approximate depth of historical earthquakes is crucial for assigning them to the relevant seismogenic source, especially where seismogenic faults occur at different depths, allowing for a better characterisation of the region's seismotectonic setting. Knowing the focal depth also allows recalculating the equivalent magnitude, which turns out to be consistently larger for deeper events, suggesting a reassessment of the local seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 15583
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Is an Earthquake Felt Inside a Car? (2021)
    SSA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: The analysis of how an earthquake is felt was addressed with the data provided by citizens through a website dedicated to the perception of earthquakes in Italy (Data and Resources). The analysis focused on the perception of earthquakes by observers inside both parked and moving cars. These situations were compared with outdoor ones. The felt percentage of each situation was quantified for epicentral distance ranges and European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) degree. One of the main findings was the greatest sensitivity to shaking for people inside parked cars due to resonance phenomena of the automobile–observer system. The distribution of the intensity of perception in the car was analyzed as a function of the hypocentral distance and the magnitude of the earthquake. It was possible to define the attenuation trends of these intensities. The comparison of these trends with those of the equations for estimation of response spectral ordinates allowed us to have an evaluation of the frequency values of the seismic waves that caused the vibrations felt, which were found to agree with the typical frequencies of the car–observer system, as highlighted by independent studies. The results of this analysis show the possibility to include the perception of the earthquake inside a parked and moving car among the diagnostics used in the definition of macroseismic intensity degree of the EMS.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2028–2035
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: macroseismics ; questionnaires ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 10
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    Role of African–Eurasian plate setting in the felt areas of intermediate-depth earthquakes: an investigation using crowdsourced data (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: Greek intermediate-depth earthquakes, occurring in the subducted plate of the Hellenic Arc, are felt at greater distances than expected, reaching Italy in some cases. We study in detail macroseismic intensity data from intermediate-depth Italian and Greek earthquakes collected from Internet users who felt the shaking in Italy. The huge amount of data allowed us to outline the felt/not-felt limit and to find a correspondence between attenuation areas and the presence of asthenospheric material at shallow depths. We show that plate boundaries, known to produce the majority of earthquakes, are, in some specific cases, the boundaries of areas in which earthquakes are felt. The Ionian subducted lithosphere propagates seismic waves with low attenuation over large distances, whereas high-attenuation zones in Italy, linked to asthenospheric upwelling, limit the propagation, as evidenced also by PGA values. We identify a typical pattern that can be used to recognize intermediate-depth earthquakes, and to properly locate historical events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 36-43
    Description: 1SR. TERREMOTI - Servizi e ricerca per la Società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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