Note: Front Cover -- Adapting to Climate Change in Europe -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Rationale-Needs to Bridge the Knowledge Gaps -- 1.2 The Aim of This Book -- 1.3 Approach and Structure -- References -- 2 Storylines and Pathways for Adaptation in Europe -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 RCPs and SSPs: A Brief Review -- 2.2.1 What Are the RCPs and SSPs? -- 2.2.2 The Storylines Describe Different Worlds and Dynamic Change -- 2.2.3 Using Scenarios and Storylines at Different Levels -- 2.3 European Regional Diversity -- 2.3.1 Current Situation -- 2.3.1.1 Human health -- 2.3.1.2 Agriculture -- 2.3.1.3 Flooding -- 2.3.2 Climate Projections and Their Consequences in Selected Sectors -- 2.3.2.1 Regional climate change -- 2.3.2.2 Agriculture -- 2.3.2.3 Water and flood risk management -- 2.3.2.4 Health -- 2.3.2.5 Urban development -- 2.3.3 Synthesis of Future Socioeconomic Storylines and Vulnerabilities -- 2.4 The Unfolding of Adaptation Pathways at Different Levels -- 2.4.1 A Multidimensional View of Adaptation Pathways -- 2.4.2 Incremental or Transformational Adaptation Pathways -- 2.4.3 Policies, Adaptation Pathways, and Storylines -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 The Diversity of Adaptation in a Multilevel Governance Setting -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Diversity of Climate Change Impacts at the Local (Case) Level -- 3.2.1 Methodological Approach: Case Study Research -- 3.2.2 Climate Change Impacts for European Case Studies: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches -- 3.2.2.1 Top-down analysis: future projections at the case study level -- 3.2.2.1.1 Alentejo -- 3.2.2.1.2 The Copenhagen case -- 3.2.2.1.3 The Prague case -- 3.2.2.2 Bottom-up analysis: local risk and vulnerability assessments in European case studies -- 3.2.2.2.1 Alentejo (agriculture and forests. , Southern-Mediterranean Europe) -- 3.2.2.2.2 Dartmoor (biodiversity and ecosystem services -- Northern-Western Europe) -- 3.2.2.2.3 Madrid (health -- Southern-Mediterranean Europe) -- 3.2.2.2.4 Kalajoki (water resources, Northern-Arctic region) -- 3.2.2.2.5 Prague (cities and infrastructure, Central-Eastern Europe) -- 3.2.2.2.6 Timmendorfer Strand (costal zones, Central-Eastern Europe) -- 3.2.3 Impacts From a Sectoral and Territorial Zone Perspective -- 3.2.4 The Critical Role of Local Adaptive Capacity -- 3.3 Local and Sectoral Climate Change Adaptation in Europe -- 3.3.1 State of the Art of Local Climate Change Adaptation in Europe and Elsewhere -- 3.3.2 Local and Sectoral Adaptation Processes in European Case Studies -- 3.3.2.1 Overview of case studies -- 3.3.2.2 Methods, models, and tools applied in European case studies -- 3.3.2.3 The use and applicability of tools in case studies -- 3.3.3 Key Messages -- 3.4 The Role of Participatory Processes in Climate Change Adaptation -- 3.4.1 Participation as a Sociopolitical Process to Shape Policies and Trajectories -- 3.4.1.1 Analytical framework: the participation matrix -- 3.4.1.2 The limitations of the participation matrix -- 3.4.1.3 Participatory experiences from case studies in Europe -- 3.4.2 Participation as a Scientific Approach in Climate Change Adaptation Planning -- 3.4.3 Challenges, Success Factors, and Pitfalls in Participation -- 3.4.4 Key Messages -- 3.5 How to Find the Best Adaptation Option: Economic Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation Options-A Guideline and Demons... -- 3.5.1 Stepwise Evaluation Approach and Its Application in the Case Studies -- 3.5.1.1 Step 1: Preliminary risk assessment -- 3.5.1.2 Step 2: Identification of adaptation options -- 3.5.1.3 Step 3: Selection of the evaluation method and the evaluation criteria -- 3.5.1.4 Step 4: Data collection. , 3.5.1.5 Step 5: Evaluation and prioritization -- 3.5.2 Conclusions: Key Messages on Identifying Adaptation Options -- 3.6 Barriers, Opportunities, and Good Practices in Implementation-Exemplified by Six Case Studies on Agricultural/Rural Cli... -- 3.6.1 Barriers and Opportunities for Climate Adaptation -- 3.6.2 Findings on General Barriers and Opportunities From 23 Case Studies -- 3.6.3 Barriers and Opportunities for Agricultural/Rural Climate Adaptation-Six Case Studies -- 3.6.3.1 Holstebro, Denmark -- 3.6.3.2 Tagus, Spain -- 3.6.3.3 Ústí, the Czech Republic -- 3.6.3.4 Alentejo -- 3.6.3.5 Dartmoor National Park, United Kingdom -- 3.6.3.6 Kalajoki, Finland -- 3.6.4 Key Messages -- 3.7 Guidelines and Evaluation Criteria for Climate Adaptation Measures -- 3.7.1 The BECCA Criteria -- 3.7.2 BECCA Outcome Criteria -- 3.7.3 BECCA Process Criteria -- 3.7.4 Guidance on How to Use BECCA -- 3.7.5 Tailoring BECCA to Adaptation Contexts -- 3.7.5.1 Outcome-oriented versus process-driven adaptation evaluation -- 3.7.5.2 Retrospective versus prospective evaluation -- 3.7.5.3 Evaluation of single versus integrated measures -- 3.7.5.4 Evaluation of bottom-up versus top-down adaptation approach -- 3.7.5.5 Evaluation of conflictual versus consensual adaptation settings -- 3.7.6 Key Messages on the Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Annexes -- 4 Upscaling the Impacts of Climate Change in Different Sectors and Adaptation Strategies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Aim -- 4.2 Dealing With River Flood Risks and Adaptation -- 4.2.1 Model Description and Progress in Developments -- 4.2.1.1 Overall approach -- 4.2.1.2 Baseline climate and climate projections -- 4.2.1.3 Flood hazard model -- 4.2.1.4 Damage model -- 4.2.1.5 Estimation of flood protection. , 4.2.1.6 Adaptation measures: different strategies correspond to different actions -- 4.2.1.7 Adaptation costs -- 4.2.1.8 Adaptation tipping points -- 4.2.2 Results -- 4.2.2.1 Cost and benefits of the reference scenario -- 4.2.2.2 Cost and benefits of adaptation strategies -- 4.2.2.2.1 Flood protection -- 4.2.2.2.2 Adapted buildings -- 4.2.2.3 Impact tipping points -- 4.2.3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 4.2.4 Policy Implications -- 4.3 Agricultural Adaptation -- 4.3.1 Model Description and Progress in Developments -- 4.3.1.1 The SARA framework -- 4.3.1.2 Model components -- 4.3.2 Analysis of Adaptation -- 4.3.2.1 Overall approach -- 4.3.2.2 Efficiency and effectiveness -- 4.3.2.3 Uncertainty, limitations and strenghts -- 4.3.3 Validation Using Case Studies -- 4.3.4 Cost and Benefits of the Reference Scenario -- 4.3.4.1 Model results: The integrated simulation aggregates the outcomes from the different models -- 4.3.4.1.1 The ClimateCrop model -- 4.3.4.1.2 The Water availability model -- 4.3.4.1.3 The Land Use model -- 4.3.4.1.4 The Crop Share model -- 4.3.4.2 Analysis of cost and benefits -- 4.3.5 Cost and Benefits of Adaptation Strategies -- 4.3.5.1 Adaptation through improved management -- 4.3.5.2 Adaptation through increased irrigation -- 4.3.6 Overall Results -- 4.3.7 Uncertainty Analysis -- 4.3.7.1 Changes in projected population -- 4.3.7.2 Changes in projected cultivated land -- 4.3.7.3 Changes in projected crop yield -- 4.3.7.4 Changes in projected per-capita domestic water withdrawal -- 4.3.7.5 Changes in projected surface water availability -- 4.3.7.6 Changes in projected groundwater availability -- 4.3.8 Policy Implications -- 4.3.8.1 Regional effects -- 4.3.8.2 Benefits of adaptation -- 4.3.8.3 Choice of adaptation -- 4.4 Addressing Health Impacts and Adaptation -- 4.4.1 Model Description: Backgrounds and General Assumptions. , 4.4.2 Heat Mortality, a European-Scale Analysis -- 4.4.2.1 Method -- 4.4.2.2 Impacts -- 4.4.2.3 Costs and benefits of adaptation -- 4.4.3 Salmonellosis, a European-Scale Analysis -- 4.4.3.1 Method -- 4.4.3.2 The Cost of Impacts -- 4.4.3.3 Costs and benefits of adaptation -- 4.4.3.4 Malaria and diarrhea (global-scale) -- 4.4.3.4.1 Method -- 4.4.3.4.2 Costs and benefits of adaptation -- 4.4.3.5 Caveats, assumptions and policy implications -- 4.4.4 Adaptation and Carbon Storage -- 4.4.4.1 Model description and progress in developments -- 4.4.4.2 Results of the biophysical and economic assessment -- 4.4.4.3 Validation using case studies -- 4.4.4.4 Uncertainty analysis -- 4.4.4.5 Policy implications -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.5.1 Evaluation and Uncertainty Analysis -- 4.5.2 Floods -- 4.5.3 Agriculture -- 4.5.4 Health -- 4.5.5 Carbon Sequestration -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 5 Economy-Wide Impacts of Climate Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies Across European Regions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 Overall Framework -- 5.2.2 The AD-WITCH Model -- 5.2.3 Embedding Uncertainty and Risk Into the AD-WITCH Damage Function -- 5.2.4 Computing the Risk-Premium-Corrected Damage Functions in the AD-WITCH Model -- 5.2.5 New Estimates of Adaptation Cost-Effectiveness in Agriculture, Flood Prevention, and Health -- 5.2.5.1 Floods -- 5.2.5.2 Health -- 5.2.5.3 Agriculture and water -- 5.2.5.4 The final outcome of the calibration procedure using sectoral models -- 5.3 Revised Assessment of Costs and Benefits of Adaptation and Mitigation -- 5.3.1 Accounting for Uncertainty and Risk Aversion -- 5.3.2 Revisiting Impacts and Adaptation in Health, Floods, and Agriculture -- 5.4 Results From the Updated AD-WITCH Model -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 6 Analyzing the Policy Framework for Climate Change Adaptation. , 6.1 Introduction.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Setac Publications -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- List of Tables -- About the Editors -- Contributors and Workshop Participants -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Extrapolation in the Context of Criteria Setting and Risk Assessment -- Chapter 2 Matrix and Media Extrapolation -- Chapter 3 (Q)SAR and Extrapolation -- Chapter 4 Extrapolation of Effects Measures across Levels of Biological Organization in Ecological Risk Assessment -- Chapter 5 Mixture Extrapolation Approaches -- Chapter 6 Temporal Extrapolation in Ecological Effect Assessment of Chemicals -- Chapter 7 Spatial Extrapolation in Ecological Effect Assessment of Chemicals -- Chapter 8 Conclusions -- Chapter 9 Glossary -- Chapter 10 Guidance on the Application of Extrapolation Methods in Ecological Exposure and Effects Characterization of Chemicals -- References -- Index.