Keywords:
Cosmochemistry--Congresses.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This timely 2004 review of developments in cosmochemistry over the last decade is written by seven prestigious astrophysics researchers. It covers cosmological and stellar nucleosynthesis, abundance determinations in stars and ionised nebulae, chemical composition of nearby and distant galaxies, and models of chemical evolution of galaxies and intracluster medium.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (314 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9780511187469
Series Statement:
Cambridge Contemporary Astrophysics Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=256683
DDC:
523.02
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Participants -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Primordial Alchemy: From The Big Bang To The Present Universe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Early Evolution of the Universe -- 2.1. Redshift -- 2.2. Dynamics -- 2.2.1. Counting Relativistic Degrees of Freedom -- 2.2.2. "Extra" Relativistic Energy -- 3. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Primordial Abundances -- 3.1. An Early Universe Chronology -- 3.1.1. Neutron - Proton Interconversion -- 3.1.2. Building The Elements -- 3.2. The SBBN-Predicted Abundances -- 3.3. Variations On A Theme: Non-Standard BBN -- 4. Observational Status of the Relic Abundances -- 4.1. Deuterium -- 4.2. Helium-3 -- 4.3. Helium-4 -- 4.4. Lithium-7 -- 5. Confrontation Of Theoretical Predictions With Observational Data -- 5.1. Deuterium - The Baryometer Of Choice -- 5.2. SBBN Baryon Density - The Baryon Density At 20 Minutes -- 5.3. CMB Baryon Density The Baryon Density At A Few Hundred Thousand Years -- 5.4. The Baryon Density At 10 Gyr -- 5.5. Baryon Density Concordance -- 5.6. Testing The Consistency Of SBBN -- 6. BBN In Non-Standard Models -- 6.1. Degenerate BBN -- 7. Summary -- REFERENCES -- Stellar Nucleosynthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Nuclear Reactions -- 1.2. Stellar Evolution -- 2. Nucleosynthesis in Massive Stars -- 2.1. Yields from massive star models -- 2.2. Oxygen isotopes from massive stars -- 2.2.1. The O yields in massive star models -- 2.2.2. The O yield and stellar wind mass loss -- 2.2.3. The production of O as function of metallicity -- 2.2.4. How to produce O ? -- 2.2.5. Clues from oxygen -- 2.3. Pre-supernova surface abundances -- 2.4. Effects of Rotation -- 3. The s-Process -- 3.1. Low mass stars -- 3.2. Massive stars -- 4. Nucleosynthesis in Binary Systems -- 4.1. Aluminium in Massive Binaries -- 4.2. Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae.
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4.2.1. Supersoft X-ray Sources -- 4.2.2. Helium shell flashes -- 4.2.3. White dwarf spin-up -- 4.2.4. Outlook -- 5. The Most Massive Stars -- 5.1. The Eddington limit -- 5.1.1. Does the Eddington limit apply in the stellar interior? -- 5.1.2. The Omega-limit -- 5.1.3. Rotating very massive stars -- 5.2. Evolution of very massive stars -- 5.3. Supermassive stars -- REFERENCES -- Observational Aspects Of Stellar Nucleosynthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stellar nucleosynthesis - A site survey -- 2.1. Sites -- 2.2. Surveying tools -- 3. Numbers and Notation -- 4. Pioneering Tales -- 4.1. Technetium in S Stars -- 4.2. The Spite Plateau -- 5. An Assumption and a Warning -- 6. Black Boxes and Black Magic -- 6.1. Why are abundance analyses incomplete? -- 6.2. Why does a line of E yield A(E) = n(E)/n(H)? -- 6.3. The Curve of Growth -- 7. Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron -- 7.1. Observational Constraints -- 7.2. Theoretical Proposals -- 7.3. Observed Abundances -- 7.3.1. Li-rich red giants -- 7.3.2. Lithium from Novae? -- 7.3.3. Galactic Evolution of Lithium -- 7.3.4. Galactic Evolution of Beryllium -- 7.3.5. Galactic Evolution of Boron -- 8. Stellar spectroscopy and the s-process -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Nuclear physics of the s-process -- 8.3. Operation of the s-process -- 8.4. AGB stars and the s-process -- 8.5. Weak s-process at low metallicities? -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- REFERENCES -- Abundance Determinations In H ii Regions And Planetary Nebulae -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic physics of photoionized nebulae -- 2.1. Ionization and recombination -- 2.1.1. Global ionization budget -- 2.1.2. The ionization structure -- 2.2. Heating and cooling -- 2.3. Line intensities -- 3. Basics of abundance determinations in ionized nebulae -- 3.1. Empirical methods -- 3.1.1. Direct methods -- 3.1.2. Strong line or statistical methods -- 3.2. Model fitting.
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3.2.1. Philosophy of model fitting -- 3.2.2. Photoionization codes -- 4. Main problems and uncertainties in abundance determinations -- 4.1. Atomic data -- 4.1.1. Ionization, recombination and charge exchange -- 4.1.2. Transition probabilities, collision strengths and effective recombination coeffcients -- 4.2. Stellar atmospheres -- 4.3. Reddening correction -- 4.4. Aperture correction, nebular geometry and density inhomogeneities -- 4.5. Spatial temperature variations -- 4.5.1. Temperature gradients -- 4.5.2. Small scale temperature variations -- 4.6. The optical recombination lines mystery -- 4.7. The role of internal dust -- 4.7.1. Evidence for the presence of dust in the ionized regions -- 4.7.2. Heavy element depletion -- 4.7.3. The effect of dust on the ionization structure -- 4.7.4. The effect of dust obscuration on the emission line spectrum -- 4.7.5. The effects of grains on heating and cooling of the gas -- 4.8. The specific case of the helium abundance determination -- 5. Observational results on abundances in H ii regions of the Milky Way -- 5.1. The Orion nebula: a benchmark -- 5.2. Abundance patterns in the solar vicinity and the solar abundance discrepancy -- 5.3. Abundance gradients in the Galaxy from H ii regions -- 5.4. The Galactic center -- 5.5. Nebulae around evolved massive stars -- 6. Observational results on abundances in planetary nebulae -- 6.1. NGC 7027 and IC 418: two test cases -- 6.2. What do PN abundances tell us? -- 6.3. PNe as probes of the chemical evolution of galaxies -- 6.3.1. The universal Ne/H versus O/H relation -- 6.3.2. Abundance gradients from PNe in the Milky Way -- 6.3.3. PNe in the Galactic bulge -- 6.3.4. PNe in the Galactic halo -- 6.3.5. PNe probe the histories of nearby galaxies -- 6.4. PNe probe the nucleosynthesis in their progenitor stars -- 6.4.1. Global abundance ratios.
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6.4.2. Abundance inhomogeneities -- REFERENCES -- Element Abundances In Nearby Galaxies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Observational Methods for Measuring Abundances -- 2.1. Spectroscopy of H II Regions and Planetary Nebulae -- 2.1.1. Observational Considerations -- 2.1.2. The Direct Method -- 2.1.3. "Empirical" (Strong-Line) Calibrations -- 2.1.4. Photoionization Models -- 2.2. Spectroscopy of Individual Stars -- 2.3. Stellar Photometry and Color-Magnitude Diagrams -- 2.4. Spectrum Synthesis of Stellar Populations -- 2.5. Surface Photometry and Galaxy Colors -- 3. Abundances in Local Group Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies -- 3.1. Metallicities -- 3.2. Element Ratios -- 4. Abundance Profiles in Spirals and Irregulars -- 4.1. Gas and Stellar Masses -- 4.1.1. Neutral and Molecular Gas -- 4.1.2. Stellar Mass Densities -- 4.2. Spatial Abundance Profiles -- 4.3. Metallicity versus Galaxy Luminosity/Mass -- 4.4. Abundance Gradient Variations -- 4.5. Metallicity vs. Surface Brightness -- 4.6. Barred Spirals -- 4.7. Spiral Bulges -- 4.8. Cluster Spirals and Environment -- 5. Element Abundance Ratios in Spiral and Irregular Galaxies -- 5.1. Helium -- 5.2. Carbon -- 5.3. Nitrogen -- 5.4. Neon, Sulfur and Argon -- 5.5. Other Elements -- 6. Open Questions and Concluding Remarks -- REFERENCES -- Chemical Evolution Of Galaxies And Intracluster Medium -- 1. Basic parameters of chemical evolution -- 2. The stellar birthrate -- 2.1. Theoretical recipes for the SFR -- 2.2. The tracers of star formation -- 2.3. The IMF: Various Parametrizations -- 2.4. Derivation of the IMF -- 2.5. The Infall Rate: Various Parametrizations -- 3. Nucleosynthesis -- 3.1. Nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang -- 3.2. Stellar Nucleosynthesis -- 3.3. Supernova Progenitors -- 3.4. Element production -- 3.5. Stellar yields -- 4. Modelling chemical evolution -- 4.1. Analytical models.
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4.2. Failure of the Simple Model -- 4.3. Analytical models with gas flows -- 5. Equations with Type Ia and II SNe -- 5.1. Type Ia SN rates -- 6. The formation and evolution of the Milky Way -- 6.1. Models for the Milky Way -- 6.2. The two-infall model -- 6.3. Applications to the Local Disk -- 6.4. Applications to the whole disk -- 6.5. The Role of Radial Flows in the evolution of the Galactic Disk -- 6.6. The Role of the IMF in the evolution of the Galactic Disk -- 6.7. Scenarios for Bulge Formation -- 7. Disks of Other Spirals -- 8. Conclusions on the Milky Way and other spirals -- 9. Elliptical Galaxies -- 9.1. Observational properties -- 9.2. Formation of Ellipticals -- 9.3. Formation of Ellipticals at low z -- 9.4. Formation of Ellipticals at high z -- 9.5. Models for ellipticals based on galactic winds -- 9.6. Failure of Larson's Model -- 9.7. Averaged Stellar Metallicities -- 9.8. Multi-Zone Models -- 10. Conclusions on Ellipticals -- 11. Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies -- 11.1. Evidences for Galactic Winds -- 11.2. Results for BCG from chemical models -- 11.3. Results from chemo-dynamical models -- 11.4. Dwarf galaxies and DLA Systems -- 12. Chemical Enrichment of the ICM -- 12.1. Models for the ICM -- 12.2. MV88 Results -- 12.3. [α/Fe] Ratios in the ICM -- 12.4. [α/Fe] ratios and IMLR -- 13. Conclusions on the ICM -- REFERENCES -- Element Abundances Through The Cosmic Ages -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Some Basic Concepts -- 2. Damped Lyα Systems -- 2.1. What Are They? -- 2.2. Why Do We Care? -- 2.3. The Metallicity of DLAs -- 2.4. Element Ratios -- 2.4.1. Dust in DLAs -- 2.4.2. Alpha-capture elements -- 2.4.3. The Nucleosynthesis of Nitrogen -- 3. The Lyman Alpha Forest -- 3.1. Metals in the Lyα Forest -- 3.2. C IV at the Highest Redshifts -- 4. Lyman Break Galaxies -- 4.1. Stellar Populations and the Initial Mass Function.
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4.2. Element Abundances in the Interstellar Gas.
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