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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ELECTROGASTROGRAM AND GASTRIC ULCERATION DURING EXPOSURE TO STRESS (1970)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 6 (1970), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Relations between development of gastric ulceration and changes in motility of the stomach, as recorded by the electrogastrogram (EGG), were studied under conditions where Ss (rats) were exposed to physical (immobilization) and chemical (reserpine) stressors and to the two in combination. Following 36 hrs of the various treatments, all restraint + reserpine Ss were ulcerated; 60% of the restraint-only Ss had lesions; and, only three of ten no-restraint Ss showed gastric damage. The same rank order was obtained for the mean number of lesions per group. There were no significant differences among groups in total acidity of the stomach at autopsy immediately after their experimental treatments. The restraint-only groups showed a trend toward increased gastric motility during the treatment period, while the restraint + reserpine groups showed a progressive decrease in motility, the divergence leading to statistically significant differences as exposure to the different stressors continued. The results do not support the hypothesis that the experimentally-produced lesions are related to an increase in gastric acidity; they do support the hypothesis that the ulceration is related to changes in gastric motility, more severe lesions appearing in Ss whose motility decreased during the treatment period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01750.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Presynaptic Release of Acetylcholine During Development of Tolerance to the Anticholinesterase, DFP (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 45 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The rat myenteric plexus was used as a peripheral model for studying muscarinic modulation of acetylcholine (ACh) release from presynaptic muscarinic neurons during development of tolerance to the anticholinesterase agent, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). DFP in arachis oil was administered subcutaneously to intact animals according to both acute and chronic regimens, with arachis oil injections serving as controls. Postmortem analyses showed that the mean AChE activity level in whole brain was reduced under all DFP conditions to 18.0 ± 1.4% when compared with the control level. After 10 days of DFP treatment, the AChE level was 22.3 ± 2.1% of control in the myenteric plexus. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups in resting ACh release. Release evoked by electrical stimulation (difference between stimulated and resting release) in the absence of atropine, i.e., “basal rate,” for strips taken at various times after a single injection of DFP did not differ from that for strips from animals receiving arachis oil only. However, basal release for strips from chronically treated subjects was significantly greater than that of controls (p 〈 10−3), although not different from each other. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures showed that there existed a highly significant atropine dependency in strips from all treatments when they were stimulated in concentrations of atropine from 10−9 to 10−5M (p 〈 10−10). Further analyses established that the increases in rates of evoked ACh release as concentrations of atropine increased were similar for strips from chronically treated DFP and arachis oil animals. The overall results show that a significant effect of chronic depression in AChE activity is disinhibition of ACh-evoked release from presynaptic neurons. This is consistent with the model in which muscarinic autoreceptors control evoked ACh release. The results are also consistent with time parameters for maximum decreases in [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding in brain during chronic DFP treatments such as the regimens used in the present experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05506.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ON THE DEFINITION OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 223 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb41418.x
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  • 4
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    THE COMPARATIVE METHOD IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR. "Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, No. IV, Physiological Mechanisms in Animal Behaviour": Essay (Book Review) (1951)
    Oxford : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The British journal for the philosophy of science. 2:[5/8] (1951:May-1952:Feb.) 251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-0882
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Notes: REVIEWS
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:4064-1951-002-05-000039
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Communication in Psychopharmacology “Asia to the East of Israel and Turkey” (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 301-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428535
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of lithium on behavioral reactivity: Relation to increases in brain cholinergic activity (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 73 (1981), S. 120-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; Acetylcholine ; Cholinergic activity ; Mania ; Habituation ; Exploratory behavior ; Reactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Suppression of behavior accompanying increased ACh synthesis in the brain might account, at least in part, for the preferred use of lithium in antimanic therapy. Three experiments using rats as subjects were designed to test hypotheses about relationships among lithium, ACh synthesis and behavior. Experiment 1 established that hyporeactivity and greater exploratory behavior occurred in animals under LiCl treatment conditions shown to stimulate cholinergic activity in brain. Experiment 2 provided evidence of significant differences between controls and animals on the LiCl diet. Groups tested after 1 or 2 days of LiCl showed the decrease in reactivity to successive presentations of a loudd auditory stimulus which characterizes the normal process of habituation. Groups tested after 5 or 10 days of LiCl showed no evidence of habituation, their reactivity throughout the period of stimulation being at a level attained by the other groups when habituation reached its final asymptote. Experiment 3 established that effects of LiCl treatment were not manifested in all aspects of behavior: there was no evidence of impairment of motor activity or coordination; no analgesia; no impairment in sensory input nor in acquisition of new behaviors. The effect of the LiCl treatment was not complete inhibition but instead suppression of reactivity to environmental stimulation under conditions shown previously to increase cholinergic activity in brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of behavioral tolerance: A search for subcellular mechanisms (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 66 (1979), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral tolerance ; Subcellular mechanisms ; di-isopropylfluorophosphate ; Concentrations of ACh and Ch ; High-affinity Ch transport ; Rate of synthesis of ACh
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Development of behavioral tolerance is one of the processes by which living organisms adjust to changes in their internal and external environments. The search for neurochemical mechanisms underlying such processes requires the testing of many hypotheses. The present study was designed to examine the possible involvement of certain subcellular events. The concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch), the high-affinity transport of Ch, and the rate of synthesis of ACh were measured in synaptosomes prepared from the brains of rats. The assays were made at critical times during the acute changes in behavior induced by administration of the anticholinesterase, di-isopropylfluorophosphate, and during the development of behavioral tolerance to this compound as chronicity of administration continued. No statistically significant differences were found among treatment groups in the total concentration of ACh or Ch, the synthesis of ACh, or the high-affinity transport of Ch. These results, plus evidence from previous experiments, indicate that the development of behavioral tolerance does not relate to the factors studied. Consequently, alternative mechanisms should be considered. In addition to changes in cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors already shown to occur concomitantly with the development of behavioral tolerance, it is suggested that the possible involvement of mechanisms controlling release of ACh should be studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427623
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral and physiological effects of an aziridinium analog of oxotremorine (BM130) (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 24-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oxotremorine ; Alkylating analog, BM130 ; Aziridinium ion ; Acute and prolonged effects ; General signs ; Core body temperature ; Nociception (algesia) ; Fluid balance ; Conditioned avoidance ; Fixed ratio operant response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract When injected IV BM130, a mustard analog of oxotremorine, acts initially as a cholinergic agonist and thereafter produces a sustained resistance to muscarinic agonists. Control subjects were injected with saline or with BM130A, the active aziridinium intermediate of BM130. Acute injections of BM130 were followed initially by effects that were characteristically cholinomimetic in nature: e.g., tremor, chromodacryorrhea, salivation, hypothermia. The effects were dose-dependent and of limited duration. They were not seen in behavioral variables measured 30 min after drug treatment. Injection of BM130A produced peripheral, but not central effects; saline had no effects. The prediction that initial cholinomimetic effects should be followed by sustained resistance to cholinergic agonists was tested by subjecting animals to oxotremorine challenges at weekly intervals following single injections of BM130. In none of the measures taken did animals injected with BM130A or saline show resistance to the muscarinic challenges. Those administered BM130 showed resistance, which in some variables was sustained for 3–4 weeks. The resistance was statistically significant at high BM130 doses and appeared to be dose dependent over the range studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310508
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation between behaviorally augmented tolerance and upregulation of muscarinic receptors in the CNS: Effects of chronic administration of scopolamine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Scopolamine ; Methylscopolamine ; Muscarinic cholinergic receptors ; Upregulation ; Fixed ratio responding ; Free drinking response ; Behaviorally augmented tolerance ; Physiological tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiment was planned to provide information about relations between behaviorally augmented tolerance and accompanying upregulation of muscarinic receptors (mAChR) (physiological tolerance) in the CNS during chronic administration of the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. Analyses of the data on mAChR binding established significant upregulation (Bmax) had occurred in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of animals treated with scopolamine, but not of those in the saline or methylscopolamine groups. There were no treatment effects in affinity (KD). The effect of scopolamine administered before a behavioral test session was to cause an acute decrease in FR5 responding to water reinforcement, and hence in resulting water consumption. Animals immediately compensated for this decrement by higher response rates during a free drinking (FDR) period which followed. When scopolamine was injected between the FR5 and FDR periods, FR5 responding increased to compensate for the drug's effect on the FDR. There was evidence that physiological tolerance also occurred as indicated by a more slowly developing trend toward recovery of levels of behavioral responding related to mAChR upregulation, although full recovery to pretreatment baselines did not occur within the 25 days of chronic treatments. The results as a whole are consistent with a multifactorial model of tolerance development, to which both behavioral and neurochemical processes contribute.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310509
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cholinolytic agents on behavior following development of tolerance to low cholinesterase activity (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 32-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cholinergic System ; Cholinesterase Activity ; Tolerance ; Operant Response ; Atropine ; Methylatropine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of tolerance during periods of chronically low levels of cholinesterase (ChE) induced by administration of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) is evidenced in systematic changes in behavioral variables. The present experiment was designed to study the biochemical mechanism(s) involved by challenging tolerant and control subjects with pharmacological agents known to affect the cholinergic system: the cholinolytics, atropine and methylatropine. Measures of the free operant behavior showed tolerance to have developed by the 9th injection of DFP, after which the challenge series began. Clear differences were apparent between the effects of the cholinolytic agents on the tolerant and control groups. Dose-response curves for both groups showed similar trends of decreasing performance with increasing dose level until a critical point was reached. With further increases in dose, there was a complete absence of responding in the majority of tolerant subjects, while control animals continued to perform at about 40 per cent normal. The fact that effects of the methylatropine challenge were not significantly different in tolerant and control subjects implies that the biochemical process(es) of tolerance had a major central component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404056
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