Note: Front Cover -- The Physical Oceanography of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- 1 From Nifelheim to Fram -- 1.1 In the Northern mist -- 1.2 The search for the Northeast and Northwest passages -- 1.3 A century of exploration -- 1.4 The circulation of the world ocean -- 1.5 The influence of warm ocean currents on the ice cover -- 1.6 The Fram expedition -- References -- 2 The Arctic environment -- 2.1 The global radiation balance and the high latitude climate -- 2.2 The atmospheric meridional energy transport -- 2.3 High-latitude atmospheric circulation patterns -- 2.4 The energy balance of the polar cap -- 2.5 Extent and major regions of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea -- 2.6 The surface currents, inflows, and outflows -- 2.7 The meridional freshwater transports and the sea ice cover -- References -- 3 Observing the Arctic Mediterranean Sea -- 3.1 In open water and at the ice edge (1900-40) -- 3.1.1 The Nordic Seas and the Barents Sea -- 3.1.2 Theoretical and technical advances -- 3.1.3 South and west of Greenland -- Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and the Labrador Sea -- 3.1.4 Bering Strait -- 3.1.5 The Arctic Ocean boundaries, openings and shelves -- 3.2 Onto the ice and into the interior Arctic Ocean (1930-80) -- 3.2.1 Ice stations and ice islands -- 3.2.2 Airborne expeditions -- 3.3 Water mass distributions and the first interpretations and syntheses of the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean -- 3.3.1 The Arctic Ocean -- 3.3.2 The connections between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas -- 3.3.3 Budgets -- 3.3.4 Overflows and the connections between the Arctic Mediterranean and the North Atlantic -- 3.3.5 The subpolar gyre and the North Atlantic -- 3.4 The development in observation, navigation, and communication techniques -- 3.5 Through, beneath, and above the ice (1980-2020). , 3.5.1 The first scientific icebreaker and submarine expeditions -- 3.6 The Nordic Seas, the overflows, and the North Atlantic -- 3.7 Variability and change -- 3.7.1 The Arctic Ocean -- 3.7.2 The Greenland Sea -- 3.7.3 The Labrador Sea -- 3.7.4 The subpolar gyre and the overflows -- 3.8 The beginning of large international projects, culminating in the fourth Polar Year and beyond -- References -- 4 External forcing and local response -- 4.1 Sea ice -- reflector and insulator -- 4.2 Sea ice thermodynamics, freezing, and melting -- 4.3 Sea ice growth during winter -- 4.4 The mechanics and dynamics of sea ice -- 4.5 Leads and polynyas -- 4.6 Haline convection and water mass transformations -- 4.7 The spreading of brine-enriched water on shelves and down slopes -- 4.8 Sea ice melting from below, sensible heat polynyas -- 4.9 Open ocean deep convection -- 4.10 Ice formation and deep ocean convection, the Weddell Sea and the Greenland Sea -- 4.10.1 The Weddell polynya -- 4.10.2 The Greenland Sea -- References -- 5 The circulation and transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea -- 5.1 The North Atlantic -- 5.2 Atlantic water in the Norwegian Sea and north of Svalbard -- 5.3 Atlantic water in the Barents Sea -- 5.4 The waters leaving the Barents Sea -- 5.5 Interactions in the Nansen Basin East of the St Anna Trough -- 5.6 The circulation and water masses in the Eurasian Basin -- 5.7 The Amerasian Basin and the interactions between Pacific and Atlantic waters -- 5.8 The variability and circulation of the Atlantic water -- 5.9 The deep and bottom waters -- 5.10 The outflow areas -- 5.11 East Greenland Current and the outflow through Fram Strait -- 5.12 The Greenland slope and the Greenland Sea -- 5.13 The Iceland Sea and the overflows -- 5.14 The Irminger Sea -- 5.15 The Labrador Sea -- References. , 6 The presence and importance of internal mixing processes in the Arctic Ocean -- 6.1 Diffusive interfaces and staircases in the Arctic Ocean -- 6.1.1 Laboratory and theoretical studies of diffusive interfaces -- 6.1.2 Diffusive staircases in the Arctic Ocean -- 6.2 Double-diffusive intrusions and interleaving -- 6.2.1 Early theoretical studies of interleaving at wide fronts -- 6.2.2 Laboratory experiments with narrow fronts -- 6.2.3 Intrusions and interleaving in the Arctic Ocean -- 6.2.4 A conceptual approach to estimate the intrusion thickness at a narrow front -- 6.2.5 The transports across the interfaces and the spreading of the intrusions -- 6.3 Connections between thermohaline intrusions, staircases, and eddies -- 6.4 The relation of thermohaline intrusions and staircases to other mixing processes -- References -- 7 Observed, computed, and deduced transports through the main gateways -- 7.1 From early point measurements to coordinated monitoring -- 7.2 The northward flow across the Iceland-Scotland Ridge -- 7.3 The Barents Sea inflow -- 7.4 Fram Strait: inflow, recirculation, and outflow -- 7.5 The transports in the East Greenland Current -- 7.5.1 Yearlong current measurements north of Denmark Strait -- 7.5.2 Denmark Strait overflow -- 7.5.3 The overflow through the Faroe Bank Channel -- 7.6 The inflow through Bering Strait -- 7.7 The outflows west of Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Baffin Bay -- 7.7.1 Cardigan Strait and Hell Gate -- 7.7.2 Barrow Strait -- 7.7.3 Nares Strait -- 7.7.4 The exchanges through Davis Strait -- 7.7.5 The Canadian Arctic Archipelago-Baffin Bay system -- 7.8 Other openings -- 7.8.1 The Iceland-Faroe Ridge overflow -- 7.8.2 Wyville Thomson Ridge overflow -- 7.8.3 Denmark Strait upper water outflow -- 7.8.4 Atlantic inflow over the European shelf -- 7.9 The mass balance of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea. , 7.10 Volume, heat, and freshwater balances of the Arctic Ocean -- 7.11 Heat and freshwater transports into and out of the Arctic Ocean -- 7.11.1 Mass conservations and heat and freshwater transports -- 7.11.2 Heat and freshwater fluxes through individual Straits -- 7.12 Freshwater transports and storage in the Arctic Ocean -- 7.12.1 A theoretical estimate of the freshwater storage in the Arctic Ocean -- 7.12.2 Observations of freshwater storage and transports in the Arctic Ocean -- 7.13 A double estuary -- 7.14 The circulation in temperature space, salinity space, and TS space -- References -- 8 Theoretical descriptions and modeling of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea -- 8.1 Conceptual models of the circulation in marginal seas -- 8.1.1 Wind-driven circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea -- 8.1.2 Thermally driven circulation in marginal seas with sloping bottom -- 8.1.3 Outflow of dense water over a shallow sill -- 8.2 Numerical modeling of the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea -- 8.2.1 The inflow of Atlantic water to the Arctic Ocean -- 8.2.2 Circulation in the central Arctic Ocean -- 8.2.3 The outflow from the Arctic Mediterranean to the North Atlantic -- References -- 9 Variability and change -- 9.1 The Arctic Ocean sea ice cover -- 9.2 Ocean advection and sea ice-ocean interaction -- 9.2.1 Variations in the Atlantic inflow -- 9.2.2 Conditions in the Barents Sea -- 9.2.3 The Eurasian Basin -- 9.2.4 The Amerasian Basin -- 9.3 Changes in freshwater storage -- 9.3.1 Freshwater inputs and exports -- 9.3.2 The freshwater storage -- 9.3.3 The effects on the deep water formation -- 9.3.4 Freshwater pathways in the Arctic Ocean -- 9.4 The Nordic Seas, the overflows, and the subpolar gyre -- 9.4.1 The Nordic Seas -- 9.4.2 The overflows and the subpolar gyre -- 9.5 The circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean during the ice ages -- References. , 10 The meridional overturning circulation and the impact of the Arctic Mediterranean on the world ocean -- 10.1 The thermodynamics of the overturning circulation -- 10.2 The global deep circulation -- 10.3 The mixing and upwelling of the deep and abyssal waters -- 10.4 The upper layer return flow to the North Atlantic -- 10.5 The North Atlantic subtropical gyre and the Northeastern North Atlantic -- 10.6 The combined effects of cooling and freshening: insights from box models -- 10.7 Extensions of conceptual and box models -- 10.8 The stability of the overturning circulation -- 10.9 Forcing exchanges between the ocean and semienclosed seas by density differences or by wind? -- 10.10 General principles and geographical details -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Literaturangaben