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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 38 (1993), S. 27-51 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 47 (2002), S. 845-881 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic plants expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are revolutionizing agriculture. Bt, which had limited use as a foliar insecticide, has become a major insecticide because genes that produce Bt toxins have been engineered into major crops grown on 11.4 million ha worldwide in 2000. Based on the data collected to date, generally these crops have shown positive economic benefits to growers and reduced the use of other insecticides. The potential ecological and human health consequences of Bt plants, including effects on nontarget organisms, food safety, and the development of resistant insect populations, are being compared for Bt plants and alternative insect management strategies. Scientists do not have full knowledge of the risks and benefits of any insect management strategies. Bt plants were deployed with the expectation that the risks would be lower than current or alternative technologies and that the benefits would be greater. Based on the data to date, these expectations seem valid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 32 (1987), S. 361-380 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.) is an aggregate of closely related taxa, with at least 15 taxa naturalized in Australia. Biological control of this Weed of National Significance, using the nonindigenous rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum, is effective when the weather is conducive to multiple cycles of infection, but some blackberry taxa escape severe disease. Thirty-one taxa of naturalized R. fruticosus agg. from southeastern Australia were isolated, their DNA phenotype determined and clones of each taxon inoculated with P. violaceum isolate SA1. Disease development was monitored for at least four generations of uredinia on large potted plants under field conditions. Although variation in mean disease severity appeared continuous over the range of Rubus clones tested, counts of uredinia and telia enabled identification of eight resistant taxa. Fine scale variation in susceptibility to rust disease was observed when different clones of R. leucostachys with the same DNA phenotype were found to express either resistance or susceptibility to P. violaceum (SA1). There were significant differences among 23 Rubus taxa rated as susceptible to rust disease in the mean number of leaves emerging per latent period of uredinia (LELPU). Mean LELPU appeared to account for some of the variation in two measures of mean disease severity observed among susceptible Rubus clones, although the correlation was insignificant (0·10 〈 P 〉 0·05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: inbreeding ; colonization ; isofemale line ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. melanogaster (Meigen) a été utilisé pour tester la capacité des lignées isofemelles à conserver la variabilité génétique d'une population naturelle. Deux types d'expériences ont été réalisées. L'une a consisté à déterminer la variabilité génétique de 3 locus enzymatiques pour 32 lignées isofemelles à la première et à la 23ème génération d'élevage au laboratoire. L'autre a consisté à tester la capacité des larves à éliminer un parasitoïde par le processus d'encapsulation après 8 années d'élevage au laboratoire. D'une façon générale, certaines lignées isofemelles perdent de la variabilité durant les 23 générations de l'étude. Mais la fréquence globale des allèles reste inchangée si l'on considère l'ensemble des 32 lignées. Le seul allèle rare observé a également été conservé. Les modifications des fréquences allèliques à chacun des locus ont lieu de façon indépendante les unes des autres. La variabilité génétique d'un caractère biologique, la capacité des larves à encapsuler le parasitoïde, a également varié, mais elle a pu être restaurée à un niveau proche de la population initiale en rassemblant plusieurs individus de chacune des lignées.
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) was used to test the power of isofemale lines in preserving genetic variability. We performed experiments in two ways. One series consisted of measuring the genetic variability for three enzymatic loci in 32 isofemale lines, in the first and 23rd generations of culture. In the second series, we tested the capacity of the larvae to eliminate a parasitoid by encapsulation after eight years of laboratory breeding. In general, individual isofemale lines appeared to change during the 23 generations of the study, but the global frequency of these alleles among the 32 isofemale lines stayed relatively unchanged. The only rare allele observed was also conserved. Changes in allozyme frequencies at any one locus were independent of those at other loci. Genetic variation of a biological trait, the capacity of the larvae to encapsulate a parasitoid, also changed, but it could be restored to a level close to that of the starting population by mass hybridizing together individuals of each line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 288-291 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insecticide resistance ; abamectin ; ivermectin ; house fly ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Abamectin is a novel, highly promising insecticide with activity against many pests. To determine if resistance to abamectin could occur, we collected house flies from several New York dairies and selected them in the laboratory. Resistance developed repidly and to a high level (36 or〉60,000-fold, depending upon test technique and/or adjuvant) that could not be overcome by the synergists piperonyl butoxide orS,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate. There was no increase in (cross)resistance to crotoxyphos, dichlorvos, dimethoate, tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin, dieldrin or lindane following abamectin selection. Our results suggest the potential for abamectin resistance is high, at least in house flies, and that the judicious use of abamectin will be needed to prolong its usefulness as an insecticide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 102-105 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thelytoky ; microorganisms ; autoparasitoid ; biological control ; sex ratio ; parthenogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The production of large numbers of males in the thelytokous speciesEncarsia formosa was induced by feeding antibiotics to their mothers. The males induced by antibiotic treatment produce sperm and sometimes mate with females, but insemination does not occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 851-853 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insecticide resistance ; inheritance ; mosquitofish ; cyclodienes ; endrin ; picrotoxinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Certain populations of the mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis, developed high levels of resistance to endrin and other cyclodiene insecticides as a result of inadvertent exposure to agricultural sprays. Genetic crossing studies show that endrin resistance is inherited as a single, autosomal, intermediate gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic mitoses, mitoses in females and spermatogenesis are described in the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt). At 22° C, egg development lasts approximately 4 days. Six chromosomes are seen in mitotic metaphases and anaphases of 0–24 h eggs. Toward the end of this period some embryo squashes have patches of cells containing nuclei which are partially heteropycnotic. These patches of cells apparently increase in size with the age of the embryo. In approximately 1/2 of all 24–48 h-old eggs they encompass all or most cells of the embryo. In these embryos metaphases involved 6 chromosomes, anaphases 3. Either prior to, or following metaphase, a pairing of chromosomes appeared to take place to form 3 units which resembled meiotic diplotene chromosomes where there is opening out between homologues. At metaphase, two sets of 3 chromosomes were slightly differentially stained. One, designated the H set, was darker and slightly more contracted than the other, the E set. At anaphase, 3H and 3E chromosomes segregated in a reductional division retaining the differential contraction until telophase. No cytokinesis appeared. The H set appeared to remain contracted while the E set decontracted to assume the appearance of an interphase nucleus. Both of these entities, side-by-side, created the partially heteropycnotic nucleus mentioned above. The H set then appeared to be excluded from the cell. Mitotic meta and anaphases involving 6 chromosomes were noted in female deutonymphs. Spermatogenesis appeared to encompass an equational division of 3 chromosomes, with the formation of a binucleate spermatid. Two tail structures appeared juxtaposed at the edge of each spermatid and thereafter a separation into two individual sperms occurred. —While mitosis was not studied in known males, we believe that the embryos exhibiting heterochromatinization and elimination of chromosomes in most or all cells were in fact demonstrating parahaploidization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 472-477 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic control ; Heliothis virescens ; Hybrid sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A recent computer simulation model by Levins and Parker (1983) indicated that mass releases of male-sterile Heliothis hybrid moths could cause genetic suppression of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, without the risk of significant crop damage. We present an analytical model to explore the behavior of the Levins-Parker model. Our model shows that the length of time between matings for females when they mate with wild type fertile males to that when they mate with hybrid sterile males is extremely important to the efficacy of a suppression program. Release ratios needed to suppress a natural pest population were examined across a range of biological parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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