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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Effect of the sensory nerve transsection on the secondary sensory cells and on the receptor potential (RP) were studied at the level of tuberous organs in mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus. 2. The amplitude and the shape of the receptor potential undergo modifications during the 12 days which follow the transsection of the afferent nerve. Spontaneous activity in the receptor is abolished within 48 hours after the section. 3. Transsection of the afferent nerve provokes rapid degeneration of all secondary sensory cells within 2 to 12 days. Out of 62 organs, the presence of 2 morphologically “intact” cells was observed in only one single case. 4. The diminishing of the amplitude of the receptor potential in an organ appears correlated to the number of “intact” sensory cells. 5. Degeneration of the afferent nerve, judged by its myelin content, occurs faster than that of the sensory cells. 6. The parallel histological and electrophysiolgical observations allow the conclusion that the RP is generated by the sensory cell membrane and not by the afferent nerve terminals. 7. The possible cause of the sensory cell modification due to degeneration of the “postsynaptic” nerve structure is discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 65 (1969), S. 368-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Dressurversuche zeigen: a) Der Zwergwels Ictalurus nebulosus (Amiurus nebulosus) kann ein inhomogenes Gleichstromfeld (Stromdichte ≦0,0006 μA/mm2, Stromdichtegradient ≦0,0003 μA/mm2 pro mm) wahrnehmen, wenn er sich darin bewegt (Abb. 1 b, Protokollauszug 1). b) Er kann auch die Richtung (Polarität) dieses Feldes wahrnehmen (Protokoll 2, Abb. 4). 2. Ableitungen von den afferenten Einzelfasern der sog. small pit organs (Abb. 3a, b) zeigen: a) Die spontane Impulsfrequenz ändert sich, wenn die Position des Fisches fixiert ist und ein ähnliches, aber etwas stärkeres Feld (0,006 μA/mm2 bzw. 0,003 μA/mm2 pro mm) mit Geschwindigkeiten von 10–15 cm/sec um den Fisch bewegt wird (Abb. 2, 6). b) Die Impulsfrequenz wird sowohl durch die Polarität des Feldes als auch durch dessen Bewegungsrichtung beeinflußt. So löst bei vorgegebener Polarität eine Feldbewegung in der einen Richtung Frequenzerhöhung, in der entgegengesetzten Richtung Frequenzerniedrigung aus (Abb. 2, 6); und eine Bewegung in vorgegebener Richtung löst bei der einen Polarität des Feldes Frequenzerhöhung und bei umgekehrter Polarität Frequenzerniedrigung aus. c) Die Frequenzänderung ist um so größer, je größer die Stromdichte des Feldes ist und um so schneller es bewegt wird. d) Die Abhängigkeit der Reaktionen von der Stromrichtung (s.o.) bezieht sich nicht auf Richtungen, die parallel zur Hautoberfläche liegen. 3. Daraus ergibt sich: a) Die small pit organs reagieren auf die zeitlichen Stromdichteänderungen und damit auf die Stromänderungen, denen sie bei der relativen Bewegung zwischen Fisch und Feld ausgesetzt sind. b) Das Organ reagiert nur auf den Strom, der senkrecht zur Hautoberfläche, d.h. entlang der Längsachse des Ampullenkanals des small pit organs fließt (vgl. Abb. 7). Positives ΔI/Δt (Def. s. S. 382) löst Frequenzerniedrigung, negatives ΔI/Δt löst Frequenzerhöhung aus. Der Wert von ΔI/Δt bestimmt die Amplitude der jeweiligen Frequenzänderung. c) Die Körperbewegungen des Fisches genügen (zumindest bei 0,006 μA/mm2 bzw. 0,003 μA/mm2 pro mm), um wahrnehmbare Stromdichteänderungen zu erzeugen. d) Der Stimulus ±ΔI/Δt kann in einem inhomogenen Feld durch geradlinige Bewegungen des Fisches (zwischen Orten unterschiedlicher Stromdichte) oder durch Drehbewegung des Fisches erzeugt werden. In einem homogenen Feld können nur Drehbewegungen den Reiz ±ΔI/Δt erzeugen. Bei der Drehbewegung hängen Vorzeichen und Amplitude des Stimulus und seiner Antwort vom Winkel zwischen Ampullenkanal und Stromrichtung (Polarität) ab (vgl. Abb. 8). Die Orientierung über die Feldrichtung ist durch Änderung dieses Winkels und Vergleich der Beizantworten möglich. 4. Es wird diskutiert: a) Warum angenommen wird, daß der Fisch das Feld auch noch bei der Dressurschwelle mittels seiner small pit organs wahrnimmt, obwohl die Schwelle des Einzelorgans 10fach höher liegt; b) ob die in Flüssen auftretenden Gleichstromfelder (Abb. 9) wahrgenommen werden können; c) ob eine funktionelle Analogie zwischen den small pit organs und den ampullären Organen der Mormyriden besteht.
    Notes: Summary 1. Training experiments: a) When the catfish Ictalurus nebulosus (Amiurus nebulosus) is moving, it can perceive an inhomogeneous d. c. field (current density ≦0.0006 μA/mm2, current density gradient ≦0.0003 μA/mm2 per mm) (Fig. 1b, Notebook entry 1). b) The fish is also able to perceive the direction (polarity) of this field (Notebook 2, Fig. 4). 2. Recordings from afferent single fibers of the so-called small pit organs (Fig. 3a, 3b): a) The spontaneous frequency of nerve impulses is changed when the position of the fish is fixed and a similar but somewhat stronger field (0.006 μA/mm2 or 0.003 μA/mm2 per mm) is moved at speeds of 10–15 cm/sec around the fish (Fig. 2, 6). b) Impulse frequency is affected by both the polarity of the field and the latters direction of movement. Thus, with a single polarity, field movement in one direction elicits a frequency increase and in the opposite direction a frequency decrease (Figs. 2, 6). Likewise, movement in a. single direction with one polarity elicits an increase in frequency and with reversed polarity a decrease in frequency. c) The greater the current density and the faster the movement, the greater the change in frequency. d) The dependence of the reaction on the direction of current flow (see above) does not refer to any direction parallel to the plane of the fish's skin. 3. It follows that: a) The small pit organs respond to changes of current density per unit time, i.e., to current changes, to which they are exposed during relative motion between fish and field. b) The organ responds only to the current which flows perpendicular to the surface of the skin, i.e., along the longitudinal axis of the ampullary canal of the small pit organ (see Fig. 7). Positive ΔI/Δt (see p. 382) results in a frequency drop and negative ΔI/Δt in a frequency rise. The value of ΔI/Δt determines the amplitude of the change in frequency. c) Bodily movements of the fish suffice (at least at 0.006 μA/mm2 or 0.003 μA/mm2 per mm) to produce perceptible changes in field density. d) The stimulus, ±ΔI/Δt, can be produced in an inhomogeneous electric field through movement of the fish in a straight line (between points of different current density) or by turning. In a homogeneous field only turning movements can produce ±ΔI/Δt. With turning movement, the sign and amplitude of the stimulus and its response depend on the angle of the ampullary canal to the direction (polarity) of the field (see Fig. 8). Orientation with regard to field direction is possible by changing this angle and comparing the amplitude of the responses. 4. The following points are discussed: a) The reasons for the assumption that the fish perceives the field even at training threshold by means of its small pit organs despite the fact that the threshold of the individual organ is ten times higher. b) Whether the fish can perceive d. c. fields occuring in rivers (Fig. 9). c) The possibility of a functional analogy between the small pit organs and the ampullary organs of the mormyrids.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 79 (1972), S. 113-135 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Von der afferenten Nervenfaser eines Elektrorezeptors („small pit organ”, „ampulläres Organ”) des Zwergwelses (Ictalurus nebulosus) wurde die Antwort auf einen rechteckigen Stromreiz abgegriffen; sie besteht aus Änderungen der Impulsfrequenz zu Beginn und Ende des Reizes. Diese Änderungen werden Meiner mit abnehmender Dauer des Reizes (Abb. 2). 2. Bei Reizung mit einer hochfrequenten Folge kurzer, monopolarer Strompulse antwortet das small pit organ nur mehr auf die Änderungen des Gleichstrommittelwertes dieser Folge (Abb. 3). 3. Die afferenten Fasern der small pit organs haben eine geringere Leitungsgeschwindigkeit (10 m/sec; Abb. 4) als normale Lateralisfasern. 4. Diese Befunde deuten darauf hin, daß die small pit organs besser geeignet sind, den Wels über langsame Änderungen von elektrischen Feldern zu informieren, als über schnelle Änderungen. 5. Gleichstromfelder gehen von Süßwasserfischen (Forelle,Salmo gairdneri; Schleie,Tinca tinca; Wels,Ictalurus nebulosus) aus. Die größten Spannungsgradienten finden sich in der Nähe des Mauls (Kathode) und an den Kiemenspalten (Anode). 6. Langsamen Schwankungen dieser Felder ist ein Elektrorezeptor ausgesetzt, a) wenn sich der Wels und einer der genannten Fische relativ zueinander bewegen; b) wenn der letztere Atembewegungen (alternierendes Öffnen von Maul- und Kiemenspalten) ausführt (Abb. 9). 7. Die small pit organs reagieren auf diese Schwankungen auch dann noch, wenn die Entfernung zwischen den beiden Fischen 7 cm beträgt (Abb. 5–8, 10, 11). 8. Es wird vermutet, daß die small pit organs der Wahrnehmung anderer Fische (Artgenossen, Räuber, Beute) dienen.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the afferent nerve fiber of the electroreceptors (“small pit organs”, “ampullary organs”) of the catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) a change in impulse frequency is observed at the onset and termination of a rectangular current stimulus. This change in impulse frequency decreases with the length of the stimulus (Fig. 2). 2. If stimulated with high frequency trains of short, monopolar pulses, the small pit organ responds only to changes in the average d.c. value (Fig. 3). 3. The conduction velocity of the afferent fiber of small pit organs is low (10 m/sec) compared to normal lateral line nerve fibers (Fig. 4). 4. These findings are more suitable for informing the catfish about slow changes of electric fields than about rapid changes. 5. D.c. fields have been found to originate from fresh-water fish (trout,Salmo gairdneri; tench,Tinca tinca; catfish,Ictalurus nebulosus). The steepest voltage gradients are found close to the mouth (cathode) and the gill slits (anode). 6. An electroreceptor is subjected to slow changes of these fields: a) when the catfish is moving relative to another fish; b) during respiratory movements (alternate opening of mouth and gill slits) of another fish (Fig. 9). 7. The small pit organs can respond to such changes if the distance between two fish is 7 cm or less (Figs. 5–8, 10, 11). 8. It is assumed that by means of its ampullary organs the catfish perceives other fish (same species, predators, prey).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 126 (1978), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The ampullary electroreceptors in the skin of catfish consist of 10 to 20 secondary sensory cells which are in contact with the fresh water around the fish at their apical membrane, and which have synaptic contacts with an afferent nerve fiber at their basal membrane. The afferent nerve fiber generates 50 to 70 impulses per second spontaneously in “fresh water” conditions, i.e. with 2 to 10 mM CaCl2 solutions over the skin of the fish. If the “fresh water” medium is made hypertonic by adding 500 mM glycerine or sucrose per liter, the spontaneous activity of the afferent fiber increases to 120 imp/s within 150 s (Fig. 1). 2. The afferent fiber responds to the onset of a rectangular anodal current pulse traversing the receptor with an impulse frequency increase. With high stimulus intensities and at high temperatures (24 °C) the response begins not less than 5 ms after the stimulus onset; with low intensities and at low temperatures (7 °C) this latency is prolonged to 60 ms (Fig. 2). 3. With a series of repetitive rectangular stimuli, the afferent fiber responses decrease within seconds (Fig. 3A1,2, C1,2). At the end of an (impulse-frequency-increasing) anodal series, spontaneous activity is reduced (Fig. 3B1,2), whereas after the (impulse-suppressing) cathodal series, impulse activity is increased (Fig. 3D1,2). 4. These findings support the hypothesis that the synapses between the sensory cells and the afferent nerve fiber are chemical and that the transmitter is excitatory.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prospective controlled phase III clinical trial compared the therapeutic value of the cis-platinum — adriamycin — cyclophosphamide combination (CAP) and that of the combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisolone (CMFVP) in untreated metastatic breast cancer. Seventy-two patients (〉2 cycles) were evaluated: 36 had received CAP and 36, CMFVP. An objective response (CR+PR) to CAP combination chemotherapy was achieved in 75% of patients (27 of 36), with a high rate (42%) of complete remissions. In terms of metastatic site, the response rate appeared to be particularly high in soft tissue and visceral organ (lung, liver) metastases. In the CMFVP group, an objective response was noted in 16 of 36 patients (44%) with 19% complete remissions. Overall therapeutic response and the complete remission rate were better with CAP regimen (statistically significant; P〈0.01). The duration of remissions was 4–16+months (M=12) for CAP and 2–12+months (M=8) for CMFVP. Toxic side-effects were more pronounced in the CAP group, particularly myelosuppression, and anemia was prevalent. Side-effects of CMFVP treatment were mild. In 11 CMFVP-resistant cases CAP was administered as second-line treatment, and an objective response was observed in 45% of cases (5 of 11). The preliminary results of this controlled trial show the advantage of the CAP combination in the treatment of metastatic breast cances.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A phase II clinical trial was set up in metastatic breast cancer patients who had not received previous cytotoxic drug therapy, involving the administration of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (cis-DDP). Patients aged up to 75 years and with pathohistologically confirmed disease were entered on the trial. All patients had measurable disease, a performance status (Karnofsky) of〉40, and an expected survival of〉6 weeks. In all 38 patients entered the trial, and 35 have been evaluated. The predominating metastatic sites included soft tissues (19), visceral organs (12), and bones (7 patients). cis-DDP was administered in a daily dose of 30 mg/m2 IV by a 4-h drip for 4 days, with customary hyperhydration. The results indicate a pronounced antitumorigenic effect of cis-DDP and a response rate of 54% (19/35), with 13 complete remissions (37%) and six partial remissions (17%). In terms of site the best response was obtained in soft-tissue processes (13/19; 68%), followed by visceral organs (4/10; 40%); the response rate was lowest in bones (2/6; 33%). The menopausal status and prior hormone therapy did not essentially influence the results of treatment, unlike previous irradiation. Patients with a lower performance status (40–70) had a significantly lower response rate (36% vs 63%; P〈0.05). Toxic side-effects were moderate and did not substantially affect the general condition of the patients. A transient increase of serum creatinine was observed in 4 patients, and neurotoxicity in 2 patients. The results of the trial warrant the conclusion that cis-DDP has a pronounced antitumorigenic effect in untreated metastatic breast cancer, particularly in soft-tissue metastases. These results call for additional clinical study of the cytotoxic effect of cis-DDP in untreated metastatic breast cancer.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 100 (1975), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The catfishKryptopterus was stimulated with a.c.fields of various strengths and frequencies. 2. The responses of the afferent nerve fiber of the ampullary electroreceptors to these fields and the response of central units in the cerebellum to the same fields were measured and compared. 3. The primary afferent fibers are spontaneously active (50 to 90 imp./sec) and display greatest frequency modulation in response to imposed fields with frequencies of 3 to 5 Hz (Fig. 2). 4. The electroresponsive units in the cerebellum were classified into three main types according to their different spontaneous activities and their sensitivity maxima, which occur in different stimulus-frequency ranges. 5. Typea cerebellar units (13 neurons) have a low and irregular spontaneous activity (0.1 to 10 imp./sec) and, at 1 to 10 Hz stimulation, they are 10 to 30 times more sensitive to imposed fields than single primary fibers (Figs. 3, 4). The impulse frequency maximum lies at stimuli of 5 Hz (Fig. 7), but the largest numbers of impulses per period occur at 0.3 Hz or at lower frequencies (Figs. 3, 5). 6. Typeb units (4 neurons) have no spontaneous activity and are most sensitive to frequencies below 1 Hz; the longer the stimulus period, the more impulses per period occur (Figs. 4, 6) and the higher their frequency (Fig. 7). 7. The typec unit (one neuron) has a regular spontaneous activity which is best modulated with stimuli of 10 to 20 Hz (Fig. 8).
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  • 8
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 104 (1982), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Cis dichlorodiammine platinum ; Chemotherapy ; Brain metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to examine antitumorigenic Cis DDP properties in metastatic brain tumors. Thirty-four untreated patients with brain metastases recorded by CAT scans or radionuclide scans plus neurological examinations underwent the treatment. Pathohistology of primary tumors mainly showed breast [8] and lung [8] carcinomas and melanomas [10]. Other localizations of primary tumors were infrequent. Cis DDP was administered in doses of 30 mg/m2 body surface daily over 4 days. All the patients received at least two cycles and 33 have been evaluated. No corticosteroids were administered concurrently. An objective response (seven complete and seven partial remissions) was observed in 14 out of 33 patients (42%). Six stable disease cases were also noted. A complete response (5–14 months) was observed in breast cancer [4], lung cancer [1], and melanoma [2]. Seven partial responses lasted 2–5 months. Antitumorigenic activity of Cis DDP was also noted in extracerebral tumor lesions, especially in breast cancer patients. Toxicity was moderate but tolerable. The results of this study have shown Cis DDP to possess antitumorigenic properties also in patients with metastatic brain tumors, a point that has not been proved so far.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lungfish ; Brachiopterygii ; Electroreceptors ; Kinocilia ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy shows that the electroreceptors of Protopterus dolloi (Dipnoi) and Calamoichthys calabaricus (Brachiopterygii) are very similar to the known ampullary electroreceptors of other primitive fish groups. With Protopterus, however, there is one difference: at the apical surface of the receptor cells, instead of a kinocilium, a club-shaped protrusion is found. The club-shaped protrusion has no fixed number nor a fixed arrangement of microtubules (Fig. 4). The presynaptic ribbons are in direct contact with the presynaptic membrane, and may be invaginations of the presynaptic membrane (Fig. 3). The functional significance of the kinocilium and of the club-shaped protrusion is discussed. Furthermore, a possible biological role of the ampullary electroreceptors in fish coming into frequent contact with the water surface (Dipnoi, Brachiopterygii) is considered.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 5 (1855), S. 265-268 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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