Note: Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Basic Concepts -- 1.1 Bond Dissociation Energy -- 1.2 Electronegativity -- 1.3 Dipole Moment -- 1.4 Hydrogen Bond -- 1.5 Hyperconjugation (Interaction Between σ- and π-Systems) -- 1.6 Inductive and Field Effects -- 1.7 Steric Effects -- 1.8 Bredt's Rule -- 1.9 Aromaticity -- 1.10 The Hammett Equation -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 2 Chemical kinetics and the Study of reaction Mechanisms -- 2.1 Bond Cleavage and Reaction Intermediates -- 2.2 Chemical Kinetics -- 2.3 Rate of Reaction -- 2.4 Order of Reaction -- 2.5 Consecutive Reactions -- 2.6 Parallel or Concurrent Reactions -- 2.7 Reaction Rate Theory -- 2.8 Temperature Dependence of Rate Constant -- 2.9 Reaction Intermediates -- 2.10 Principle of Microscopic Reversibility -- 2.13 Chemical Evidence For Reaction Mechanisms -- 2.14 Kinetic Isotope Effects -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 3 Concept of Acids and Bases -- 3.1 Brönsted-Lowry Concept -- 3.2 Ionization of Acids and Bases -- 3.3 Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases -- 3.4 Acidity Function -- 3.5 Catalysis -- 3.6 Acid-Base Catalysis -- 3.7 Brönsted Relation -- 3.8 Hard and Soft Acids and Bases -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 4 Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions -- 4.1 Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular (SN2) -- 4.2 Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular (SN1) -- 4.3 Substitution at Bridgehead Halides -- 4.4 Isotope Effects In Substitution Reactions -- 4.5 Solvent Effects In Substitution Reactions -- 4.6 Salt Effects in Substitution Reactions -- 4.7 Ion-Pair Mechanism for SN1 Reactions -- 4.8 Substitution Nucleophilic Internal (SNi) -- 4.9 Substitution at Allylic and Allylenic Carbon Atom -- 4.10 Special Cases in Substitution Reactions -- 4.11 Reactivity in Cyclic Strained Compounds -- 4.12 The Bridgehead Carbocation Controversy -- References -- Review Problems. , Chapter 5 Organic Preparative Reactions -- 5.1 The Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation -- 5.2 The Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction -- 5.3 The Clemmensen Reduction -- 5.4 The Wolff-Kishner Reduction -- 5.5 The Birch Reduction -- 5.6 The Aldol Condensation -- 5.7 The Benzoin Condensation -- 5.8 The Claisen Ester Condensation -- 5.9 The Darzens Condensation -- 5.10 The Perkin Condensation -- 5.11 The Hunsdiecker Reaction -- 5.12 Grignard Reagents -- 5.13 Carbenes -- 5.14 The Wittig Reaction -- 5.15 Enamines -- 5.16 The Mannich Reaction -- 5.17 The Diels-Alder Reaction -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 6 Free Radical Reactions -- 6.1 Geometry of Free Radicals -- 6.2 Stability of Free Radicals -- 6.3 The Detection of Free Radicals -- 6.4 Production of Free Radicals -- 6.5 Properties of Free Radicals -- 6.6 Types of Free Radical Reactions -- 6.7 Radical Halogenation of Hydrocarbons -- 6.8 Autoxidation -- 6.9 Free Radical Rearrangements -- 6.10 Radical Cyclization and Ring Expansion -- 6.11 Heterolytic Cleavage of Peroxides -- 6.12 Free Radical Additions to Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 7 Addition to Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds -- 7.1 Electrophilic Additions -- 7.2 Stereochemistry of syn Addition -- 7.3 Addition of Hydrogen Halides ( Markownikoff's Rule) -- 7.4 Hydration of Alkenes -- 7.5 Electrophilic Addition to Acetylenes -- 7.6 Oxymercuration-Demercuration Reaction -- 7.7 Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes -- 7.8 Dihydroxylation of Alkenes -- 7.9 Epoxidation of Alkenes -- 7.10 Addition of Other Reagents to Carbon-Carbon Double Bond -- 7.11 Addition to Rigid Bicyclic Alkenes -- 7.12 Nucleophilic Addition to Carbon-Carbon Double Bond -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 8 Molecular Rearrangements -- 8.1 Rearrangements in Small and Medium Ring Compounds -- 8.2 The Pinacol-Pinacolone Rearrangement. , 8.3 Semipinacol Rearrangement -- 8.4 The Fries Rearrangement -- 8.5 The Dienone-Phenol Rearrangement -- 8.6 Nitrenes -- 8.7 The Hofmann Rearrangement -- 8.8 The Curtius Rearrangement -- 8.9 The Lössen Rearrangement -- 8.10 The Schmidt Rearrangement -- 8.11 The Wolff Rearrangement -- 8.12 The Neber Rearrangement -- 8.13 The Beckmann Rearrangement -- 8.14 The Favorskii Rearrangement -- 8.15 The Benzilic Acid Rearrangement -- 8.16 Ylides -- 8.17 The Stevens Rearrangement -- 8.18 The Wittig Rearrangement -- 8.19 The Sommelet Rearrangement -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 9 Mechanism of Elimination Reactions -- 9.1 Dichotomy of Elimination Reactions -- 9.2 The E2 Mechanism -- 9.3 The ElcB Mechanism -- 9.4 Transition States in E2 Mechanism -- 9.5 The E1 Mechanism -- 9.6 Stereochemistry of E2 Elimination -- 9.7 E2 Eliminations in Cyclohexane Systems -- 9.8 Orientation in E2 Elimination Reactions -- 9.9 Effects of Substrate Structure and Experimental Conditions on E2 Elimination -- 9.10 SYN-Elimination -- 9.11 Thermal Eliminations -- 9.12 α,β-Elimination -- 9.13 γ-Elimination -- 9.14 Eco2 Elimination -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 10 Neighboring Group Participation -- 10.1 Methods for Studying Participation -- 10.2 Participation By Aryl Group -- 10.3 π-Participation -- 10.4 Opposing Substituents Effects in Participation -- 10.5 Participation By a Cyclopropane Ring -- 10.6 Participation by Halogens -- 10.7 Participation by Nitrogen -- 10.8 Participation by Oxygen -- 10.9 Intramolecular ortho-Group Participation -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 11 Photochemical, Pericyclic and Thermal Reactions -- 11.1 Absorption of Energy -- 11.2 Electronic Transitions -- 11.3 The Beer-Lambert Law -- 11.4 The Frank-Condon Principle -- 11.5 Excited States Spin Multiplicity -- 11.6 Absorption of Light. , 11.7 Energy Transfer and Photosensitization -- 11.8 Quantum Yield -- 11.9 Examples of Photochemical Reactions -- 11.10 Di-π-Methane Rearrangement -- 11.11 Barton Reaction -- 11.12 Pericyclic Reactions -- 11.13 Electrocyclic Reactions -- 11.14 Cycloaddition Reactions -- 11.15 Cheletropic Reactions -- 11.16 Sigmatropic Rearrangements -- 11.17 Thermal Reactions -- 11.18 The Cope Rearrangement -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 12 Aromatic Substitution Reactions -- 12.1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions -- 12.2 Partial Rate Factors -- 12.3 The Selectivity Principle -- 12.4 Nitration -- 12.5 Halogenation -- 12.6 Sulfonation -- 12.7 The Friedel-Crafts Reaction -- 12.8 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions -- 12.9 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions in Heterocyclic Systems -- 12.10 IPSO Substitution -- 12.11 Homolytic Substitution Reactions -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 13 Mechanisms of Ester Hydrolysis and Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids -- 13.1 Mechanisms (General) of Ester Hydrolysis -- 13.2 BAC2 (Base-Catalyzed, Bimolecular and Acyl-Oxygen Fission), Saponification -- 13.3 AAC2 (Acid-Catalyzed, Bimolecular and Acyl-Oxygen Fission), Ester Hydrolysis -- 13.4 AAC1 (Acid-Catalyzed, Unimolecular and Acyl-Oxygen Fission), Ester Hydrolysis -- 13.5 AAl1 (Acid-Catalyzed, Unimolecular and Alkyl-Oxygen Fission), Ester Hydrolysis -- 13.6 BAl1 (Base-Catalyzed, Unimolecular and Alkyl-Oxygen Fission), Ester Hydrolysis -- 13.7 BAl2 (Base-Catalyzed, Bimolecular and Alkyl-Oxygen Fission), Ester Hydrolysis -- 13.8 Formation and Hydrolysis of Amides -- 13.9 Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids -- References -- Review Problems -- Chapter 14 Oxidation and Reduction -- 14.1 Oxidation -- 14.2 Reduction -- 14.3 Reduction with Diimide -- 14.4 Reduction with Baker's Yeast -- References -- Review Problems -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Part I: Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods -- Part II: Micronutrients and Macronutrients -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods -- Chapter 1: Nanotechnology-Based Bacterial Immunotherapy -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Role of the Immune System in Cancer -- 1.3 Role of Bacteria in Immunotherapy -- 1.3.1 Effect of Bacteria on Myeloid Cell -- 1.3.1.1 Tumor-Associated Macrophages -- 1.3.1.2 Dendritic Cells and TANs -- 1.3.1.3 Effect of Bacteria on Tumor-Associated Lymphoid Cells -- Natural Killer Cell -- 1.3.2 CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells -- 1.3.3 Gamma-Delta (γδ) T Cells -- 1.3.4 Effect of Bacteria on Immunosuppressor Cells -- 1.3.4.1 Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells -- 1.4 Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) -- 1.5 Nanotechnology in Immunotherapy -- 1.5.1 Nanoparticle-Based Bacterial Immunotherapy -- 1.5.2 Nano-vaccine -- 1.5.3 Nanoparticulate System for Cancer Therapy -- 1.5.4 Thermotherapy -- 1.5.5 Radiotherapy and Diagnostic Purpose -- 1.6 Challenges and Opportunities for Nanotechnology-Based Immunotherapy -- 1.7 Advantage and Disadvantage -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Immunomodulatory Properties of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Immune System -- 2.2.1 Hematopoiesis and the Immune System -- 2.2.2 The Immune System in Disease -- 2.2.3 Nutrition and Immunity -- 2.2.4 Immunosenescence and Nutrition -- 2.3 Immunomodulatory Response of Polyphenolic Compounds -- 2.3.1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity Regulated by Polyphenolic Compounds -- 2.3.2 Overview of Immune Responses in Human Studies -- 2.4 Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamins -- 2.4.1 Immunomodulatory Properties of Liposoluble Vitamins -- 2.4.1.1 Vitamin A -- 2.4.1.2 Vitamin D -- 2.4.1.3 Vitamin E -- 2.4.2 Immunomodulatory Properties of Water-Soluble Vitamins -- 2.5 Immunomodulatory Response of Probiotics. , 2.5.1 Gut Integrity-Promoting Activities -- 2.5.2 Direct Stimulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells -- 2.5.3 Production of Microbial Metabolites and Substrates -- 2.5.4 In Situ Immunoenhancing Response of Probiotics by Fermented Foods -- 2.5.5 Live Biotherapeutic Products as Immune Probiotics -- 2.6 Immunomodulatory Response of Prebiotics -- 2.6.1 Immunostimulating Response of Prebiotics -- 2.6.1.1 Fructans -- 2.6.1.2 Pectin -- 2.6.1.3 Resistant Starch -- 2.7 Immunomodulatory Response of Bioactive Peptides -- 2.7.1 Immunomodulatory Peptides from Animal Foods -- 2.7.2 Immunomodulatory Peptides from Vegetable Foods -- 2.8 Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3: Immunoregulatory Bioactive Phytoconstituents: Recent Trends and Future Challenges -- 3.1 Immunomodulators -- 3.2 Immunomodulatory Phytochemicals -- 3.3 Isolated Phytochemicals as Immunoregulators -- 3.3.1 Resveratrol -- 3.3.2 Epigallocatechin Gallate -- 3.3.3 Gingerol -- 3.3.4 Quercetin -- 3.3.5 Curcumin -- 3.3.6 Genistein and Daidezin -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Effect of Plant-Derived Immunomodulators on the Immune System -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Immunomodulators -- 4.2.1 Natural Immunomodulators -- 4.2.2 Plant-Derived Immunomodulators -- 4.2.3 Physiochemical Properties of Quercetin -- 4.3 Bioavailability of Quercetin -- 4.4 Biological Functions of Quercetin -- 4.5 Mechanism of Action of Quercetin -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Polyphenols and Its Effect on the Immune System -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Structure and Function of Polyphenols -- 5.3 Immunomodulatory Mechanism of Polyphenols -- 5.4 Polyphenol´s Regulatory Effects on Different Immune Responses -- 5.4.1 Polyphenol and Insulin Resistance -- 5.4.2 Polyphenols and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases -- 5.4.3 Polyphenols and Allergic Diseases -- 5.4.4 Polyphenol and Tumor. , 5.5 Different Types of Polyphenolic Compound and Their Effect on the Immune System -- 5.5.1 Quercetin -- 5.5.2 Resveratrol -- 5.5.3 Punicalagin -- 5.5.4 Apigenin -- 5.5.5 Genistein -- 5.5.6 Chrysin -- 5.5.7 Curcumin -- 5.5.8 Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) -- 5.5.9 Phenolic Acid -- 5.6 Cross Talk -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Mineral Nutraceuticals and Immunity Enhancement -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overview of Nutraceutical and Its Classification -- 6.3 Role of Various Minerals as a Nutraceutical -- 6.3.1 Zinc -- 6.3.2 Selenium -- 6.3.3 Copper -- 6.3.4 Magnesium -- 6.3.5 Iodine -- 6.3.6 Iron -- 6.3.7 Manganese -- 6.4 Immune System and Effect of Nutrition -- 6.5 Effects of Nutrition on the Immune System -- 6.6 Nutrients and Food Components for Modulation of Immunity -- 6.6.1 Vitamin D -- 6.6.2 Vitamin E -- 6.6.3 Fish Oil -- 6.6.4 Probiotics -- 6.6.5 Green Tea -- 6.6.6 Beta-Glucans -- 6.6.7 Polyphenols -- 6.6.8 Dietary Supplements -- 6.7 Discussion and Future Scope -- 6.7.1 Future Scope -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Nutraceuticals as Disease Preventive Food and Immunity Boosters -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Advantages -- 7.1.2 Emerging Trends in Nutraceuticals -- 7.1.3 Nutraceutical -- 7.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals -- 7.2.1 Nutraceuticals Based on Food Availability -- 7.2.2 Classification Based on Mechanism of Action -- 7.2.3 Classification Based on Chemical Nature -- 7.3 Categorizing Nutraceuticals -- 7.3.1 Dietary Fiber -- 7.3.2 Probiotics -- 7.3.3 Prebiotics -- 7.3.4 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) -- 7.3.5 Antioxidant Vitamins -- 7.3.6 Polyphenols -- 7.3.7 Spices -- 7.4 Health Benefits (Chauhan et al. 2013 -- Baradaran et al. 2013) -- 7.5 Role of Nutraceuticals -- 7.5.1 Role of Bacterial Nutraceuticals -- 7.5.2 Antioxidants in Disease Prevention -- 7.5.3 Phytochemicals as Potential Nutraceuticals. , 7.5.4 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Nutraceuticals -- 7.6 Nutraceuticals in Diseases -- 7.6.1 Diabetes -- 7.6.2 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 7.6.3 Cancer -- 7.6.4 Obesity -- 7.6.5 Osteoarthritis -- 7.6.6 Alzheimer´s Disease -- 7.6.7 Parkinson´s Disease -- 7.6.8 Allergy -- 7.6.9 Oral Diseases -- 7.6.10 Eye Disorders -- 7.6.11 Migraine -- 7.6.12 Stress Management -- 7.6.13 Prolonging Life Span -- 7.6.14 Oral Health -- 7.6.15 Bone Health -- 7.7 Functional Foods -- 7.8 Significance of Synergic Foods -- 7.8.1 Synergistic Foods as Immune Boosters -- 7.8.2 Synergistic Foods to Prevent Infections -- 7.8.3 Synergistic Foods to Increase Bioavailability of Nutrients -- 7.8.4 Synergistic Foods to Reduce Chronic Diseases -- 7.8.5 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 7.8.6 Diabetes Mellitus -- 7.8.7 Cancer -- 7.8.8 Synergic Foods to Improve Mental and Reproductive Health -- 7.9 Current and Future Development of Nutraceuticals -- 7.10 Some Marketed Products Available as Nutraceuticals (Chaturvedi et al. 2011 -- Sarin et al. 2012 -- Pandey et al. 2010). -- 7.11 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Micronutrients and Macronutrients -- Chapter 8: Current and Future Prospects of Flavonoids for Human Immune System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Use of Flavonoids and Their Immunomodulatory Effects -- 8.2.1 Effect of Flavonoids on Cells of Innate Immune System -- 8.2.2 Effect of Flavonoids on Cells of Adaptive Immune System -- 8.2.3 Flavonoids as Radical Scavengers -- 8.2.4 Flavonoids and Their Anticancer Activity -- 8.2.5 Effect of Flavonoids on Various Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 8.2.6 Flavonoid Participation in Cognition and Signaling Pathway -- 8.2.7 Role of Flavonoids in Apoptosis -- 8.2.8 Multidimensional Activity of Flavonoids -- 8.2.9 Flavonoids and COVID-19 -- 8.3 Flavonoids: Futuristic Approach -- References -- Chapter 9: Resveratrol and Immunomodulation -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Structure and Characteristics of Resveratrol -- 9.3 Sources/Production and Applications in Health -- 9.4 Immunomodulatory Role of Resveratrol in Various Pathologies -- 9.4.1 Antioxidant Activity -- 9.4.2 Anticancer Effect -- 9.4.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity -- 9.4.4 Antihypertensive Activity -- 9.4.5 Antiviral Effect -- 9.4.6 Resveratrol Effect in Metabolic Diseases -- 9.4.7 Resveratrol Effect in Autoimmune Diseases -- 9.4.8 Resveratrol Effect in Degenerative Diseases -- 9.5 Bioavailability and Metabolism of Resveratrol -- 9.6 Therapy Resveratrol Carriers -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Immunomodulation Impact of Curcumin and Its Derivative as a Natural Ingredient -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Immunomodulation -- 10.3 Chemical Composition of Turmeric -- 10.3.1 Curcumin and the Curcuminoids: Structure-Activity Relationships and Synthetic Analogs -- 10.4 Immunomodulatory Effect -- 10.5 Immunomodulation Properties of Curcuma Derivatives -- 10.5.1 Curcuma Longa -- 10.5.1.1 In Vitro Immunomodulating Effect of C. longa -- 10.5.1.2 In Vivo Immunomodulating Effect of C. longa -- 10.5.2 Curcuma Zanthorrhiza Roxb -- 10.5.2.1 In Vitro Immunomodulating Effect of C. zanthorrhiza -- 10.5.2.2 In Vivo Immunomodulating Effect of C. zanthorrhiza -- 10.5.3 Curcuma Aeruginosa Roxb -- 10.5.3.1 In Vitro Immunomodulating of C. aeruginosa -- 10.5.3.2 In Vivo Immunomodulating of C. aeruginosa -- 10.5.4 Curcuma Zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe -- 10.5.4.1 In Vitro Immunomodulating Effect of C. zedoaria -- 10.5.4.2 In Vivo Immunomodulating Effect of C. zedoaria -- 10.5.5 Curcuma Mangga Valeton & -- Zijp -- 10.5.5.1 In Vitro Immunomodulating Effect of C. mangga -- 10.5.5.2 In Vivo Immunomodulating Effect of C. mangga -- 10.5.6 Curcuma Amada Roxb -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Colchicine and Andrographolide as Natural Immunomodulators. , 11.1 Introduction.

Note: Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry -- Phosphorus Heterocycles II -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Contents -- Heterophenes Carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups as Key Structures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Phosphaquinoid and Phosphathienoquinoid Compounds -- 2.1 Synthesis -- 2.2 Structure -- 2.3 Redox Properties -- 3 Phosphorus Substituted Thiophene and Related Compounds -- 3.1 Synthesis -- 3.2 Structure -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2,5-Dihydro-1,2-Oxaphosphole-2-Oxide Derivatives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods for Synthesis of 2,5-Dihydro-1,2-Oxaphosphole-2-Oxide Derivatives -- 2.1 Historical Overview -- 2.2 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkadienephosphonates -- 2.2.1 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkadienephosphonic Acids -- 2.2.2 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkadienephosphonic Dichlorides -- 2.2.3 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkadienephosphonic Dialkyl Esters -- 2.2.4 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkadienephosphonic Oxides -- 2.2.5 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkadienephosphonic Amidoesters -- 2.3 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkatrienephosphonates -- 2.3.1 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkatrienephosphonic Acids -- 2.3.2 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkatrienephosphonic Dichlorides -- 2.3.3 Electrophilic Addition to 1,2-Alkatrienephosphonic Dialkyl Esters -- 3 Electrophilic Addition to Allenesubstituted-1,3,2-Dioxaphospholanes -- 4 Electrophilic Addition to 1,3-Alkadienephosphonates -- 4.1 Electrophilic Addition to 1,3-Alkadienephosphonic Dichlorides -- 4.2 Electrophilic Addition to 1,3-Alkadienephosphonic Dialkyl Esters -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Developments in the Chemistry of N-Heterocyclic Phosphines -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nomenclature -- 3 Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Phosphines -- 3.1 Syntheses -- 3.1.1 Synthesis Via Heterocyclic Ring Assembly. , 1,3,2-Diazaphospholes and 1,3,2-Diazaphospholides -- 1,3,2-Diazaphospholenes -- 1,3,2-Diazaphospholenium Cations -- 3.1.2 Syntheses Via Transformation of Other Heterocycles -- Addition Reactions -- Substituent Displacement Reactions -- Substituent Abstraction Reactions -- 3.2 Physical Properties, Structure, and Bonding -- 3.2.1 Spectroscopic Studies -- NMR Spectroscopy -- Vibrational Spectroscopy -- Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 3.2.2 Crystal Structure Studies -- 1,3,2-Diazaphospholide Anions and 1,3,2-Diazaphospholenium Cations -- 1,3,2-Diazaphospholenes -- 3.2.3 Computational Studies -- p-Delocalization and Aromaticity of 1,3,2-Diazaphosphole Derivatives -- P-X Bond Polarization in 1,3,2-Diazaphospholenes -- Chemical Reactivity Aspects and Frontier Orbital Considerations -- Computational Studies of Structural and Spectroscopic Properties -- 3.3 Chemical Reactivity -- 3.3.1 P-Hydrogen NHPs as Hydride Transfer Reagents -- 3.3.2 P-P Bond Activation and Cleavage -- 3.3.3 Reactions of P-Cyclopentadienyl NHPs -- 3.3.4 Coordination Chemistry of NHPs -- 3.3.5 Oxidation Reactions -- 4 Six-Membered N-Heterocyclic Phosphines -- 4.1 Syntheses -- 4.2 Physical Properties, Structure, and Bonding -- 4.3 Chemical Reactivity -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Selected Five-Membered Phosphorus Heterocycles Containing a Stereogenic Phosphorus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 1,3,2-Dioxaphospholanes -- 2.1 With a Tricoordinated Phosphorus Atom -- 2.2 With a Tetracoordinated Phosphorus Atom -- 3 1,3,2-Oxazaphospholanes (1,3,2-Oxazaphospholidines ) -- 3.1 Derived from Ephedrine Alkaloids -- 3.1.1 With a Tricoordinated Phosphorus Atom -- 3.1.2 With a Tetracoordinated Phosphorus Atom -- 3.2 Derived from Other 1,2-Aminoalcohols -- 3.2.1 With a Tricoordinated Phosphorus Atom -- 3.2.2 With a Tetracoordinated Phosphorus Atom -- 3.3 Other 1,3,2-Oxazaphospholanes. , 4 1,3,2-Diazaphospholanes -- 5 1,3,2-Oxathiaphospholanes -- 6 1,3,2-Azathiaphospholanes -- 7 1,3,2-Dithiaphospholanes -- 8 Hypervalent Structures with a Pentacoordinated Phosphorus and Two Five-Membered Rings -- References -- 1-(2,4,6-Trialkylphenyl)-1H-Phospholes with a Flattened P-Pyramid: Synthesis and Reactivity -- 1 Introduction: 1H-Phospholes -- 2 Synthesis of 1-(2,4,6-Trialkylphenyl)phospholes -- 3 Aromaticity of 1-(2,4,6-Trialkylphenyl)phospholes -- 4 Reactivity of 1-(2,4,6-Trialkylphenyl)phospholes -- 4.1 Aromatic Electrophilic Substitutions -- 4.2 Reactions with Phosphorus Tribromide -- 4.3 Diels-Alder Reactions -- 4.4 Sigmatropic Rearrangements -- 4.5 Complexation Reactions: Platinum and Rhodium Complexes -- 4.6 Oxidation Reactions -- 5 Fragmentation of Phosphole-Based 7-Phosphanorbornenes -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Diazaphospholes -- 1 Introduction and Classification -- 2 Synthesis -- 2.1 [1,2,3]Diazaphospholes -- 2.2 [1,2,4]Diazaphospholes -- 2.3 [1,3,2]Diazaphospholes -- 2.4 [1,4,2]Diazaphospholes -- 3 X-ray Structure Analysis and Theoretical Calculations -- 4 Reactions -- 4.1 1,2-Addition of Polar Reagents -- 4.2 N-Alkylation and C-Substitution -- 4.3 [2+4] Cycloaddition -- 4.4 [2+3] Cycloaddition -- 4.5 Coordination Reactions -- 4.5.1 Coordination via Endocyclic Moieties -- 4.5.2 Coordination via Exocyclic Moieties -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- About the Editors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Part I: Drugs from Nature and Their Evaluation -- 1. Facts about the Standardization of Herbal Medicines -- 2. Current Perspectives and Methods for the Characterization of Natural Medicines -- 3. Characterization of Phyto-Constituents -- 4. Quality Control Methods for Herbal Medicines -- Part II: Herbal Medicines in Cancer Therapeutics -- 5. Anti-Cancer Agents from Natural Sources -- 6. Current and Future Perspectives of Marine Drugs for Cancer Disorders: A Critical Review -- 7. Edible Pulses: Part of A Balanced Diet to Manage Cancer -- Part III: Natural Drugs With Heteroatoms -- 8. Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants -- 9. Heterocyclic Drug Design and Development -- Part IV: Diverse Applications of Herbal Medicines -- 10. Role of Natural Agents in the Management of Diabetes -- 11. Marine Drugs: A Source of Medicines for Neuroinflammatory Disorders -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Neutraceuticals and Plant Metabolites -- Nanotechnology and Cancer -- Infectious and Autoimmune Diseases -- Enzyme, Hormone, and Biomolecules -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Nutraceuticals and Plant Metabolites -- 1: Classification, Mode of Action and Uses of Various Immunomodulators -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Subtypes of Immunomodulators -- 1.2.1 Immunostimulant -- 1.2.1.1 Pharmacognostic Approaches -- 1.2.1.2 Chemistry of Phytoconstituents Used as Immunostimulants -- 1.2.1.2.1 Glycosides -- 1.2.1.2.2 Flavonoids -- 1.2.1.2.3 Coumarins -- 1.2.1.2.4 Sapogenins -- 1.2.1.2.5 Alkaloids -- 1.2.1.2.6 Thiosulphinates -- 1.2.1.2.7 Volatile Oils and Terpenoids -- 1.2.1.2.8 Polysaccharides -- 1.2.2 Immunostimulant Synthetic Drugs -- 1.2.2.1 Functions of Immunostimulants -- 1.2.2.2 Types of Immunostimulants -- 1.2.2.2.1 Levamisole (Ergamisol) -- 1.2.2.2.2 Thalidomide -- 1.2.2.3 Immunocynin -- 1.2.2.3.1 Bestatin -- 1.2.2.3.2 Bacterial Products -- 1.2.2.3.3 Recombinant Cytokines -- 1.2.2.4 Complex Carbohydrates -- 1.2.2.4.1 Glucans -- 1.2.2.4.2 Trehalose -- 1.2.2.4.3 Prebiotics -- 1.2.2.5 Immunostimulants Used in Vaccines -- 1.2.3 Immunosuppressant -- 1.2.3.1 Synthetic Drugs: Manufactured Medications -- 1.2.3.2 Immunosuppression for Organ Transplantation -- 1.2.4 Inhibitor of Lymphocyte Gene Expression -- 1.2.5 Antibodies Against Specific Immune Cell Molecules -- 1.2.5.1 Polyclonal Antibodies Antithymocyte Globulin (ATG) -- 1.2.5.1.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.5.1.2 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.5.1.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.5.2 Monoclonal Antibodies: Muromunab (Anti-CD3 Antibodies, OKT3) -- 1.2.5.2.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.5.2.2 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.5.2.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.6 Inhibitors of Immune Cell Adhesion -- 1.2.6.1 Efalizumab -- 1.2.6.1.1 Mechanism of Action. , 1.2.6.1.2 Pharmacokinetics -- 1.2.6.1.3 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.7 Tolerogens or Inhibitors of Immune Cells -- 1.2.8 Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Gene Expression to Reduce Inflammatory Response -- 1.2.8.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.8.2 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.8.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.9 Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Signalling to Prevent Immune Cell Activation and Proliferation: Calcineurin Inhibitors -- 1.2.9.1 Cyclosporine -- 1.2.9.1.1 Pharmacokinetics -- 1.2.9.1.2 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.9.1.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.9.2 Tacrolimus -- 1.2.9.2.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.9.2.2 Pharmacokinetics -- 1.2.9.2.3 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.9.2.4 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.10 Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors: Sirolimus -- 1.2.10.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.10.2 Pharmacokinetics -- 1.2.10.3 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.10.4 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.11 Cytotoxic Agents to Reduce Lymphocyte Proliferations -- 1.2.11.1 Antimetabolites: Azathioprine -- 1.2.11.1.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.11.1.2 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.11.1.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.11.2 Mycophenolate Mofetil -- 1.2.11.2.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.11.2.2 Pharmacokinetics -- 1.2.11.2.3 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.11.2.4 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.12 Alkylating Agents -- 1.2.12.1 Cyclophosphamide -- 1.2.12.1.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.12.1.2 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.12.1.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.13 Cytokine Inhibitors (Anticytokine Antibodies) -- 1.2.13.1 TNF-α Inhibitors -- 1.2.13.2 Etanercept -- 1.2.13.3 Infliximab -- 1.2.13.4 Adalimumab -- 1.2.14 Miscellaneous: Immunostimulants -- 1.2.14.1 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) -- 1.2.14.1.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.14.1.2 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.14.1.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.14.2 Levamisole -- 1.2.14.2.1 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.14.2.2 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.14.3 Thalidomide -- 1.2.14.3.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.14.3.2 Therapeutic Uses. , 1.2.14.3.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.15 Recombinant Cytokines -- 1.2.15.1 Isoprinosine -- 1.2.15.1.1 Mechanism of Action -- 1.2.15.1.2 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.15.1.3 Adverse Effects -- 1.2.15.2 Immunocynin -- 1.2.15.3 Therapeutic Uses -- 1.2.15.4 Adverse Effects -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Potential Role of Herbs and Spices on the Immune System -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Immunity and the Immune System -- 2.3 Spices/Herbs and Their Active Components -- 2.4 Role of Spices as Effective Immune Mediators -- 2.4.1 Turmeric -- 2.4.2 Ginger -- 2.4.3 Garlic -- 2.4.4 Black Cumin -- 2.4.5 Cinnamon -- 2.4.6 Cardamom -- 2.4.7 Fenugreek -- 2.4.8 Guduchi -- 2.4.9 Panax Notoginseng -- 2.4.10 Ashwagandha -- 2.5 Other Herbs and its Immune Response -- 2.6 Dietary Intake and Bioavailability -- 2.7 Market Share Insights of Spices/Herbs -- 2.8 Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- 3: Immune Boosting Activity of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods -- 3.2.1 Nutraceuticals -- 3.2.2 Functional Foods -- 3.2.3 Types of Functional Foods -- 3.3 The Immune System -- 3.3.1 Innate Immunity -- 3.3.2 Adaptive Immunity -- 3.3.3 The Gut Immune System and Its Microbiota -- 3.3.4 Immunomodulation -- 3.3.4.1 Immunoadjuvants -- 3.3.4.2 Immunostimulants -- 3.3.4.3 Immunosuppressant -- 3.3.5 Modulation of Immune Function by Foods -- 3.4 Immunomodulatory Properties of Probiotics -- 3.4.1 Mechanism of Probiotics´ Action -- 3.4.2 Production of Antimicrobial Substances by Probiotics -- 3.5 Immunomodulatory Properties of Prebiotics -- 3.5.1 Mechanism of Prebiotics´ Action -- 3.6 Immunomodulatory Properties of Nutraceuticals from Selected Plants and Phytochemicals -- 3.7 Bioactive Polysaccharides -- 3.7.1 Mechanism of Action -- 3.8 Immunomodulatory Properties of Mushrooms. , 3.8.1 Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharopeptides Extracts from Coriolus Versicolor -- 3.8.1.1 Mechanism of Action -- 3.8.1.1.1 Induction of a Predominantly pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Profile -- 3.8.1.1.2 Effect of PSP on Immune Cell Populations -- 3.8.1.1.3 Effects on Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses -- 3.8.1.1.4 Induction of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) -- 3.9 Immunomodulatory Compounds from Microalgae -- 3.10 Immunomodulation Activity of Functional Fatty Acids -- 3.10.1 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) -- 3.10.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) -- 3.11 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Antioxidants and Immunomodulation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Free Radical Generation -- 4.3 Antioxidants as Immunomodulators -- 4.3.1 Mechanism of Antioxidants -- 4.3.2 Classification of Antioxidants -- 4.3.2.1 Natural Antioxidants -- 4.3.2.1.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants -- 4.3.2.1.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants -- 4.3.2.1.3 Low-Molecular-Weight Antioxidants -- 4.3.2.1.4 High-Molecular-Weight Proteins -- 4.3.2.2 Plant-Derived Antioxidants -- 4.3.2.2.1 Medicinal Plants and Spices Having Antioxidants -- 4.3.2.3 Synthetic Antioxidants -- 4.4 Medicinal and Immunomodulatory Applications of Antioxidants -- 4.4.1 Significance of Antioxidants in Red Cells -- 4.4.2 Treatment of Acute Central Nervous System Injury Using Antioxidants -- 4.4.3 Use of Antioxidants in Cancer Therapy -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Nanotechnology and Cancer -- 5: Nanotechnology and Immunomodulators in Cancer -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Immune Cell Functions in Cancer -- 5.1.2 Immunoediting: The Response of the Immune System to Tumor Growth -- 5.1.2.1 Elimination Phase -- 5.1.2.2 Equilibrium Phase -- 5.1.2.3 Escape Phase -- 5.1.3 The Importance of TME (Cancer Immunity Phenotypes) -- 5.1.3.1 Immune-Desert Phenotype -- 5.1.3.2 Immune-Excluded Phenotype -- 5.1.3.3 Inflamed Phenotype. , 5.2 Overview on Actual Immunotherapy in Cancer -- 5.2.1 Cytokines -- 5.2.2 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) -- 5.2.2.1 Mechanism of Action of Immune Checkpoints (ICs) -- 5.2.2.1.1 PD-1 -- 5.2.2.1.2 CTLA-4 -- 5.2.2.1.3 Clinical Trials with Checkpoint Inhibitors -- 5.2.2.2 New Immune Checkpoints -- 5.2.2.2.1 Co-Stimulatory Targets -- GITR and GITRL -- 4-1BB and 4-1BBL -- OX40 and OX40L -- 5.2.2.2.2 Inhibitory Targets -- LAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3) -- VISTA (B7-H5) -- TIM-3 -- TIGIT -- 5.2.3 Vaccines -- 5.2.4 Cellular Adoptive Immunotherapy -- 5.2.5 Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockades in Cancer -- 5.2.5.1 Tumor-Derived Resistance -- 5.2.5.1.1 The Lack of Antigenic Proteins on the Tumor Cell Surface -- 5.2.5.1.2 Modulations and Mutations in the Oncogenic Signaling Pathway -- 5.2.5.1.3 PD-L1 Expression -- 5.2.5.2 Innate PD-1 Resistance (IPRES) -- 5.2.5.2.1 Epigenetic Modifications -- 5.2.5.2.2 Absence of Antigen Presentation -- 5.2.5.2.3 T Cell-Based Resistance -- 5.2.5.2.4 Absence of T Cells -- 5.2.5.2.5 Inhibitory Immune Checkpoints -- 5.2.5.2.6 Impaired Formation of T Cell Memory -- 5.2.5.3 Tumor Microenvironment-Determined Resistance -- 5.2.5.3.1 Immunosuppressive Cells -- 5.2.5.3.2 Immunosuppressive Molecules -- 5.2.5.3.3 Aberrant Regulation of Signaling Pathways -- 5.2.5.4 Microbiome Modulation -- 5.3 Nanotechnologies in Cancer Immunotherapy -- 5.3.1 The Value of EPR Effect in Nano-Immunotherapy -- 5.3.2 Nanoparticles Designed for Modeling Cancer Immunotherapy -- 5.3.2.1 Classification of Nanotechnologies for Cancer Immunotherapy -- 5.3.2.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 5.3.2.1.2 PLGA -- 5.3.2.1.3 Dendrimers -- 5.3.2.1.4 Lipid Nanocarriers -- 5.3.2.1.5 Micelles -- 5.3.2.1.6 Metal NPs -- Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) -- Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- 5.3.2.1.7 Inorganic Nonmetallic NPs -- Mesoporous Silica NPs (MSNs). , Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs).

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Series Page -- About the Editors -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- 1. Overview of Functional Foods -- 2. Functional Foods for Autism -- 3. Functional Foods in Cancer Management and Prevention -- 4. Novel Applications of Functional Foods in Brain Health -- 5. Functional Foods in the Management of Weight Loss and Obesity -- 6. Functional Foods in Health and Diseases -- 7. Role of Functional Foods in Cardiovascular Diseases -- 8. Functional Foods in Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus -- 9. Functional Foods for Microbial Infections -- 10. Approaches for Treating Ulcer with Functional Foods -- 11. Functional Foods in Acidity Management and Prevention -- 12. Role of Functional Foods in Psychotic Disorders -- 13. Functional Foods for Viral Infections -- 14. Role of Functional Foods in Growth and Development -- 15. Overview of Functional Foods and Their Impact on Osteoporosis -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- About the Editors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- PART I: Preamble of Nutraceuticals and Formulations -- 1. Functional Foods -- 2. Nutraceutical Bioactives -- 3. Introduction to Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements -- 4. Herbs in Health Management -- 5. Starch-Based Nanocarriers of Nutraceuticals: Synthesis and Applications -- PART II: Role of Nutraceuticals in Cancer Treatment -- 6. Study of Nutraceuticals in Cancer Treatment: An In Silico Approach -- 7. Nutraceuticals in Cancer Therapy -- PART III: Nutraceuticals and Mental Illness -- 8. Exploration of Nanonutraceuticals in Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 9. Preclinical Perspectives of Mechanisms Underlying the Neuroprotective Effects of Selected Phyto-Constituents in Alzheimer's Disease -- PART IV: Specialized Applications of Nutraceuticals -- 10. Science Behind Maca: A Traditional Crop from the Central Andes -- 11. Nutraceutical Intervention for Treatment of Alcoholism and Drinking Problems -- 12. Beta Cells and Diabetes -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Preface to the Fifth Edition -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Safety in the Chemical Laboratory -- 1.1 Protective Clothing -- 1.1.1 Equipment and Apparatus -- 1.2 Handling Chemicals -- 1.3 Flammable Materials -- 1.3.1 Corrosive and toxic Reagents -- 1.3.2 Irritant and Lachrymatory Chemicals -- 1.4 Eye Protection -- 1.5 Disposal of Chemicals and Solid Wastes -- 1.6 Guidelines in Case of Accident or Injury -- 1.7 Toxicity and Hazards of Chemicals -- Chapter 2. Laboratory Equipment and Techniques -- 2.1 Glasswares -- 2.2 Assemblies for Reactions -- 2.3 Distillation -- 2.3.1 Simple Distillation -- 2.3.2 Fractional Distillation -- 2.3.3 Distillation Under Reduced Pressure -- 2.3.4 Steam Distillation -- 2.4 Crystallization -- 2.5 Drying Agents -- 2.6 Cleaning Apparatus -- Chapter 3. Detection of Elements -- 3.1 Physical State -- 3.2 Color -- 3.3 Odor -- 3.4 Acid or Base Character -- 3.5 Ignition Test -- 3.6 Solubility -- 3.7 Elemental Analysis -- Chapter 4. Tests for Functional Groups -- 4.1 Alcoholic Group -- 4.2 Phenolic Group -- 4.3 Carbonyl Group -- 4.4 Carboxyl Group -- 4.5 Ester Group -- 4.6 Carbohydrates -- 4.7 Nitro Group -- 4.8 Amino Group -- 4.9 Amide Group -- 4.10 Anilide Group -- 4.11 Hydrocarbons -- 4.12 Unsaturation -- 4.13 Carbonic Acid Derivatives -- Chapter 5. Tests for Common Organic Compounds -- 5.1 Alcohols and Phenols -- 5.2 Carboxylic Acids -- 5.3 Aldehydes and Ketones -- 5.4 Esters -- 5.5 Amines -- 5.6 Amides and Anilides -- 5.7 Aryl Halides -- 5.8 Miscellaneous Compounds -- Chapter 6. Preparation of Derivatives -- 6.1 Derivatives of Alcohols -- 6.2 Derivatives of Phenols -- 6.3 Derivatives of Aldehydes and Ketones -- 6.4 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids -- 6.5 Derivatives of Esters -- 6.6 Derivatives of Carbohydrates -- 6.7 Derivatives of Amines -- 6.8 Derivatives of Hydrocarbons -- 6.9 Derivatives of Alkenes and Alkynes. , 6.10 Physical Constants -- 6.10.1 Melting Point -- 6.10.2 Boiling Point -- 6.11 Separation of Binary Mixtures -- 6.12 Physical Constants of Some Common Organic Compounds and Their Derivatives -- Chapter 7. Estimation of Functional Groups -- 7.1 Estimation of the Number of Hydroxyl (-OH) Groups in Alcohols -- 7.2 Determination of the Purity of Phenol -- 7.3 Determination of Equivalent Weight of a Carboxylic Acid -- 7.3.1 Silver Salt Method -- 7.3.2 Volumetric Method -- 7.4 Determination of Saponification Equivalent of an Ester -- 7.5 Estimation of a Keto Group -- 7.6 Estimation of an Aldehyde Group -- 7.7 Estimation of Sulfur (Messenger's Method) in Thiourea -- 7.8 Estimation of Nitrozen -- 7.9 Estimation of Amino Group -- 7.10 Estimation of the Number of Amide Groups -- 7.11 Estimation of Glycine (Amino Acid) -- 7.12 Determination of Percentage Purity of Glucose ( A Reducing Sugar) -- 7.13 Estimation of Saponification Value of an Oil or Fat -- 7.14 Determination of Iodine Number of an Unsaturated Compound -- 7.15 Estimation of the Reaction Constant -- 7.16 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand -- 7.17 Estimation of keto-Enol Equilibrium of a Keto Ester -- 7.18 Determination of the Number of Methoxy Groups -- 7.19 Determination of Ascorbic Acid Concentration -- 7.20 Determination of Molecular Weight of a Substance -- Chapter 8. Organic Preparations -- 8.1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions -- 8.1.1 Preparation of Nitrobenzene (Nitration) -- 8.1.2 Preparation of o- and p-Nitrophenols -- 8.1.3 Preparation of 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline (Bromination) -- 8.1.4 Preparation of Picric Acid (2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol) -- 8.1.5 Relative Rates of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution -- 8.1.6 The Friedel-Crafts Reaction -- 8.1.6(a) Preparation of o-Benzoylbenzoic Acid (The Friedel-Crafts Reaction). , 8.1.6(b) Preparation of Diphenylmethane (The Friedel-Crafts Reaction) -- 8.1.6(c) Preparation of B-Benzoylpropionic Acid (The Friedel-Crafts Reaction) -- 8.1.6(d) Preparation of p-Xylene-2-Sulfonic Acid -- 8.2 The Diels-Alder Reaction -- 8.2.1 Preparation of 9, 10-Dihydroanthracene-9 10- , -Succinic Anhydride(The Diels-Alder Reaction -- 8.3 The Backmann Rearrangement -- 8.3.1 Preparation of Benzanilide -- 8.4 The Perkin Reaction -- 8.4.1 Preparation of Cinnamic Acid -- 8.5 The Cannizzaro Reaction -- 8.5.1 Base-Catalyzed Oxidation-Reduction of Benzaldehyde -- 8.6 The Fries Rearrangement -- 8.6.1 Preparation of 2, 5-Dihydroxyacetophenone -- 8.7 The Schotten-Baumann Reaction -- 8.7.1 Preparation of Benzanilide -- 8.8 Benzilic Acid Rearrangement -- 8.8.1 Preparation of Benzilic Acid -- 8.9 The Reimer-Tiemann Reaction -- 8.9.1 Preparation of Salicylaldehyde -- 8.10 Oxidation and Reduction -- 8.10.1 Preparation of Cyclohexanone (Oxidation) -- 8.10.2 Preparation of p-Nitrobenzoic Acid (Oxidation) -- 8.10.3 Preparation of Anthraquinone (Oxidation) -- 8.10.4 Preparation of Adipic Acid (Oxidation) -- 8.10.5 Preparation of Benzoic Acid (Oxidation) -- 8.10.6 Preparation of Trimethylacetic Acid (Oxidation) -- 8.10.7 Preparation of Ethylbenzene (The Wolff-Kishner Reduction) -- 8.10.8 Preparation of Benzhydrol (Reduction) -- 8.10.9 Preparation and Stereochemistry of Azobenzene (Reduction) -- 8.10.10 Preparation of m-Nitroaniline from m-Dinitrobenzene (Reduction) -- 8.10.11 Reduction of p-Nitroacetophenone (Selective Reduction) -- 8.11 Organometallic Chemistry -- 8.11.1 Preparation of Benzoic Acid (The Grignard Reaction) -- 8.11.2 Preparation of Triphenylmethanol (The Grignard Reaction) -- 8.11.3 Preparation of p-Toluic Acid from p-Bromotoluene -- 8.12 Dehydration -- 8.12.1 Preparation of Cyclohexene -- 8.12.2 Preparation of Succinic Anhydride. , 8.12.3 Dehydration of Camphor Oxime (Molecular Rearrangement) -- 8.13 Optical Activity -- 8.13.1 Resolution of Racemic Phenylethylamine -- 8.14 Heterocyclic Compounds -- 8.14.1 Preparation of Quinoline (The Skraup Synthesis) -- 8.14.2 Preparation of 2-Phenylindole (The Fischer-Indole Synthesis) -- 8.14.3 Preparation of 1-Phenyl-3-Methyl-5-Pyrazolone -- 8.14.4 Preparation of 5-Hydroxy-1, 3-Benzoxazol-2-One -- 8.14.5 Preparation of 1, 2-Diphenyl-5-Nitrobenzimidazole -- 8.15 Diazotisation -- 8.15.1 Preparation of p-Iodonitrobenzene -- 8.15.2 Preparation of p-Chlorotoluene (The Sandmeyer Reaction) -- 8.15.3 Preparation of o-Chlorobenzoic Acid (The Sandmeyer Reaction) -- 8.16 Preparation of Dyes -- 8.16.1 Preparation of Methyl Orange -- 8.16.2 Preparation of Phenolphthalein -- 8.16.3 Preparation of Fluorescein -- 8.16.4 Preparation of Eosin -- 8.16.5 Preparation of Methyl Red -- 8.17 The Pinacol-Pinacolone Rearrangement -- 8.18 Chromatographic Methods -- 8.18.1 Column Chromatography -- 8.18.2 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 8.18.3 Paper Chromatography -- 8.19 Polymerization -- 8.19.1 Preparation of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin -- 8.19.2 Preparation of Thiokol Rubber -- 8.19.3 Polymerization of Styrene -- 8.19.4 Preparation of Nylon-66 -- 8.20 Catalytic Hydrogenation -- 8.20.1 Conversion of Cinnamic Acid to Hydrocinnamic Acid -- 8.21 Photochemical Reactions -- 8.21.1 Preparation of Benzopinacol -- 8.21.2 Photochemical Isomerization of Azobenzene -- 8.22 The Haloform Reaction -- 8.22.1 Preparation of Iodoform -- 8.23 Isolation Experiments -- 8.23.1 Isolation of Caffeine from Tea -- 8.23.2 Isolation of Lycopene from Tomatoes -- 8.23.3 Isolation of Casein from Milk -- 8.23.4 Isolation of Piperine from Pepper -- 8.23.5 Isolation and Estimation of Aspirin -- 8.24 Preparation of Triptycene -- 8.25 Addition of Dichlorocarbene to Cyclohexene. , 8.26 Miscellaneous Preparations -- 8.26.1 Preparation of Methyl Benzoate -- 8.26.2 Preparation of Acetanilide (Acetylation) -- 8.26.3 Preparation of Aspirin (Acetylation) -- 8.26.4 Preparation of p-Nitroaniline -- 8.26.5 Preparation of Mandelic Acid -- 8.26.6 Preparation of Anthranilic Acid -- 8.26.7 Preparation of Phenylurea -- 8.26.8 Preparation of 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine -- 8.26.9 Preparation of 7-Hydroxy-4-Methylcoumarin -- 8.26.10 Preparation of Soap from Fat -- 8.26.11 Preparation of p-Bromoaniline -- Chapter 9. Spectroscopic Methods -- 9.1 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.1.1 Instrumentation -- 9.1.2 Preparation of Sample -- 9.1.3 Interpretation of Spectra -- 9.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 9.2.1 Instrumentation and Sample Handling -- 9.2.2 Interpretation of Spectra -- Selected References -- Appendix 1. Preparation of Reagents -- Appendix 2. Purification of Solvents -- Appendix 3. Atomic Masses of Some Elements -- Appendix 4. Physical Constants of Some Common Compounds -- Appendix 5 Physical Constants of Acids and Bases -- Appendix 6. Mixture for Cooling Baths -- Selected Journals -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Anellated Azaphospholes -- Biological Activity of Aminophosphonic Acids and Their Short Peptides -- Phosphinine Derivatives and their Use as Versatile Intermediates in P-Heterocyclic Chemistry -- Spiro- and Tricyclic Phosphoranes with Six- and Higher-Membered Rings -- The Chemistry of Phosphinines -- Synthetic Approaches to 1,2-Heteraphosphacyclanes -- Phosphorus-Containing Calixarenes -- From Phosphorus-Containing Macrocycles to Phosphorus-Containing Dendrimers -- Index.