Note: Intro -- The Modelling of Radiation Damage in Metals Using Ehrenfest Dynamics -- Supervisor's Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I Introductory Material -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1…Why Simulate Radiation Damage? -- 1.2…Semi-classical Simulation as a Link in the Multi-scale Chain -- 1.3…How to Read this Thesis -- References -- 2 A Radiation Damage Cascade -- 2.1…The Early Stages -- 2.1.1 Ion Channelling -- 2.1.2 Sub-cascade Branching -- 2.2…The Displacement Phase -- 2.3…The Thermal Spike -- References -- 3 The Treatment of Electronic Excitations in Atomistic Simulations of Radiation Damage---A Brief Review -- 3.1…The Theoretical Treatment of Radiation Damage -- 3.2…The Electronic Stopping Regime -- 3.2.1 General Concepts -- 3.2.2 Models of Fast, Light Particle Stopping -- 3.2.2.1 Early Models -- 3.2.2.2 The Bohr Formula -- 3.2.2.3 The Bethe Formula -- 3.2.3 Expanding the Realm of Stopping Power Theory -- 3.2.4 Models of Fast, Heavy Particle Stopping -- 3.2.4.1 The Effective Charge of the Projectile -- 3.2.4.2 Non-Perturbative Models of Heavy Ion Stopping -- 3.2.4.3 Empirical Models of Stopping Power -- 3.2.5 Models of Slow, Heavy Particle Stopping -- 3.2.5.1 Binary Models of Slow Particle Stopping -- 3.2.5.2 Electron Gas models of Slow Particle Stopping -- 3.2.5.3 Non-Linear Calculations of Electron Gas Stopping -- 3.2.6 The Gaps in Stopping Power Theory -- 3.3…The Electron--Phonon Coupling Regime -- 3.3.1 The Importance of Electron--Phonon Coupling in Radiation Damage -- 3.3.2 Two-Temperature Models -- 3.3.3 Representing the Electron--Phonon Coupling -- 3.3.4 Models of Electron--Phonon Coupling -- 3.4…Electronic Effects in Atomistic Models of Radiation Damage -- 3.4.1 The Binary Collision Approximation -- 3.4.2 Molecular Dynamics Models -- 3.4.2.1 Molecular Dynamics with Electronic Drag -- 3.4.2.2 Electrons as a Heat Bath. , 3.5…Improving the Models: Incorporating Electrons Explicitly -- References -- 4 Theoretical Background -- 4.1…Overview -- 4.2…The Semi-Classical Approximation -- 4.2.1 The Ehrenfest Approximation -- 4.2.2 The Approximations in Ehrenfest Dynamics -- 4.3…The Independent Electron Approximation -- 4.3.1 Density Functional Theory -- 4.3.2 Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory -- 4.4…Tight-Binding Models -- 4.4.1 Ab-Initio Tight-Binding -- 4.4.2 Semi-Empirical Tight-Binding -- 4.4.3 The Harris--Foulkes Functional -- 4.4.4 Towards Semi-Empirical Tight-Binding -- 4.4.5 Self-Consistent Tight-Binding -- 4.5…Time-Dependent Tight-Binding -- 4.5.1 The Description of the System -- 4.5.2 The Evolution of our System -- 4.5.2.1 The Evolution of the Density Matrix -- 4.5.2.2 The Evolution of the Ionic System -- 4.6…Ehrenfest Dynamics -- 4.6.1 Ehrenfest Dynamics versus Surface Hopping -- 4.6.2 Energy Transfer in Ehrenfest Dynamics -- 4.7…Conclusions -- References -- Part II Simulating Radiation Damage in Metals -- 5 A Framework for Simulating Radiation Damage in Metals -- 5.1…A Simple Model Metal -- 5.1.1 The Parameters of the Model -- 5.1.2 The Electronic Structure of the Model -- 5.1.3 A Note on the Truncation of the Hopping Integrals -- 5.2…Ehrenfest Dynamics -- 5.3…spICED: Our Simulation Software -- References -- 6 The Single Oscillating Ion -- 6.1…Simulations of a Single Oscillating Ion -- 6.2…Simulation Results -- 6.2.1 Frequency and Temperature Dependence of Energy Transfer -- 6.2.2 Position and Direction Dependence -- 6.3…Theoretical Analysis of the System -- 6.4…Explaining the Results -- 6.4.1 High Frequency Cut-off -- 6.4.2 Isotropic Damping About Equilibrium Lattice Site -- 6.4.3 Absence of Energy Transfer at Some Frequencies -- 6.4.4 Frequency Independence of beta at High Temperature -- 6.5…Conclusions -- References. , 7 Semi-classical Simulations of Collision Cascades -- 7.1…The Evolution of a Cascade -- 7.1.1 Thermalization of the Initial Distribution -- 7.1.2 The Evolution of the Ions -- 7.2…The Electronic Subsystem -- 7.2.1 The Evolving Electronic System -- 7.2.1.1 The Non-crossing Theorem -- 7.2.2 Adiabaticity, Non-Adiabaticity and Electronic Excitations -- 7.2.2.1 A Toy Model of an Avoided Crossing -- 7.2.3 Achieving Adiabatic Evolution by Altering the Electron--Ion Mass Ratio -- 7.2.3.1 Some Cascade Simulations at High Ion Mass -- 7.2.4 The Irreversible Energy Transfer -- 7.3…Conclusions -- References -- 8 The Nature of the Electronic Excitations -- 8.1…Patterns of Excitation in Collision Cascades -- 8.1.1 Fitting a Pseudo-temperature -- 8.1.2 Why do We Obtain Hot Electrons? -- 8.1.3 The Importance of the Result -- 8.1.4 Thermalization or Thermal Excitation? -- 8.2…Electronic Entropy in Ehrenfest Simulations -- 8.2.1 Two Definitions of Electronic Entropy -- 8.2.2 Reconciling the Two Entropies -- 8.2.3 A Thought Experiment -- 8.3…Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Electronic Forces -- 9.1…Understanding the Electronic Force -- 9.2…The Effect of Electronic Excitations on the 'Conservative' Force -- 9.2.1 The Importance of the Reduction in the Attractive Electronic Force -- 9.2.1.1 The Effective Strain Due to Electronic Heating -- 9.2.2 Replacement Collision Sequences -- 9.2.2.1 Does the Non-adiabatic Force Have an Effect on RCS Dynamics? -- 9.3…Conclusions -- References -- 10 Channelling Ions -- 10.1…Semi-Classical Simulations of Ion Channelling -- 10.1.1 The Simulation Set-Up -- 10.1.2 The Evolution of a Channelling Simulation -- 10.1.3 Challenges in Simulating Ion Channelling -- 10.2…Steady State Charge -- 10.2.1 Results for a Non-Self-Consistent Model -- 10.2.2 A Perturbation Theory Analysis. , 10.2.2.1 A More Detailed Look at the Perturbation Theory Expression -- 10.2.2.2 A Toy Model -- 10.2.3 The Effect of Channelling Direction -- 10.2.4 The Effect of Charge Self-Consistency Parameters U and V -- 10.3…Electronic Stopping Power for a Channelling Ion -- 10.3.1 Results -- 10.3.2 The Origin of the Stopping Power: A Tight-Binding Perspective -- 10.3.2.1 Bond-Orders in Channelling Simulations -- 10.3.3 The 'Knee' in the Stopping Power for U = V = 0 -- 10.3.4 Effect of Onsite Charge Self-Consistency -- 10.3.4.1 A U-Dependent Mechanism for Suppressing the Bond-Orders -- 10.4…Conclusions -- References -- 11 The Electronic Drag Force -- 11.1…Is a Simple Drag Model Good Enough? -- 11.1.1 An Investigation of Damping Models for Total Energy Loss in Collision Cascades -- 11.2…The Microscopic Behaviour of the Non-Adiabatic Force -- 11.2.1 The Non-Adiabatic Force in Ehrenfest Dynamics -- 11.2.2 The Character of the Non-Adiabatic Force -- 11.3…An Improved Model of the Non-Adiabatic Force -- 11.3.1 A ''Non-Adiabatic Bond Model'' -- 11.3.2 The Performance of Our Proposed Model -- 11.3.2.1 The Irreversible Energy Transfer -- 11.3.2.2 The Non-Adiabatic Force -- 11.3.2.3 Model Performance at the Cascade Level -- 11.4…Conclusions -- References -- 12 Concluding Remarks -- 12.1…Our Aims -- 12.2…Our Results -- 12.2.1 The Nature of the Electronic Excitations -- 12.2.2 The Effect of Electronic Excitations on the Conservative Forces -- 12.2.3 Non-Adiabatic Effects on Channelling Ions -- 12.2.4 The Non-Adiabatic Force in Collision Cascades -- 12.3…Possible Directions for Further Research -- References -- 13 Appendices -- 13.1…Appendix A: Selected proofs -- 13.1.1 Proof of Equation (4.10)-(i) -- 13.1.2 Proof of Equation (4.10)-(ii) -- 13.1.3 Proof of Equation (4.12) -- 13.1.4 Proof of Equation (4.28) -- 13.1.5 Proof of Equation (4.85) -- 13.1.6 Proof of Equation (4.86). , 13.1.7 Proof of Equation (4.102) -- 13.1.8 Proof of Equation (4.131) -- 13.1.9 Proof of Equation (4.135) -- 13.1.10 Proof of Equation (4.137) -- 13.1.11 Proof of Equation (4.141): The Conservation of Total Energy -- 13.1.12 Proof of Increase of Pseudo-Entropy (8.16) -- 13.1.13 Proof of Equation (9.4) -- 13.1.14 Proof that Im{f4} = 0 -- 13.1.15 Proof of Equation (11.9) -- 13.1.16 Proof of Equation (11.12) -- 13.1.17 Proof of Equation (11.18) -- 13.2…Appendix B: Perturbation Theory -- 13.2.1 A Periodic Perturbation -- 13.2.2 The Effect of a Sinusoidal Perturbation on an Electronic System -- 13.2.2.1 The Irreversible Energy Transfer -- 13.2.2.2 Charge Transfer -- 13.2.2.3 First-Order Perturbation Theory Approximations -- The Time Dependence of the Energy and Charge Transfer -- Interpreting the Perturbation Theory Expressions -- Can We Neglect the Off-Diagonal Elements of \hat{\rho} in our Expression for {\Updelta }q_{\alpha}? -- Some Numerical Results -- 13.2.3 A Quantum Mechanical Oscillator -- 13.3…Appendix C: The Coupling Matrix for a Single Oscillating Ion -- 13.4…Appendix D: Some Features of the Electronic Excitation Spectrum in Collision Cascades -- 13.4.1 Anomalous Excitations Early in the Cascade -- 13.4.2 The Width of the Temperature Fitting Window -- 13.4.3 The Sommerfeld Expression for the Heat Capacity of Our Model -- 13.4.4 Behaviour of the Fitted Temperature Early in the Cascade -- 13.5…Appendix E: The Strain on an Inclusion due to Electronic Heating -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword by the Series Editors -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Authors -- 1 Patterns, Drivers and Implications of Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Patterns of Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes -- 1.2.1 Population Decline -- 1.2.2 Population Growth -- 1.3 The Drivers of Demographic Change -- 1.3.1 Population Decline -- 1.3.2 Population Growth -- 1.4 The Implications of Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes -- 1.5 Signs of a Contested Landscape -- 1.6 Natural Resource Management in Multi-Functional Landscapes -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Amenity-Led Migration in Rural Australia: A New Driver of Local Demographic and Environmental Change? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Amenity-Led Migration into Rural Areas: A Review -- Box 2.1 Rural Amenity and Agricultural Restructuring -- 2.3 In-Migration to Rural Australia -- 2.4 Ex-metropolitan Migration -- 2.5 The Role of Rural Amenity -- 2.6 Ecological Consequences of Amenity-Led Migration -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Sea- and Tree-Change Phenomena in Far North Queensland, Australia: Impacts of Land Use Change and Mitigation Potential -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Sea- and Tree-Change Phenomena in Far North Queensland -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.2.1 The Wet Tropics Case Study Region -- 3.2.2 A Mixed Methods Approach -- 3.3 Results -- 3.3.1 Why Do Sea- and Tree-Changers Choose to Move to the Wet Tropics? -- Box 3.1 Increasing Property Prices Result fromTree-Change Migration -- Box 3.2 Classic Sea-Change Push and Pull Factors -- Box 3.3 The Beach as a Pull Factor for Sea-Changers -- Box 3.4 The Landscape as a Pull Factor for Tree-Changers -- Box 3.5 Tree-Change as a Life Style Choice -- Box 3.6 Tree-Change to Escape the Coastal Heat -- Box 3.7 Complexity of Factors Leading to Sea- and Tree-Change Migration. , 3.3.2 Types of Sea- and Tree-Change Areas in the Wet Tropics -- 3.3.3 Where Do Sea- and Tree-Changers Live in the Wet Tropics? -- 3.3.4 What Do Sea- and Tree-Changers Do and How Do They Manage Their Properties? -- 3.3.5 Environmental Effects of the Sea- and Tree-Change Phenomena -- 3.3.6 Social, Cultural and Economic Effects of the Sea- and Tree-Change Phenomena -- 3.4 Governance of Sea- and Tree-Change Landscapes -- 3.4.1 Planning Strategies to Protect Sea- and Tree-Change Growth Areas -- 3.4.1.1 Urban Growth Boundary -- 3.4.1.2 Rural Fragmentation -- 3.4.1.3 Transferable Development Rights -- 3.4.1.4 Master Planning -- 3.4.1.5 Conservation Partnerships and Incentives -- 3.5 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Seeking Trees or Escaping Traffic? Socio-Cultural Factors and 'Tree-Change' Migration in Australia -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Perceptions and Realities of the Australian Lifestyle: An Historical View -- 4.1.2 Migration in Australia: Historical and Contemporary Experiences -- 4.2 Research Methodology -- 4.3 Research Findings -- 4.3.1 Tree-Change: Media-Driven Stereotypes and the Creation of a Property Market -- Box 4.1 Marketing Campaign: Riverina Regional Development Board -- Box 4.2 Marketing Campaign: North East Victoria -- 4.3.1.1 Stereotype 1: Tree-Changers Are Cashed up Baby Boomers -- Box 4.3 Example of Media Inconsistency: The Australian -- Box 4.4 Academic Response to Popular Sea-Change and Tree-Change Imagery -- 4.3.1.2 Stereotype 2: Tree-Changers Are Poor Young Families in Search of Affordable Housing -- 4.3.2 Regional Growth, Rural Suburbanisation -- 4.3.2.1 Tree-Changers: An Insider's Perspective -- Box 4.5 Reasons for Tree-Changing from Sydney -- 4.3.2.2 Tree-Changers ? What Do They Want? -- Box 4.6 Air Pollution: One Reason for Tree-Changing from Melbourne -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Demographic Change and Rural Nature. , 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Spatial Patterns of People and Nature Across Broad Scales -- 5.3 The Lure of Natural Amenities -- 5.4 Conservation Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Rural Landscapes -- 5.4.1 Challenges -- 5.4.2 Opportunities -- 5.5 The Vast Interior: Implications of Agricultural Land Abandonment -- 5.6 Managing Rural Environments for Conservation and Production -- 5.6.1 Business-as-Usual Is Not an Option -- 5.6.2 The Challenges of Managing Australia's New Bush -- 5.6.3 A Way Forward -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Agricultural Areas Under Metropolitan Threats: Lessons for Perth from Barcelona -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Population Pressures at the Urban Fringes: Barcelona and Perth -- 6.2.1 Population Growth Pressures in Barcelona -- 6.2.2 Population Growth Pressures in Perth -- 6.3 Peri-Urban Agricultural Spaces: Planning and Management -- 6.3.1 A Review of Peri-Urban Agricultural Research -- 6.3.2 Planning and Managing Peri-Urban Agricultural Spaces -- 6.4 Case Study Area One: Peri-Urban Agriculture in Barcelona -- 6.4.1 Barcelona's Agricultural Fringe: A General Overview -- 6.4.2 The Baix Llobregat Agrarian Park -- 6.5 Case Study Area Two: Peri-Urban Issues in Perth -- 6.5.1 Perth's Agricultural Fringe: A General Overview -- 6.5.2 The Chittering Valley: A Peri-Urban Locality Near Perth -- 6.6 Discussion and Conclusion: Lessons from Barcelona for Perth -- References -- 7 Agricultural Land Ownership Change and Natural Resource Management: Comparing Australian and US Case Studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Conceptualising Rural and Agricultural Landscape Change -- 7.3 Rural Change in Australia and the American West -- 7.4 Methodology -- 7.4.1 Australian Case Studies -- 7.4.2 American West Case Studies -- 7.5 Trends in Rural Property Turnover -- 7.5.1 Rates of Ownership Change -- 7.5.2 New Owners. , Box 7.1 Working Landscapes in Transition -- Box 7.2 Motivations of Newer Owners -- 7.6 Implications of Property Turnover -- 7.6.1 Differences Between New and Longer-Term Landholders -- Box 7.3 Conservation and Recreation Goals of NewerOwners -- Box 7.4 Production Goals of Newer and Longer-Term Owners -- Box 7.5 Investment Goals of Newer Owners in the GYE -- Box 7.6 Differing Attitudes TowardsWildlife Managementin the GYE -- Box 7.7 Leaving the Property in Better Condition -- Box 7.8 Learning and Knowledge About NRM -- Box 7.9 Challenges Engaging Newer Owners in CoordinatedNRM -- Box 7.10 Learning from Others -- 7.6.2 Land Management Practices -- Box 7.11 Passive Management Due to Time Constraintsand a Learning Period -- Box 7.12 Constraints Affecting Active Management Efforts -- Box 7.13 The Role of Owner-Manager Relations in NRM in the GYE -- 7.7 Discussion -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Land-Use Planning and Demographic Change: Mechanisms for Designing Rural Landscapes and Communities -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes: Challenges for Land-Use Planners -- 8.2.1 Planning Challenges for Areas with Net Out-Migration -- 8.2.2 Planning Challenges for Areas with Net In-Migration -- 8.3 Land-Use Planning Policies and Mechanisms: Are They Addressing the Challenges? -- 8.4 Developing Mechanisms for Managing the Impacts of Demographic Change -- 8.4.1 Regulatory Planning Mechanisms -- 8.4.2 Voluntary Planning Mechanisms -- 8.5 Taking Control: Using the Right Mix of Planning Mechanisms to Design Preferred Rural Landscapes and Communities -- References -- 9 Demographic Change and the Implications for Commercial Forestry: Lessons from South-East Australia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Research Methods -- 9.2.1 Selection of Case Studies -- 9.2.2 Sources of Data and Methods of Collection. , 9.2.3 Regional Settings for the Case Studies -- 9.3 Characteristics of Socio-Economic Changes and Factors Influencing the Changes -- 9.3.1 Population Changes -- 9.3.2 Employment Dynamics -- 9.3.2.1 Employment in Primary Industry -- 9.3.2.2 Off-Farm Employment -- 9.3.3 Purchase of Rural Property -- 9.3.3.1 The Value of Land for Agriculture -- 9.3.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Persons Who Purchased Rural Property -- 9.3.3.3 Patterns of Property Purchase in North-East Victoria -- 9.4 Impacts of Socio-Economic Changes in Rural Landscapes for Plantation Expansion -- 9.4.1 Introduction -- 9.4.2 Market Dynamics and Regional Expansion Targets -- 9.4.2.1 Regional Markets -- 9.4.2.2 Regional Targets for Plantation Expansion -- 9.4.3 The Supply of Land for Plantations -- 9.4.3.1 Studies of Land for Plantation Forestry in the Murray Valley -- 9.4.4 Recent Experiences of Companies Seeking to Expand Plantations -- 9.4.4.1 A Project to Develop Hardwood Plantations Within 200 km of Melbourne -- 9.4.4.2 Projects to Develop Radiata Pine Plantations -- 9.4.5 The Affordability of Land for Forestry -- 9.5 The Social Acceptability of Plantation Forestry -- 9.5.1 Forestry Land-Use Determination Under the Planning System -- 9.5.2 Impacts of New Landowners on the Management of Existing Plantations -- 9.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 10 Why Farming Families Decide to Maintain Native Biodiversity on Their Farms and the Implications of Demographic Change for Conservation Policies -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Decision-Systems Theory (DST) -- Box 10.1 A Farming Career -- 10.3 The 4-Group-Stakeholder Model -- 10.4 Policy Implications -- 10.4.1 Policies Implications in Relation to Farming Families -- Box 10.2 Farms as Homes and Businesses -- 10.4.2 Policies for Professional Managers of Corporate Farms -- 10.4.3 Policies for Families with Smaller Holdings of Farmland. , 10.4.4 Landholdings and Biodiversity Conservation.

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