Note: Front Cover -- Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- PART I: INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1. Novel Approaches to the Study of Population Dynamics -- I. Population Dynamics: A Brief Historical Review of the Major Concepts -- II. Traditional and Novel Approaches to the Study of Population Dynamics -- III. The Role of Herbivorous Insects in the Study of Population Dynamics -- IV. Population Dynamics: The New (Pluralist) Synthesis -- References -- PART II: OBSERVATION AND COMPARATIVE APPROACHES -- Chapter 2. Population Regulation: Old Arguments and a New Synthesis -- I. Introduction: The Never-Ending Debate -- II. Definition of Population Regulation -- III. Density-Dependence Tests -- IV. So What Do the Data Say? -- V. Beyond Density-Dependence Tests: Investigating the Structure of Population Regulation -- VI. Conclusion: Where Do We Go from Here? -- References -- Chapter 3. Ecology, Life History, and Phylogeny of Outbreak and Nonoutbreak Species -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods -- III. Results -- IV. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4. Spatial Behavior and Temporal Dynamics of Outbreak and Nonoutbreak Species -- I. Introduction -- II. Comparative Studies -- III. Toward an Explanation for Greater Temporal Variability in Species with Higher Spatial Variability -- References -- Chapter 5. Minor Miners and Major Miners: Population Dynamics of Leaf-Mining Insects -- I. Introduction -- II. Abundance Patterns -- III. Sources of Mortality -- IV. Regulatory Effects of Variation in Mortality -- V. Variation in Natality -- VI. Case Studies -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- PART III: MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION DYNAMICS -- Chapter 6. Density-Dependent Dispersal and Its Consequences for Population Dynamics -- I. Introduction -- II. Evidence for Density-Dependent Dispersal. , III. Consequences of Density-Dependent Dispersal for Local Population Dynamics -- IV. Conclusions and Prospectus -- References -- Chapter 7. Using Density-Manipulation Experiments to Study Population Regulation -- I. Introduction -- II. Review of Experimental Studies of the Past Twenty-Four Years -- III. Guidelines for Experimental Studies of Regulation -- IV. Beyond Local Regulation -- V. How Far Can Experiments Get Us? -- References -- Chapter 8. Butterfly Metapopulation Dynamics -- I. Introduction -- II. Four Necessary Conditions for Metapopulation-Level Regulation and Persistence of Species -- III. The Incidence Function Model -- IV. The Glanville Fritillary Melitaea cinxia -- V. Other Butterfly Metapopulations -- VI. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 9. Internal Dynamics and Metapopulations: Experimental Tests with Predator-Prey Systems -- I. Introduction -- II. Experimental Manipulations of Panonychus ulmi on Apple -- III. Metapopulation, Structure, Theoritical Predictions, and Spider Mite Populations -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Herbivore-Natural Enemy Interactions in Fragmented and Continuous Forests -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods -- III. Results -- IV. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 11. Simple Models and Complex Interactions -- I. Introduction -- II. Simple Mathematical Models with Nonintuitive Results -- III. Using a Simple Model to Make Quantitative Predictions: Gypsy Moth and Its Virus -- References -- Chapter 12. Field Experiments to Study Regulation of Fluctuating Populations -- I. Population Regulation: A Critique of the Descriptive Approach -- II. Population Regulation: The Experimental Approach -- III. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13. Impact of Life-History Evolution on Population Dynamics: Predicting the Presence of Maternal Effects -- I. Importance of Population Quality Parameters. , II. Maternal Effects Hypothesis of Herbivore Outbreak -- III. Predicting the Presence of Maternal Effects -- IV. Criteria for Choice of Life-History Traits for ME Score -- V. Criteria for Choice of Phytophagous Insect Species -- VI. Protocol for Scoring Herbivore Characteristics -- VII. Predictions -- VIII. Comparison of Inferences with Other Studies -- IX. Gregarious Larval Behavior -- X. Other Criteria for Predicting Maternal Effects -- XI. Closing Remarks -- References -- PART IV: CASE STUDIES -- Chapter 14. Long-Term Population Dynamics of a Seed-Feeding Insect in a Landscape Perspective -- I. Introduction -- II. Biology and Habitats -- III. Methods -- IV. Dynamics of Habitats and Seed Resources -- V. Patterns of Abundance in Lygaeus equestris Populations -- VI. What Factors Determine Fluctuations in Lygaeus equestris Populations? -- VII. General Discussion -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15. Adaptive Behavior Produces Population Stability in Herbivorous Lady Beetle Populations -- I. Introduction -- II. A Search for Causal Mechanisms -- III. Preference-Performance Linkage: A Key to Understanding Population Dynamics in Insect Herbivores -- IV. Case Study: The Thistle Lady Beetle -- V. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 16. Working toward Theory on Galling Sawfly Population Dynamics -- I. Introduction -- II. Studies on a Stem-Galling Sawfly -- III. The Search for Generality -- IV. Theory on Euura Population Dynamics -- V. Toward More General Theory -- References -- Chapter 17. Host Suitability, Predation, and Bark Beetle Population Dynamics -- I. Introduction -- II. Moisture Stress and Host Suitability -- III. Predation and SPB Dynamics -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18. The Dominance of Different Regulating Factors for Rangeland Grasshoppers -- I. Introduction -- II. Grasshoppers, a First Visit. , III. Graphical Depictions of Population Mechanisms Identified in Our Studies -- IV. An Integrated Model of Population Limitation -- V. Grasshoppers Revisited: Ricker Curves -- VI. Insights for Population Ecology -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- PART V: CONCLUSION -- Chapter 19. Novelty and Synthesis in the Development of Population Dynamics -- I. Introduction -- II. Elements of a New Synthesis -- III. Novel Approaches and the Beginnings of Synthesis -- IV. The New Synthesis -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 The general thesis -- MACROEVOLUTION AND MACROECOLOGY -- THEORY AND HYPOTHESIS -- QUESTIONS -- THE CENTRAL HYPOTHESIS -- 2 Historical views on distribution, abundance, and population dynamics -- EARLY FIELD STUDIES -- DEMOGRAPHY AND LIFE TABLES -- EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY -- AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON POPULATION DYNAMICS -- MACROECOLOGY -- PHYLOGENIES, BEHAVIORS, AND LIFE HISTORIES -- 3 The focal species - Basic biology -- ADVANTAGES IN STUDYING GALL-INDUCING HERBIVORES -- THE HOST PLANT -- THE HERBIVORE -- OVIPOSITION AND PREFERENCE -- LARVAL PERFORMANCE -- THE PHYLOGENETIC CONSTRAINT -- THE ADAPTIVE SYNDROME -- 4 The focal species - Emergent properties -- RESOURCE VARIATION -- NATURAL ENEMIES -- LATERAL EFFECTS -- POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS -- ANALYSIS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS -- CONCLUSIONS -- 5 The focal group - The common sawflies -- OTHER EUURA SPECIES -- OTHER SAWFLIES -- EXCEPTIONS -- ADAPTIVE RADIATION AND THE PHYLOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENT PROPERTIES -- BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS -- NOTABLE POINTS -- 6 Convergent constraints in divergent taxonomic groups -- THE GALL-INDUCING ARTHROPODS -- BIOGEOGRAPHY OF GALL-INDUCING INSECTS -- NON-GALLING ARTHROPODS -- NOTABLE POINTS -- 7 Divergent constraints and emergent properties -- THE SPRUCE BUDWORM LIFE CYCLE AND BEHAVIOR -- APPLYING THE PHYLOGENETIC CONSTRAINTS HYPOTHESIS -- THE GENERAL CASE IN FOREST LEPIDOPTERA -- THE GENERAL CASE IN BUTTERFLIES -- PEST STATUS IN OTHER ARTHROPOD GROUPS -- Mites -- Stick insects -- Orthoptera -- Homoptera -- Coleoptera -- Lepidoptera -- Hymenoptera -- THE CONTINUUM FROM LATENT TO ERUPTIVE POPULATION DYNAMICS -- NOTABLE POINTS -- 8 Common constraints and divergent emergent properties -- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SAWFLY FAMILIES -- EVOLUTION OF PROOVIGENESIS IN DIPRIONIDS. , TENTHREDINIDS ON CONIFERS -- DIFFERENT RESOURCES AND ADAPTIVE SYNDROMES -- NOTABLE POINTS -- 9 The thesis applied to parasitoids, plants, and vertebrate taxa -- PARASITOIDS -- PLANTS -- PLANTS AND HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS -- VERTEBRATE ANIMALS -- 10 Theory development and synthesis -- THE ECOLOGICAL VIEW OF POPULATION DYNAMICS -- A CHALLENGE TO THE ECOLOGICAL VIEW -- IS THERE A MACROEVOLUTIONARY PARADIGM? -- COMPONENTS OF THE MACROEVOLUTIONARY THEORY -- IS THE THEORY FALSIFIABLE? -- SYNTHESIS -- Glossary -- References -- Author index -- Taxonomic index -- Subject index.

Note: Front Cover -- Effects of Resource Distribution on Animal-Plant Interactions -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Natural Variability in Plants and Animals -- Section I: Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation in Plants and Animals -- Chapter 2. The Impact of Resource Variation on Population Quality in Herbivorous Insects: A Critical Aspect of Population Dynamics -- I. Introduction -- II. Relevance of Population Quality to Population Dynamics -- III. Criteria for Measurement of Population Quality -- IV. Resource Variation Effects Population Quality -- V. The Presence of Time-Delayed Effects on Population Growth -- References -- Chapter 3. Small-Mammal Herbivores in a Patchy Environment: Individual Strategies and Population Responses -- I. Introduction -- II. Individuals and Resource Patchiness -- III. Populations and Habitat Patchiness -- IV. Interactions between Resource Patchiness and Habitat Patchiness -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4. Plant Genotype: A Variable Factor in Insect-Plant Interactions -- I. Introduction: Plant Genotype and Insect Resources -- II. Ecological Consequences of Plant Variation for Herbivores -- III. Variable Attack Rates and Natural Selection on Plant Defense -- IV. Plant Genetic Variation and Animal Pollinators -- V. Points of Contact in the Study of Selection on Plants by Herbivores and Pollinators -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section II: Resource Distribution, Reproduction, and Population Dynamics -- Chapter 5. Nectar Distributions, Pollinator Behavior, and Plant Reproductive Success -- I. Introduction -- II. Models of Optimal Nectar Allocation -- III. Variation in Nectar Rewards -- IV. Sources of Variation in Nectar Production -- V. Nectar, Pollinator Behavior, and Potential Effects on Plant Reproductive Success. , VI. Other Selective Factors and Constraints -- VII. Completing the Links: Nectar Production, Pollinator Behavior, and Plant Reproductive Success -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Plant Resources as the Mechanistic Basis for Insect Herbivore Population Dynamics -- I. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Effects -- II. Plants Set the Carrying Capacity for Insect Herbivore Populations -- III. Bottom-Up Effects on Natural Enemies -- IV. Cascading Effects of Plants through Trophic Webs -- V. General Hypotheses -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7. Factoring Natural Enemies into Plant Tissue Availability to Herbivores -- I. Introduction -- II. Apparent versus Available Plant Resources -- III. Modeling Modes of Resource Availability -- IV. Obese Generalizations: To Reduce or Not? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8. Resource Limitation on Insect Herbivore Populations -- I. Introduction -- II. Resource Limitation -- III. Possible Causes of Resource Limitation -- IV. Preference, Performance, and Population Dynamics -- V. Resource Limitation on the Herbivorous Lady Beetle -- VI. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section III: Resource Distribution and Patterns in Animal-Plant Communities -- Chapter 9. Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Regulation of Vertebrate Populations:Lessons from Birds and Fish -- I. Introduction -- II. Forest Birds -- III. Temperate Stream Fishes -- IV. Temperate Lake Fishes -- V. Synthesis -- VI. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10. Interactions within Herbivore Communities Mediated by the Host Plant: The Keystone Herbivore Concept -- I. Introduction: Feedback Loops in Communities -- II. The Routes of Feedback: Four Critical Plant Parameters -- III. A Definition for Keystone Species -- IV. Plant-Mediated Interactions in Animal-Plant Communities. , V. A Case Study: The Search for Keystone Herbivores on the English Oak -- VI. Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11. Loose Niches in Tropical Communities: Why Are There So Few Bees and So Many Trees? -- I. Introduction -- II. Problems of Niches and Diversity -- III. Communities Structured around Variable Components -- IV. Loose and Tight Niches among Specialist Guilds: Orchids, Oil Flowers, and Long-Corolla Flowers -- V. Component Species, Life Histories, and Behavior -- VI. Loose Niches and Competition -- References -- Section IV: Evolutionary Responses to the Distribution of Resources -- Chapter 12. How Do Fruit- and Nectar-Feeding Birds and Mammals Track Their Food Resources? -- I. Introduction -- II. Resource Variability in Theory and Practice -- III. Responses by Frugivores and Nectarivores to Resource Variability -- IV. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 13. Inter- and Intraspecific Morphological Variation in Bumblebee Species and Competition in Flower Utilization -- I. Introduction -- II. Materials and Methods -- III. Results -- IV. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 14. The Thermal Environment as a Resource Dictating Geographic Patterns of Feeding Specialization of Insect Herbivores -- I. Introduction -- II. Temperature and Host Plant Distributions -- III. Patterns of Swallowtail Distributions -- IV. Environmental Determinants of Insect Distribution Limits -- V. Testing the Voltinism-Suitability Hypothesis -- VI. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Taxnomic Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I INTRODUCTION -- 1 Indirect interaction webs: an introduction -- What novel interaction linkages are produced by plant-mediated indirect effects? -- What complex interactions are generated by plant-mediated indirect effects in multitrophic systems? -- What are the effects of plant-mediated indirect effects on community structure and biodiversity? -- What are the evolutionary consequences of plant-mediated indirect effects? -- References -- Part II INTERACTION LINKAGES PRODUCED BY PLANT-MEDIATED INDIRECT EFFECTS -- 2 Plant-mediated interactions in herbivorous insects: mechanisms, symmetry, and challenging the paradigms of competition past -- Introduction -- Mechanisms underlying plant-mediated interactions between insect herbivores -- Induced resistance and plant-mediated competition between insect herbivores -- Induced allelochemistry -- Induced morphology -- Altered nutrition and source-sink dynamics -- Altered risk of enemy attack -- Induced susceptibility and plant-mediated facilitation between insect herbivores -- Induced allelochemistry -- Induced morphology -- Altered nutrition and source-sink dynamics -- Altered risk of natural-enemy attack -- Life-history traits promoting competitive superiority in plant-mediated interactions -- Early-season exploitation of plant resources (breaking diapause and colonization) -- Tolerance of allelochemicals -- Aggregation -- Dispersal ability -- Feeding guild -- Competitive superiority, trade-offs, and constraints imposed on other life-history traits -- Plant-mediated interactions challenge the past paradigms of competition theory -- Herbivore densities and competition -- Symmetry of interaction -- Niche divergence and resource partitioning -- Phylogenetic relatedness and competition. , Looking ahead to more holistic approaches of community dynamics -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Going with the flow: plant vascular systems mediate indirect interactions between plants, insect herbivores, and hemi-parasitic plants -- Introduction -- Plant-mediated indirect interactions between phytophagous insects -- Indirect interactions based on the plant vascular system -- Aims of this chapter -- Interactions based on the physical modification of the vascular system -- Interactions between aphids and leaf miners -- The impact of leaf miners on aphid performance -- The impact of leaf miners on the vascular system -- Interactions based on the resources in the vascular system -- Interactions between aphids and hemi-parasitic plants -- The impact of hemi-parasites on aphid performance -- The impacts of hemi-parasites and aphids on the vascular system -- Discussion -- Herbivores, parasites, and the plant vascular system -- Comparisons and contrasts -- Aphids vs. other organisms -- Insect herbivores vs. hemi-parasites -- Mechanical vs. chemical effects -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Plant-mediated effects linking herbivory and pollination -- Introduction -- Review: interactions between herbivory and pollination -- Mechanisms by which herbivory can reduce reproductive success -- Pollinator avoidance mechanisms -- Pollinator avoidance of herbivore damage -- Pollinator avoidance of herbivores -- Plant-mediated effects of herbivory on pollination -- Reduced flower numbers -- Reduced flower size -- Alteration of flowering phenology -- Effects on nectar quantity and quality -- Effects on pollen quantity and quality -- Alteration of sexual expression -- Damage does not always lead to fitness effects -- Consequences of anti-herbivore traits -- Can herbivory ever increase pollination success? -- Overcompensation. , Herbivorous pollinators -- Pollination can affect herbivory too -- Towards a predictive framework -- Linked pollination and herbivory in the Manduca/Datura interaction -- Resource allocation model of Datura/Manduca interactions -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Trait-mediated indirect interactions, density-mediated indirect interactions, and direct interactions between mammalian and insect herbivores -- Introduction -- Effects of herbivores on plant performance, populations, andcommunities -- Mammalian versus insect herbivory -- Herbivore effect on plant phenotype -- Induced resistance -- Tolerance to damage -- Nonadaptive phenotypic plasticity -- Changes in plant distribution pattern -- Interactions between mammalian and insect herbivores -- Density-mediated indirect interactions -- Trait-mediated indirect interactions -- Direct interactions -- Evolutionary consequences of the TMIIs between mammalian and insect herbivores -- A case study: interaction among Erysimum mediohispanicum, ungulates, and phytophagous insects -- Interaction between ungulates and co-occurring herbivorous insects -- Prospects for future research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Insect-mycorrhizal interactions: patterns, processes, and consequences -- Introduction -- Effects of insect herbivory on mycorrhizae -- Effects of mycorrhizae on insect herbivores -- Building the interaction web -- Consequences for communities -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III PLANT-MEDIATED INDIRECT EFFECTS IN MULTITROPHIC SYSTEMS -- 7 Plant-mediated interactions between below- and aboveground processes: decomposition, herbivory, parasitism, and pollination -- Introduction -- The belowground biota -- Effects of root herbivores -- Effects on plant growth -- Effects on floral traits and pollination -- Effects on aboveground herbivores and their parasitism. , Effects of decomposers -- Effects on plant growth -- Effects on herbivores -- Multitrophic belowground-aboveground interactions: a case study -- Conclusions and future research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Bottom-up cascades induced by fungal endophytes in multitrophic systems -- Introduction -- Conceptual background -- Endophyte-grass symbiosis -- Mechanisms for endophyte-induced bottom-up cascades -- Insect herbivory on endophytic grasses -- Endophyte interactions with insect natural enemies -- Endophytes in multitrophic interaction webs -- Conclusions and perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Ecology meets plant physiology: herbivore-induced plant responses and their indirect effects on arthropod communities -- Introduction -- Plant-mediated changes at the second trophic level -- Plant response to one herbivore influences other herbivores -- Multiple types of attackers, multiple types of plant responses -- Plant-mediated changes at the third trophic level -- Enemies of herbivores respond to HIPV -- Coordination of defense responses -- Specificity of HIPV -- Learning to cope with variability in HIPV -- Do entomopathogens and nonarthropod insectivores use HIPV as a signal? -- Plant-mediated interactions in food webs: who manipulates whom? -- References -- Part IV PLANT-MEDIATED INDIRECT EFFECTS ON COMMUNITIES AND BIODIVERSITY -- 10 Nontrophic, indirect interaction webs of herbivorous insects -- Introduction -- Herbivore-induced plants responses -- Induced defense -- Nutrients in damaged plants -- Enhanced growth following herbivory -- Effects of leaf herbivory on floral traits -- Habitat construction by ecosystem engineers -- Insect herbivores as creators of interaction linkages -- Plant-mediated indirect interactions among herbivorous insects -- Interaction linkage through herbivore-induced indirect effects. , How are plant-insect interactions linked to each other? -- Case studies -- Example 1: Interaction linkage on the willow Salix miyabeana -- Example 2: Interaction linkage on the willow Salix eriocarpa -- Example 3: Interaction linkage on the goldenrod Solidago altissima -- Herbivore-induced plant changes as mediators generating interaction linkages -- Nontrophic, indirect interaction webs -- Incorporating nontrophic and indirect links into food web structure -- How do indirect interaction webs illustrate interactions absent in food webs? -- Plant-based indirect interaction webs in terrestrial systems -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Effects of arthropods as physical ecosystem engineers on plant-based trophic interaction webs -- Introduction -- Overview of plant constructs, their builders, and secondary inhabitants -- Leaf constructs (and webs) -- Galls -- Stem-bored cavities -- Leaf mines -- Predator constructs -- Benefits and costs of construct formation -- Benefits -- Costs -- Benefits and costs of secondary inhabitation of plant constructs -- Role of plant traits as determinants of construct formation -- Impacts of constructs on arthropod community structure -- Interactions between constructors and other herbivores (pathway 1) -- Interactions within constructs (pathway 2) -- Interactions between secondary construct inhabitants and other herbivores (pathway 3) -- Influence of natural enemies (pathway 4) -- Overall effects on community species richness -- Consequences for plant fitness -- Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Host plants mediate aphid-ant mutualisms and their effects on community structure and diversity -- Introduction -- Host plant traits affect aphid-ant mutualisms -- The effect of aphid-ant mutualisms on community stability -- The effects of aphid-ant mutualisms on community structure. , The effects of spatial variation in aphid-ant mutualisms on biodiversity.

Note: Cover Page -- Half-title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Contents -- 1. Introduction: The Parasite's Lot in Evolutionary Biology -- 2. General Concepts -- 3. Non-Equilibrium Populations and Communities -- 4. Genetic Systems -- 5. Adaptive Radiation and Specificity -- 6. Ecological Niches, Species Packing, and Community Organization -- 7. Parasite Impact on the Evolutionary Biology of Hosts -- 8. Further Study -- Bibliography -- Author Index -- Subject Index.