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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of the cerebellar thalamus in human saccade adaptation (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 14 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Saccade adaptation can be experimentally induced by systematically displacing a visual cue during a targeting saccade. Non-human primate studies have highlighted the crucial role of the cerebellum for saccade adaptation, but its neural substrates in humans are poorly understood. Recent physiological experiments suggest that, in addition to cerebellar structures, cortical areas may be involved as well. We have therefore hypothesized that saccade adaptation may rely on a cerebello-cerebral network, in which the cerebellar thalamus may link cerebellar and cerebral structures. To test this hypothesis, we studied saccade adaptation in a group of four patients with a thalamic lesion, with (n = 2) or without (n = 2) involvement of the cerebellar thalamus. Compared to healthy subjects, saccade adaptation was reduced in patients with associated cerebellar syndrome, but normal in patients without cerebellar syndrome. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cerebello-thalamic pathways contribute to saccade adaptation in humans and suggest that the thalamus relays adaptation-related information from the cerebellum to cerebral cortical oculomotor areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01669.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repetitive transkranielle Magnetstimulation (1997)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 778-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Repetitive transkranielle Magnetstimulation ; Zerebraler Blutfluß ; Epilepsie ; fMRI ; Therapie ; Depression ; Key words Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ; Cerebral blood flow ; Epilepsy ; fMRI ; Therapy ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Repetitive magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive, painless method to induce transient activation in circumscript regions of the human cortex. In contrast to TMS with single pulses rTMS allows a more effective stimulation of association cortex and temporary interference with the proper functioning of stimulated areas. Possible applications for examination of the functional anatomy of language lateralisation, memory functions and visual perception are discussed. Possible therapeutic for movement disorders and depression are discussed. On the basis of theoretical considerations and current experience rTMS induced epileptogenic effects are discussed and safety recommendations are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die repetitive transkranielle Magnetstimulation (rTMS) ist ein nichtinvasives, schmerzloses Verfahren, mit dem beim Menschen in umschriebene Kortexareale temporäre Reizeffekte ausgelöst werden können. Im Unterschied zur Stimulation mit Einzelreizen kann mit der rTMS effektiver mit Funktionen des Assoziationskortex interferiert werden. Neue Anwendungen für funktionell-anatomische Fragestellungen zu Sprachlateralisierung, Gedächtnisfunktionen und visueller Wahrnehmung werden dargestellt. Mögliche therapeutische Effekte für die Behandlung von Bewegungsstörungen und Depression werden beschrieben. Aufgrund theoretischer Überlegungen und bisheriger Erfahrungen wird das Risiko rTMS-induzierter epileptogener Effekte diskutiert und Empfehlungen zur Anwendungssicherheit gegeben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050194
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortical control of saccades (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 123 (1998), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Eye movements ; Saccade ; Cerebral cortex ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Saccadic eye movements are controlled by a cortical network composed of several oculomotor areas that are now accurately localized. Clinical and experimental studies have enabled us to understand their specific roles better. These areas are: (1) the parietal eye field (PEF) located in the intraparietal sulcus involved in visuospatial integration and in reflexive saccade triggering; (2) the frontal eye field (FEF), located in the precentral gyrus, involved in the preparation and the triggering of purposive saccades; and (3) the supplementary eye field (SEF) on the medial wall of the frontal lobe, probably involved in the temporal control of sequences of visually guided saccades and in eye-hand coordination. A putative cingulate eye field (CEF), located in the anterior cingulate cortex, would be involved in motivational modulation of voluntary saccades. Besides these motor areas, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in the midfrontal gyrus is involved in reflexive saccade inhibition and visual shortterm memory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050557
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The frontal eye field is involved in spatial short-term memory but not in reflexive saccade inhibition (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 129 (1999), S. 288-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Frontal eye field ; Saccade ; Efference copy ; Spatial short-term memory ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Physiological studies in monkeys have shown that the frontal eye field (FEF) is involved in the preparation and triggering of purposive saccades. However, several questions of FEF function remain unclear: the role of the FEF in visual short-term memory, its ability to update its spatial map and its role in reflexive saccade inhibition. We have addressed these issues in a patient with a small acute ischemic lesion whose location corresponded very accurately to the region of the left FEF according to the most recent cerebral blood flow studies. An initial study was conducted on days 7 and 8 after the stroke, i.e., before substantial recovery. A first group of paradigms (smooth pursuit, simple saccade tasks) was performed to assess FEF dysfunction. In a second group of paradigms, (1) visual short-term memory was tested by means of memory-guided saccade paradigms with short and long delays (1 and 7 s), (2) spatial updating abilities were tested by a double-step saccade task and two memory-guided saccade tasks in which the central fixation point was displaced during the memorization delay, and (3) reflexive saccade inhibition was tested by the antisaccade task. Results show that the FEF is involved in short-term memorization of the parameters of the forthcoming memory-guided saccade encoded in oculocentric coordinates. Normal results in the antisaccade task suggest that the FEF is not involved in reflexive saccade inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050899
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