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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Kalter Atem schlafender Vulkane : die unbekannte Welt der CO2-Mofetten (2019)
    Berlin : Springer
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Mofette ; Vulkanismus ; Geologie ; Kohlendioxid ; Entgasung ; Geoökosystem ; Geologie ; Mofette ; Fumarole ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Ökotop ; Ökologie ; Säuerling
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XIX, 222 Seiten , Illustrationen , 24 cm, 511 g
    Edition: 2. Auflage
    ISBN: 9783662603390 , 366260339X
    Series Statement: Sachbuch
    URL: http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=25a95a0180a84e4b857678a9094c567a&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm
    URL: https://d-nb.info/1202229352/04
    DDC: 551.23
    RVK:
    RB 10121
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    Deadly CO2 gases in the Plutonium of Hierapolis (Denizli, Turkey) (2019)
    Springer
    In:  Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11 (4). pp. 1359-1371.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-02
    Description: Using a portable gas analyzer system, the geogenic gas regime below and around an ancient gate to hell at Hierapolis/Phrygia was characterized. The site was first described by Strabo and Plinius as a gate to the underworld. During centuries, it attracted even ancient tourists. In a grotto below the temple of Pluto, CO2 was found to be at deadly concentrations of up to 91%. Astonishingly, these vapors are still emitted in concentrations that nowadays kill insects, birds, and mammals. The concentrations of CO2 escaping from the mouth of the grotto to the outside atmosphere are still in the range of 4–53% CO2 depending on the height above ground level. They reach concentrations during the night that would easily kill even a human being within a minute. These emissions are thought to reflect the Hadean breath and/or the breath of the hellhound Kerberos guarding the entrance to hell. The origin of the geogenic CO2 is the still active seismic structure that crosses the old town of ancient Hierapolis as part of the Babadag fracture zone. Our measurements confirm the presence of geogenic CO2 in concentrations that explain ancient stories of killed bulls, rams, and songbirds during religious ceremonies. They also strongly corroborate that at least in the case of Hierapolis, ancient writers like Strabo or Plinius described a mystic phenomenon very exactly without much exaggeration. Two thousand years ago, only supernatural forces could explain these phenomena from Hadean depths whereas nowadays, modern techniques hint to the well-known phenomenon of geogenic CO2 degassing having mantle components with relatively higher helium and radon concentrations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s12520-018-0599-5
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Towards a dendrochronologically refined date of the Laacher See eruption around 13,000 years ago (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Highlights • Previous age estimates of the Laacher See Eruptions (LSE) around 12,900 years are still diverging and imprecise. • The combination of dendrochronology, wood anatomy, and 14C measurements holds the potential to establish a precise LSE date. • An absolute calendric date of the LSE would improve the synchronization of European Late Glacial to Holocene archives. Abstract The precise date of the Laacher See eruption (LSE), central Europe’s largest Late Pleistocene volcanic event that occurred around 13,000 years ago, is still unknown. Here, we outline the potential of combined high-resolution dendrochronological, wood anatomical and radiocarbon (14C) measurements, to refine the age of this major Plinian eruption. Based on excavated, subfossil trees that were killed during the explosive LSE and buried under its pyroclastic deposits, we describe how a firm date of the eruption might be achieved, and how the resulting temporal precision would further advance our understanding of the environmental and societal impacts of this event. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of an accurate LSE date for improving the synchronization of European terrestrial and lacustrine Late Glacial to Holocene archives.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for the functioning of photosynthetic CO2-concentrating mechanisms in lichens containing green algal and cyanobacterial photobionts (1993)
    Springer
    Planta 191 (1993), S. 57-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism ; Carbonic anhydrase ; Cyanobacterium ; Green alga ; Lichens ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic properties of a range of lichens containing both green algal (11 species) and cyanobacterial (6 species) photobionts were examined with the aim of determining if there was clear evidence for the operation of a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) within the photobionts. Using a CO2-gas-exchange system, which allowed resolution of fast transients, evidence was obtained for the existence of an inorganic carbon pool which accumulated in the light and was released in the dark. The pool was large (500–1000 nmol · mg Chl) in cyanobacterial lichens and about tenfold smaller in green algal lichens. In Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., which contains the green alga Trebouxia jamesii, a small inorganic carbon pool was rapidly formed in the light. Carbon dioxide was released from this pool into the gas phase upon darkening within about 20 s when photosynthesis was inhibited by the carbon-reduction-cycle inhibitor glycolaldehyde. In the absence of this inhibitor, release appeared to be obscured by carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate. The kinetics of CO2 uptake and release were monophasic. The operation of an active CCM could be distinguished from passive accumulation and release accompanying the reversible light-dependent alkalization of the stroma by the presence of saturation characteristics with respect to external CO2. In Peltigera canina (L.) Willd., which contains the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp., a larger CO2 pool was taken up over a longer period in the light and the release of this pool in the dark was slow, lasting 3–5 min. This pool also accumulated in the presence of glycolaldehyde, and under these conditions the CO2 release was biphasic. In both species, photosynthesis at low CO2 was inhibited by the carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor ethoxyzolamide (EZ). Inhibition could be reversed fully or to a considerable extent by high CO2. In Peltigera, EZ decreased both the accumulation of the CO2 pool by the CCM and the rate of photosynthesis. Free-living cultures of Nostoc sp. showed a similar effect of EZ on photosynthesis, although it was more dramatic than that seen with the lichen thalli. In contrast, in Hypogymnia, EZ actually increased the size of the CO2 pool, although it inhibited photosynthesis. This effect was also seen when glycolaldehyde was present together with EZ. Surprisingly, EZ did not alter the kinetics of either CO2 uptake or release. Taken together, the evidence indicates the operation in cyanobacterial lichens of a CCM which is capable of considerable elevation of internal CO2 and is similar to that reported for free-living cyanobacteria. The CCM of green algal lichens accumulates much less CO2 and is probably less effective than that which operates in cyanobacterial lichens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240896
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stomatal patchiness in conifers: experiments with Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Abies alba Mill. (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1994), S. 132-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: ABA ; Abies alba ; Carboxylation efficiency ; Stomatal patchiness ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Strong evidence for the occurrence of pronounced stomatal patchiness in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Abies alba Mill. was found using various indirect methods. Anatomical investigations revealed a septate leaf anatomy for both species, a phenomenon expected if a patchy distribution of stomatal aperture is present. Calculation of some photosynthetic characteristics (e.g. carboxylation efficiency) from gas exchange measurements is shown to be markedly affected by the patchy distribution of stomatal apertures on the needles. The importance of stomatal patchiness in connection with air pollution related forest decline symptoms as well as an hypothesis suggesting a possible role of the phenomenon as a protective mechanism against photoinhibition are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196637
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life expectancy of spruce needles under extremely high air pollution stress: performance of trees in the Ore Mountains (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1994), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Forest decline ; Photosynthesis ; Picea abies ; Sulfur dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Photosynthetic performance of Norway spruce needles [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] was measured over a 1-year period. The trees grew in an area of heavy air pollution and forest decline on a mountain ridge in the eastern Ore Mountains (Czech Republic). Photosynthetic capacity, as well as light use efficiency, decreased dramatically with time, starting in July (2 months after bud-break) to finally reach zero (respiration only) by February of the following year. Two months later all needles from upper crown parts were shed. Needles from lower crown parts, on the other hand, were undamaged. The chlorophyll and Mg content decreased transiently during the cold season, with Mg reaching deficiency thresholds during winter. However, total sulfur, as well as organic and sulfate S increased with time. The increase was higher in needles from the upper parts of the crown, which were exposed to windy air throughout the year, than in the lower parts of the crown, which were covered by grass during summer and by snow during most of the winter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196624
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic performance and nutrient status of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] at forest sites in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Forest decline ; Photosynthesis ; Picea abies ; Sulfur dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Photosynthetic performance of several needle age classes of Norway spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in highly SO2-polluted and heavily damaged forest sites was measured at two different locations in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge, Krusne Hory) during early summer. The carboxylation efficiency showed a dramatic drop from current-year's needles to 1-year-old needles with only a slight further decrease with increased needle age. The light use efficiency also revealed these characteristics. For both parameters, no linear decrease with needle age could be found. In contrast, the maximum photosynthetic capacity (A2500) decreased linearly with time and revealed a good correlation with the total sulfur content of the needles. Absolute values measured for A2500 were approximately 50% lower than those of comparable trees in the nearby Fichtelgebirge. Mineral deficiencies or acute nutrient imbalances of the needles were not detected. In contrast to the situation in the forests of the Fichtelgebirge, a direct effect of gaseous SO2 on the trees in the Ore Mountains seems plausible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225478
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfur-dioxide fluxes into different cellular compartments of leaves photosynthesizing in a polluted atmosphere (1988)
    Springer
    Planta 173 (1988), S. 230-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Compartmentation ; Computer model ; Pollution ; Proton concentration ; Sulfur dioxide ; Sulfur metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using experimental information obtained in earlier studies on cellular buffering and SO2 uptake into leaves (Pfanz and Heber, 1986, Plant Physiol. 81, 597–602; Pfanz et al., 1987 a, b, Plant Physiol.), a mathematical model is presented which permits computer analysis of the transport of SO2 from the atmosphere into the mesophyll of leaves and describes the intracellular distribution of hydration products of SO2. Oxidation of sulfite and metabolization of sulfate can also be included. Although the model does not attempt to incorporate all available information on the intracellular transport of sulfur species, it permits general conclusions in regard to cellular responses to SO2. The model can be extended and modified for gases other than SO2. Examples are presented to illustrate the information the model is able to give. Times required for SO2 equilibration are long. Equilibrium relationships between SO2 in the atmosphere and cellular SO2 show that in order to survive in even slightly contaminated air, leaves must prevent equilibration between external and internal SO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403015
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfur-dioxide fluxes into different cellular compartments of leaves photosynthesizing in a polluted atmosphere (1988)
    Springer
    Planta 173 (1988), S. 241-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Compartmentation ; Computer model ; Pollution ; Proton concentration ; Sulfur dioxide ; Sulfur metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A computer model is used to analyze fluxes of SO2 from polluted air into leaves and the intracellular distribution of sulfur species derived from SO2. The analysis considers only effects of acidification and of anion accumulation. (i) The SO2 flux into leaves is practically exclusively controlled by the boundary-layer resistance of leaves to gas diffusion and by stomatal opening. At constant stomatal opening, flux is proportional to the concentration of SO2 in air. (ii) The sink capacity of cellular compartments for SO2 depends on intracellular pH and the intracellular localization of reactions capable of oxidizing or reducing SO2. In the mesophyll of illuminated leaves, the chloroplasts possess the highest trapping potential for SO2. (iii) If intracellular ion transport were insignificant, and if bisulfite and sulfite could not be oxidized or reduced, leaves with opened stomata would rapidly be killed both by the accumulation of sulfites and by acidification of chloroplasts and cytosol even if SO2 levels in air did not exceed concentrations thought to be permissible. Acidification and sulfite accumulation would remain confined largely to the chloroplasts and to the cytosol under these conditions. (iv) Transport of bisulfite and protons produced by hydration of SO2 into the vacuole cannot solve the problem of cytoplasmic accumulation of bisulfite and sulfite and of cytoplasmic acidification, because SO2 generated in the acidic vacuole from the bisulfite anion would diffuse back into the cytoplasm. (v) Oxidation to sulfate which is known to occur mainly in the chloroplasts can solve the problem of cytoplasmic sulfite and bisulfite accumulation, but aggravates the problem of chloroplastic and cytosolic acidification. (vi) A temporary solution to the problem of acidification requires the transfer of H+ and sulfate into the vacuole. This transport needs to be energized. The storage capacity of the vacuole for protons and sulfate defines the extent to which SO2 can be detoxified by oxidation and removal of the resulting protons and sulfate anions from the cytoplasm. Calculations show that even at atmospheric levels of SO2 thought to be tolerable, known vacuolar buffer capacities are insufficient to cope with proton production during oxidation of SO2 to sulfate within a vegetation period. (vii) A permanent solution to the problem of acidification is the removal of protons. Protons are consumed during the reduction of sulfate to sulfide. Proteins and peptides contain sulfur at the level of sulfide. During photosynthesis in the presence of the permissible concentration of 0.05μl·l-1 SO2, sulfur may be deposited in plants at a ratio not far from 1/500 in relation to carbon. The content of reduced sulfur to carbon is similar to that ratio only in fast-growing, protein-rich plants. Such plants may experience little difficulty in detoxifying SO2. In contrast, many trees may contain reduced sulfur at a ratio as low as 1/10 000 in relation to carbon. Excess sulfur deposited in such trees during photosynthesis in polluted air gives rise to sulfate and protons. If detoxification of SO2 by reduction is inadequate, and if the storage capacity of the vacuoles for protons and sulfate is exhausted, damage is unavoidable. Calculations indicate that trees with a low ratio of reduced S to C cannot tolerate long-term exposure to concentrations of SO2 as low as 0.02 or 0.03 μl·l-1 which so far have been considered to be non-toxic to sensitive plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403016
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stomatal patchiness in Mediterranean evergreen sclerophylls (1992)
    Springer
    Planta 187 (1992), S. 546-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Arbutus ; Quercus ; Sclerophyll ; Mediterranean ; Stomate (control, patchiness)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Midday depression of net photosynthesis and transpiration in the Mediterranean sclerophylls Arbutus unedo L. and Quercus suber L. occurs with a depression of mesophyll photosynthetic activity as indicated by calculated carboxylation efficiency (CE) and constant diurnal calculated leaf intercellular partial pressure of CO2 (Ci). This work examines the hypothesis that this midday depression can be explained by the distribution of patches of either wide-open or closed stomata on the leaf surface, independent of a coupling mechanism between stomata and mesophyll that results in a midday depression of photosynthetic activity of the mesophyll. Pressure infiltration of four liquids differing in their surface tension was used as a method to show the occurrence of stomatal patchiness and to determine the status of stomatal aperture within the patches. Liquids were selected such that the threshold leaf conductance necessary for infiltration through the stomatal pores covered the expected diurnal range of calculated leaf conductance (g) for these species. Infiltration experiments were carried out with leaves of potted plants under simulated Mediterranean summer conditions in a growth chamber. For all four liquids, leaves of both species were found to be fully infiltratable in the morning and in the late afternoon while during the periods leading up to and away from midday the leaves showed a pronounced patchy distribution of infiltratable and non-infiltratable areas. Similar linear relationships between the amount of liquid infiltrated and g (measured by porometry prior to detachment and infiltration) for all liquids clearly revealed the existence of pneumatically isolated patches containing only wide-open or closed stomata. The good correspondence between the midday depression of CE, calculated under the assumption of no stomatal patchiness, and the diurnal changes in non-infiltratable leaf area strongly indicates that the apparent reduction in mesophyll activity results from assuming no stomatal patchiness. It is suggested that simultaneous responses of stomata and mesophyll activity reported for other species may also be attributed to the occurrence of stomatal patchiness. In Quercus coccifera L., where the lack of constant diurnal calculated Ci and major depression of measured CE at noontime indicates different stomatal behavior, non-linear and dissimilar relationships between g and the infiltratable quantities of the four liquids were found. This indicates a wide distribution of stomatal aperture on the leaf surface rather than only wide-open or closed stomata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199976
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