Note: Cover -- Monitoring of Harmful Algal Blooms -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the authors -- Figures -- Tables -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- 1 Qualification, species variety, andconsequences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) -- 2 Biology and ecology of harmful algal species -- 3 Potential of remote sensing for identification, delineation, and monitoring of harmful algal blooms -- 4 Monitoring harmful algal blooms from space -- 5 Integrated modeling and satellite monitoring of algal blooms -- Afterword -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviation and Symbols -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Methodological Approaches -- 1.1 Specificity of Marine Waters as Optical Media -- 1.2 Algorithms and Hydro-Optical Models for the Retrieval of Water Quality Parameters -- 1.2.1 Case II Waters -- 1.2.1.1 The BOREALI Algorithm -- 1.2.1.2 The Neural Network (NN) Algorithm -- 1.2.2 Case I Waters -- 1.3 Practicalities of Hydro-Optical Model Development -- 1.4 Algorithms and Hydro-Optical Models for the Retrieval of Primary Production -- 1.5 Algorithms and Hydro-Optical Models for the Identification of Harmful/Nuisance Algal Blooms -- 1.5.1 Emiliania huxleyi Blooms -- 1.5.2 Lepidodinium chlorophorum Blooms -- 1.5.2.1 Modified NN Algorithm -- 1.6 Methodology for Objective Zonation of Aquatic Environments -- 1.6.1 Water Quality Retrieval Algorithm -- 1.6.2 Algorithm for the Estimation of Light Availability at the Bottom -- 1.6.3 Gap Filling Using Interpolation -- 1.6.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 1.6.5 Cluster Analysis of Principal Components -- 1.6.6 Vectorization of the Raster Zone Map -- 1.7 Algorithms and Hydro-Optical Models for the Retrieval of Complementary Data: Wind Speed and Direction, SST, ICE and Cloudiness -- 1.7.1 SST Retrieval Technique -- 1.7.2 Cloudiness Screening and Filtering -- References -- 2 Investigations of the Water Body Biogeochemistry and Phytoplankton Biomass Variability in Time and Space -- 2.1 Atlantic Ocean -- 2.1.1 Bay of Biscay -- 2.1.1.1 General Characteristics -- 2.1.1.2 Remote Sensing Observations -- 2.1.2 Adriatic Sea -- 2.1.2.1 General Characteristics -- 2.1.2.2 Adriatic Sea: Ecological Challenges -- 2.1.2.3 Satellite Data -- 2.1.2.4 Unsupervised Classification of the First 5 Principal Components. , 2.1.2.5 Dynamics of Water Quality Parameters in the Identified Zones -- Western Coast -- Zones of Group I on the Western Coast -- Zones of Group II on the Western Coast -- Eastern Coast -- Zones of Group I on the Eastern Coast -- Zones of Group II on the Eastern Coast -- Coccolithophores -- 2.2 Arctic Ocean -- 2.2.1 White Sea -- 2.2.1.1 General Characteristics -- 2.2.1.2 Remote Sensing Observations -- 2.2.2 Kara Sea -- 2.2.2.1 General Characteristics -- 2.2.2.2 Remote Sensing Observations of the Biogeochemical Features in the Kara Sea -- Quantitative Assessment of doc Fluxes -- Assessment of the Allochthonous and Autochthonous Components of the Total doc Flux -- 2.2.3 Barents Sea -- 2.2.3.1 General Characteristics -- 2.2.3.2 Cyclones and Phytoplankton and SST Variability in Time and Space -- 2.2.3.3 A Concise Overview of Previous Studies -- 2.2.3.4 Remote Sensing Observations -- References -- 3 Investigation of Harmful/Nuisance Algae Blooms in Marine Environments -- 3.1 Green Dinoflagellates -- 3.1.1 Atlantic Ocean -- 3.1.1.1 English Channel and Bay of Biscay -- 3.2 Coccolithophores -- 3.2.1 Atlantic Ocean -- 3.2.1.1 Bay of Biscay and English Channel -- 3.2.1.2 The North Sea (Co-authored by D. Kondrik) -- General Characteristics -- Remote Sensing Observations -- 3.2.1.3 Black Sea -- General Characteristics -- Remote Sensing Observations -- 3.2.2 Arctic Ocean -- 3.2.2.1 Barents, Greenland and North Norwegian Seas (Co-authored by D. Kondrik) -- General Characteristics -- Remote Sensing Observations -- 3.2.3 Pacific Ocean -- 3.2.3.1 Bering Sea (Co-authored by D. Kondrik) -- General Characteristics -- Remote Sensing Observations of E. huxleyi Blooms Over the Time Period 1998-2013 -- 3.3 Raphidophytes -- 3.3.1 Atlantic Ocean -- 3.3.1.1 Chattonella/Pseudochattonella spp. -- 3.4 Haptophytes -- 3.4.1 Atlantic Ocean -- 3.4.1.1 Chrysochromulina polylepis. , References -- 4 Investigations of the Primary Production Dynamics in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans -- 4.1 Arctic Ocean -- 4.1.1 Basin and Peripheral Seas: Baffin Bay, and Greenland, Barents, Kara, Laptev, and East-Siberian Seas -- 4.1.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1.2 Investigation of Multi-year PP Trends in the Pelagic Ice-Free Zone in the Arctic Basin -- 4.1.1.3 Investigation of Multi-year PP Trends in the Ice-Free Shelf Zone -- 4.1.1.4 Assessment of the Phytoplankton Productivity Trend in the Ice-Free Arctic Basin Prior to 1998 -- References -- 5 Numerical Modeling of the Marine Ecosystem -- 5.1 Arctic Ocean -- 5.1.1 White Sea -- 5.1.1.1 A Concise Description of the IO RAS-AARI Model -- Numerical Modeling Results -- 5.1.1.2 Kara Sea -- 5.1.1.3 Adjustment of the Model to the Kara Sea Conditions -- 5.1.1.4 Simulation Results -- 5.2 Atlantic Ocean -- 5.2.1 A Concise Description of the Numerical Model -- 5.2.2 Norwegian and North Seas -- 5.2.2.1 Harmful Algae -- Chattonella/Pseudochattonella Bloom Simulations -- References -- 6 Automatic System for a Synergistic Processing of Satellite Data -- 6.1 NANSAT + Threads Server Profile. Server's Accessibility and Its Role in the Norwegian Environmental Monitoring Service -- 6.1.1 Introduction -- 6.1.2 Nansat: Scientific Python Toolbox for Geospatial Data Analysis -- 6.1.3 Nansat Functional Structure -- 6.1.4 Nansat Package Structure -- 6.1.5 Nansat Quality Control -- 6.1.6 Reuse Potential -- 6.1.7 An Everyday Life Example -- 6.1.8 Fusion of Sea Surface Salinity and Water Leaving Reflectance Compared to Surface Current -- References -- Afterword -- About the Two Nansen Centres -- Blub -- References.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Figures -- Tables -- Abreviations and acronyms -- Contributors -- Authors -- Introduction -- 1 Sourees of anthropogenie pollution in the Nordie Seas and Arctic -- 1.1 RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION: CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOURCES -- 1.1.1 Classification of sources -- 1.1.1.1 Primary and secondary sources -- 1.1.1.2 Global and point sources -- 1.1.2 Nuclear power plants (NPPs) -- 1.1.3 Nuclear industry enterprises -- 1.1.3.1 European reprocessing plants -- 1.1.3.2 Russian nucear industry enterprises -- 1.1.4 Scientific and research reactors and laboratories -- 1.1.5 Special combines -- 1.1.6 Nuclear weapons tests and "peaceful" nuclear explosions -- 1.1.6.1 Nuclear military test explosions -- 1.1.6.2 Underground civilian ("peaceful'') nuclear explosions -- 1.1.7 Military bases, nuclear icebreakers, and submarines -- 1.1.8 Miscellaneous accidents -- 1.2 RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION: MAJOR RUSSIAN NUCLEAR INDUSTRIES -- 1.2.1 The Mayak Production Association, Chelyabinsk -- 1.2.2 The Siberian Chemical Combine, Tomsk-7 -- 1.2.3 The Mining Chemical Combine. Krasnoyarsk-26 -- 1.3 NON-RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION -- 1.3.1 Main sources of marine pollution in the Russian Arctic -- 1.3.1.1 Barents Sea -- 1.3.1.2 White Sea -- 1.3.1.3 Kara Sea -- 1.3.1.4 Laptev Sea -- 1.3.2 Distribution of pollution in the Russian Arctic Seas and coastal areas -- 1.3.2.1 Barents Sea -- 1.3.2.2 White Sea -- 1.3.2.3 Kara Sea -- 1.3.2.4 Laptev Sea -- 2 Study region and environmental datasets -- 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY REGION -- 2.1.1 The Ob' and Yenisei River systems -- 2.1.1.1 The Ob' River -- 2.1.1.2 Yenisei River -- 2.1.2 Kara Sea region -- 2.1.2.1 General description -- 2.1.2.2 Oceanographic regime -- 2.1.3 The Nordic Seas and adjacent seas. , 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLLUTION DATA -- 2.2.1 Databases and information system -- 2.2.2 Environmental data -- 2.2.3 Radioactive and non-radioactive pollution data -- 3 Generie model system (GMS) for simulation of radioaetive spread in the aquatie environment -- 3.1 RATIONALE, CONCEPT, AND STRUCTURE OF THE GMS -- 3.1.1 GMS structure and data streams -- 3.1.2 Modeling management -- 3.2 ATLANTIC AND ARCTIC OCEAN MODEL -- 3.2.1 General model description -- Primitive equations -- Momentum equation -- Continuity equation -- Hydrostatic equation -- Heat and salt conservation equations -- 3.2.2 Radionuclide tracer module -- 3.2.3 Model validation results -- 3.2.4 Extension and validation of the Arctic/North Atlantic model . -- Description of the new version of MICOM -- Validating the new model using simulated and observed 129 I from Sellafield and La Hague -- Summary -- 3.3 KARA SEA SHELF SEA MODEL -- 3.3.1 General model description -- Ocean circulation model -- Ice cover model -- Atmospheric impact -- Initial and boundary comditions -- 3.3.2 Model validation results -- 3.4 THE OB' AND YENISEI RIVER AND ESTUARY MODELS -- 3.4.1 One-dimensional model to simulate the transport of radionuclides in a river system-RIVTOX -- Sub-model of river hydraulics -- Sediment transport sub-model -- Sub-model of radionuclide transport -- Boundary and initial conditions in river network -- Boudary and initial conditions -- Numerical solution -- 3.4.2 Numerical model for three-dimensional dispersion simu­lation of radionuclides in stratified water bodies- THREETOX -- Hydrodynamics -- Ice thermohydrodynamics -- Sediment transport -- Radionuclide transport -- Numerical setup -- 3.4.3 River model validation results -- 4 Studies of potential radioaetive spread in the Nordie Seas and Aretie using the generie model system (GMS). , 4.1 SIMULATION OF PAST CONTAMINATION OF THE NORDIC SEAS AND ARCTIC FROM ANTHROPOGENIC RELEASES -- 4.1.1 River and estuary transport and dilution of radioactive pollutants from rivers to the Kara Sea -- Reconstruction of past contamination of the Ob' River by the Mayak PA nuclear plant -- Reconstruction of past contamination of the Yenisei River by the MCC nuclear plant -- 4.1.2 Transport and dilution of radioactive waste and dissolved pollutants in the Kara Sea -- Transport of Strontium-90 from the Ob' River from 1949 to 1965 (Historical Run 1) -- Transport of strontium-90 and cesium-137 from Yenisei River from 1958 to 1993 (Historical Run 2) -- 4.1.3 Transport and dilution of radioactive waste and dissolved pollutants from all sources -- Modeling the transport and dilution of radioactive waste and dessolved pollutants -- Setup of the radionuclide simulation (hindcast) -- Results -- 4.2 SCENARIOS FOR POTENTIAL FUTURE RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVITY -- 4.2.1 The Mayak PA scenario -- 4.2.2 "Krasnoyarsk" scenario -- 4.2.3 "Tomsk" scenario -- 4.2.4 "C02-doubling" scenario -- 4.2.5 "Submarine" seenarios -- 4.3 ASSESSMENTS OF POTENTIAL ACCIDENTAL RELEASES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY -- 4.3.1 Potential radioactive contamination from rivers to the Kara Sea -- River runoff in the 20th and 21st centuries -- Simulation of flux of radionuclides to the Kara Sea from a hypothetical accidental release from nuclear plants -- 4.3.2 Potential radioactive contamination in the Kara Sea -- Transport of 90 Sr from the Ob' to the Kara in 2084-2086 (Scenario I) -- Transport of 137 Cs from the Ob' in 2084-2089 (Scenario II) -- Transport of 90 Sr from Ob' to the Kara Sea during 2084-2086 -- 137 Cs transport from the Yenisei during 2089-2094 (Scenario IV) -- 90 SR transport from the Yenisei for the 2084-2086 (Scenario V). , 4.4 TRANSOPORT OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ARCTIC AND POSSIBLE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- 4.4.1 Accident scenario of 90Sr from the Ob' and Yenisei Rivers -- 4.4.2 Spread of accidentally released 90Sr under present and 2 * CO2 warming seenarios -- 4.5 POTENTIAL TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM SUBMARINE ACCIDENTS -- 4.5.1 Local model simulations -- 4.5.2 Large-scale model simulations -- 5 Studies of the spread of non-radioactive pollutants in the Arctic using the generic model system (GMS) -- 5.1 APPROACH TO SIMULATION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT -- 5.1.1 Persistent organic pollutants -- 5.1.2 Basic processes and equations for modeling -- 5.1.3 Modeling POP transport in the environment -- Equilibrium sorption -- Volatilization -- Biodegradation -- Exchange of PCBs between and bottom sediments -- 5.2 MODELLING PCB SPREAD IN ARCTIC RIVERS AND COASTAL WATERS USING THE GMS -- 5.2.1 Modification of the models for simulation of PCBs -- Sorption -- Volatilization -- Biodegradation (dechlorination) -- Direct exchange of PCBs between water and bottom sediments -- 5.2.2 GMS application to simulate the transport and fate of PCBs released in the Yenisei River and estuary -- 5.3 MODELING PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SPREAD USING THE GMS -- 5.3.1 Processes of oil spread in the marine environment -- 5.3.2 Modeling oil spread in the marine environment -- 6 Assessment and input to risk management -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.1.1 Purpose, endpoints, and philosophy -- 6.1.2 Source term characteristics -- 6.1.3 Environmental characteristics -- 6.1.4 Time frames and societal assumptions -- 6.2 SCENARIOS -- 6.2.1 Source term seenarios -- 6.2.2 Climate seenarios -- 6.3 FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DOSE MODELS -- 6.4 RESULTS -- 6.5 CONCLUSIONS. , APPENDICES A Time series of annual average concentrations of radionuclides in water and sediments by accident scenario and Iocation used for dose caIcuIations -- APPENDICES B Doses to individuals in critical groups from all accident seenarios given by radionuclide and exposure pathway -- Afterword -- References -- Index.

Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [445]-462) and index