Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Materials -- 1 Introduction: Discovery and Current Status -- 1.1 A Tale of the Discovery -- 1.1.1 Background Research -- 1.1.2 Electromagnetic Properties of LaTMPnO -- 1.1.3 Emergence of Tc in LaFeAsO -- 1.1.4 What Happens Around 150 K in LaFeAsO? -- 1.2 A Brief History of Fe(Ni)-Based Superconductors at Early Stage -- 1.3 Features of Fe-Based High Tc Superconductors -- 1.4 Recent Progress -- 1.4.1 Discovery of Double Dome Structure in Tc -- 1.4.2 Toward Application -- 1.5 Prospective -- References -- 2 Synthesis, Structure, and Phase Diagram of Iron-Based Superconductors: Bulk -- 2.1 Crystal Structure -- 2.1.1 FeSe Superconductors -- 2.1.2 Anti-PbFCl-Type Structure -- 2.1.3 ThCr2Si2 Structure -- 2.1.4 ZrCuSiAs-Type Structure -- 2.1.5 Superconductors with Perovskite-Type Blocking Layers -- 2.1.6 Superconductors with Skutterudite Intermediary Layers -- 2.1.7 Relationship Between Structure and Superconductivity -- 2.1.8 Titanium Oxypnictides -- 2.1.9 Composite Superconductor of Iron-Pnictide and Titanium Oxypnictide -- 2.2 Synthesis Method -- 2.2.1 Preparation for Polycrystalline Samples -- 2.2.1.1 Solid-State Method -- 2.2.1.2 High-Pressure Method -- 2.2.1.3 Liquid Ammonia Method -- 2.2.1.4 Hydrothermal Method -- 2.2.2 Growth of Single Crystals -- 2.2.2.1 Bridgman Method -- 2.2.2.2 Flux Method -- 2.3 Phase Diagram -- 2.3.1 Overview -- 2.3.2 "1111" Materials -- 2.3.3 "122" Materials -- 2.3.4 "111" Materials -- 2.3.5 "11" Materials -- References -- 3 Synthesis, Structure, and Phase Diagram: Film and STM -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 FeSe Thin Films -- 3.2.1 FeSe Films Grown on Graphene -- 3.2.2 Defect Effects on Superconductivity of FeSe Films -- 3.2.2.1 Dumbbell-Like Defects -- 3.2.2.2 Twin Boundary Defects -- 3.2.3 Thickness-Dependent Superconductivity of FeSe Films Grown on Graphene. , 3.2.4 Direct Observation of Nodes and Twofold Symmetry in FeSe Superconductor -- 3.2.5 Interfacial Superconductivity of FeSe Films Grown on STO -- 3.2.5.1 FeSe Films Grown on STO -- 3.2.5.2 Superconductivity of 1-Unit-Cell FeSe Films on STO -- 3.3 KxFe2−ySe2−z Thin Films -- 3.3.1 KxFe2−ySe2 Films on Graphene: Growth, Phase Separation, and Magnetic Order -- 3.3.2 KxFe2−ySe2−z Films on STO: Growth and Phase Diagram -- 3.4 Brief Summary -- References -- Part II Characterization -- 4 Electron Spectroscopy: ARPES -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy -- 4.1.2 kz Measurement in ARPES -- 4.1.3 Polarization Dependence and Orbital-Sensitive Probe -- 4.2 Electronic Structure of Iron-Based Superconductors -- 4.2.1 The Undoped Compounds -- 4.2.2 The Effect of Carrier Doping -- 4.2.3 The Effect of Chemical Pressure -- 4.3 Broken Symmetry Phases -- 4.3.1 Magnetic and Structural Transitions -- 4.3.2 The Coexistence of SDW and Superconductivity -- 4.3.3 Strongly Correlated Electronic Structure in Fe1+yTe -- 4.4 The Superconducting Gap and Pairing Symmetry -- 4.4.1 In-Plane Gap Distributions -- 4.4.2 Gap Distribution Along kz -- 4.4.3 Gap Nodes -- 4.5 Heavily Electron Doped Iron-Chalcogenide -- 4.5.1 Phase Separation in KxFe2-ySe2 -- 4.5.2 Superconducting Gap in KxFe2-ySe2 -- 4.5.3 Superconductivity in FeSe Thin Film -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- 5 Magnetic Order and Dynamics: Neutron Scattering -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Static Antiferromagnetic Order -- 5.3 Spin Waves in Parent Compounds -- 5.4 Spin Excitations in Doped Compounds -- 5.5 Neutron Polarization Analysis of Spin Excitations -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Optical and Transport Properties -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Metals -- 6.1.2 Superconductors -- 6.2 Iron-Based Superconductors -- 6.2.1 LaFeAsO1-xFx and Related Materials -- 6.2.2 BaFe2As2 and Related Materials. , 6.2.2.1 (Ba1-xKx)Fe2As2 -- 6.2.2.2 Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2 -- 6.2.2.3 BaFe2(As1-xPx)2 -- 6.2.3 Fe1+δTe and FeTe1-xSex -- 6.2.4 KxFe2-ySe2 -- 6.3 Summary -- Appendix -- References -- Part III Theory -- 7 First-Principles Studies in Fe-Based Superconductors -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Normal State Electronic Structure -- 7.2 Translational Symmetry: One-Fe-Atom Versus Two-Fe-Atom Perspective -- 7.2.1 Change of Representation -- 7.2.2 Important Physical Effects Revealed in One-Fe-Atom Representation -- 7.2.3 Implication to Nodal Structures of Superconductivity Order Parameter -- 7.3 Antiferromagnetic and Ferro-Orbital Correlations -- 7.3.1 Anisotropy and Ferro-Orbital Order -- 7.3.2 Consequence of Ferro-Orbital Order -- 7.4 First Principles Simulations of Disordered Dopants in Fe-Based Superconductors -- 7.4.1 Can Transition Metals Substitutions Dope Carriers in BaFe2As2? -- 7.4.2 Effective Electron Doping by Fe Vacancies in AxFe2-ySe2 -- 7.4.3 Can Se Vacancies Electron Dope Monolayer FeSe? -- 7.4.4 Effects of Disordered Ru Substitution in BaFe2As2: Possible Realization of Superdiffusion in Real Materials -- References -- 8 Itinerant Electron Scenario -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Electronic Structure of FeSCs -- 8.3 The Low-Energy Model and the Interplay Between Magnetism and Superconductivity -- 8.3.1 Ladder Approximation -- 8.3.1.1 The SDW Vertex -- 8.3.1.2 The Superconducting Vertex -- 8.3.2 Beyond Ladder Approximation -- 8.3.2.1 How to Get an Attraction in the Pairing Channel? -- 8.4 Interplay Between SDW Magnetism and Superconductivity, Parquet RG Approach -- 8.4.1 Parquet Renormalization Group: The Basics -- 8.4.2 pRG in a 2-Pocket Model -- 8.5 Competition Between Density Wave Orders and Superconductivity -- 8.5.1 Two Pocket Model -- 8.5.1.1 Multi-Pocket Models -- 8.5.2 Summary of the pRG Approach -- 8.6 SDW Magnetism and Nematic Order. , 8.6.1 Selection of SDW Order -- 8.6.1.1 The Action in Terms of X and Y -- 8.6.2 Pre-emptive Spin-Nematic Order -- 8.6.3 Consequences of the Ising-Nematic Order -- 8.7 The Structure of the Superconducting Gap -- 8.7.1 The Structure of s-Wave and d-Wave Gaps in a Multi-Band SC: General Reasoning -- 8.7.1.1 Generic Condition for a Non-zero Tc -- 8.7.2 How to Extract Uij (k,p) from the Orbital Model? -- 8.7.3 Doping Dependence of the Couplings, Examples -- 8.7.3.1 Electron Doping -- 8.7.3.2 Hole Doping -- 8.7.4 LiFeAs -- 8.7.5 Superconductivity Which Breaks Time-Reversal Symmetry -- 8.8 Experimental Situation on Superconductivity -- 8.8.1 Moderate Doping, Gap Symmetry -- 8.8.2 Moderate Doping, s vs s++ -- 8.8.3 Moderate Doping, Nodal vs No-Nodal s Gap -- 8.8.3.1 Hole Doping -- 8.8.3.2 Electron Doping -- 8.8.3.3 Co-existence Region with SDW -- 8.8.3.4 Isovalent Doping -- 8.8.4 Strongly Doped FeSCs -- 8.8.4.1 Electron Doping -- 8.8.4.2 Hole Doping -- 8.8.4.3 FeTe1-xSex -- 8.8.5 Summary -- References -- 9 Orbital+Spin Multimode Fluctuation Theory in Iron-based Superconductors -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Orbital Fluctuation Theory -- 9.2.1 Quadrupole Interaction in the RPA -- 9.2.2 Self-consistent VC Method -- 9.2.3 SC-VCΣ Method -- 9.2.4 Kugel-Khomskii Model -- 9.2.5 Superconductivity in SC-VCΣ Method -- 9.3 Structural Transition and Softening of C66 -- 9.3.1 Two Kinds of Structural Transitions Induced by the AL-VC -- 9.3.2 Softening of C66, Enhancement of Raman Quadrupole Susceptibility χRaman -- 9.4 Comparison with the 2D RenormalizationGroup Theory -- 9.5 Evidence of S++-Wave State in Iron-Based Superconductors -- 9.5.1 Nonmagnetic Impurity Effect -- 9.5.2 Impurity Induced Nematic State -- 9.5.3 Neutron Scattering Spectrum -- 9.5.4 Gap Functions in BaFe2(As,P)2 -- 9.5.4.1 Orbital Independent Gap Function on Hole-Pockets. , 9.5.4.2 Loop-Shape Node on Electron-Pockets Due to Orbital and Spin Fluctuations -- 9.5.5 Superconducting Gap Function in LiFeAs -- 9.6 Summary -- Appendix -- Details of the Numerical Calculation of the AL Term -- Second Order Terms of the VC -- References -- 10 Coexisting Itinerant and Localized Electrons -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Basic Experimental Evidence -- 10.1.1.1 Itinerant Electrons -- 10.1.1.2 Local Moments -- 10.1.2 Theories for Iron-Based Superconductors -- 10.1.2.1 Itinerant Electron Theory -- 10.1.2.2 Local Moment Theory -- 10.1.2.3 Hybrid Theory -- 10.1.2.4 Orbital Selective Mott Transition -- 10.2 Two-Fluid Description for Iron-BasedSuperconductors -- 10.2.1 Two-Fluid Description Based on the Hybrid Model -- 10.2.2 Low Energy Collective Modes -- 10.2.3 Mean-Field Phase Diagram -- 10.2.4 Spin Dynamics -- 10.2.4.1 NMR Knight Shift -- 10.2.4.2 INS Spectrum -- 10.2.5 Charge Dynamics -- 10.2.5.1 Resistivity -- 10.2.5.2 STM Spectrum -- 10.3 Summary -- References -- 11 Weak and Strong Correlations in Fe Superconductors -- 11.1 Introduction: Electronic Correlations? -- 11.2 Essentials of the Electronic Structure of Fe-Based Pnictides and Chalcogenides -- 11.3 Overall Correlation Strength: The ``Janus'' Effect of Hund's Coupling -- 11.4 Orbital-Selective Mott Physics: Experimental and Ab Initio Evidences -- 11.5 Orbital Decoupling, the Mechanism of Selective Mottness -- 11.6 Back to Realism: FeSC and Two ``Wrong'' (Yet Instructive) Calculations -- Appendix: The Slope of the Linear Zα(nα) in the Orbital-Decoupling Regime -- References -- Index.

Note: Aus dem Engl. übers

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Climate of the Tundra -- Geology of the Tundra -- Types of Tundra -- The Tundra Ecosystem -- Biology of the Tundra -- Biodiversity of the Tundra -- Geological and Biological History of the Tundra -- People in the Tundra -- The Value of the Tundra -- The Future of the Tundra -- General Conclusions -- Glossary -- Further Reading -- Web Sites -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- SECTION I: Fundamental Facets of Adhesion -- Chapter 1 Physical and Molecular Biochemical Aspects of Cell Adhesion: Viewpoints Approaching a Mutual Understanding -- Chapter 2 Biomechanics and Thermodynamics of Cell Adhesion -- Chapter 3 Influences of Surface Chemical Factors on Selective Cellular Retention -- Chapter 4 Dictyostelium discoideum Cohesion and Adhesion -- Chapter 5 Adhesive Properties of Bacteria -- Chapter 6 Bioadhesives: DOPA and Phenolic Proteins as Components of Organic Composite Materials -- Chapter 7 Flow Effects on Leukocyte Adhesion to Vascular Endothelium -- SECTION II: The Molecular Biochemistry of Adhesion -- Chapter 8 The Integrin Cell Adhesion Molecules -- Chapter 9 The Structure and Biological Function of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule N-CAM -- Chapter 10 The Selectin Family of Adhesion Molecules -- Chapter 11 Structure and Assembly of Basement Membrane and Related Extracellular Matrix Proteins -- Chapter 12 The Interaction of the Cytoskeleton with Adhesive Receptors: Effects on Cell Adhesion -- SECTION III: Physiology of Adhesion -- Chapter 13 Homing of Cells: Stem Cell as a Model -- Chapter 14 Platelet Aggregation and Inhibitors -- Chapter 15 Platelet Adhesion -- Chapter 16 Interactions Among Platelets, Tumor Cells, and the Vessel Wall -- Chapter 17 Pharmacological Intervention of Platelet Adhesion -- Chapter 18 Platelet Adhesion to Damaged Vessel Wall -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Climate and Tropical Forests -- 2 Geology of the Tropical Forests -- 3 Types of Tropical Forest -- 4 The Tropical Forest Ecosystem -- 5 Biodiversity of the Tropical Forests -- 6 Biology of the Tropical Forests: Plants -- 7 Biology of the Tropical Forests: Animals -- 8 Ancient History of Tropical Forests -- 9 People in the Tropical Forests -- 10 The Value of Tropical Forests -- 11 The Future of Tropical Forests -- 12 General Conclusions -- Glossary -- Further Reading -- Web Sites -- Index.

Note: COVER -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Bridging a Disciplinary Gap -- Section I: Americas -- Arguments and Evidence Against a Younger Dryas Impact Event -- Environment and Agency in the Ancient Maya Collapse -- Rainfall Variability and the Rise and Collapse of the Mississippian Chiefdoms: Evidence From a DeSoto Caverns Stalagmite -- Building Resilience in Island Communities: A Paleotempestological Perspective -- Recent Seasonal Variations in Arid Landscape Cover and Aeolian Sand Mobility, Navajo Nation, Southwestern United States -- Section II: Asia -- Utilization of Distal Tephra Records for Understanding Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Youngest Toba Tuff -- An Abrupt Shift in the Indian Monsoon 4000 Years Ago -- Late Holocene Drought Pattern Over West Asia -- Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period -- A Simulation of the Neolithic Transition in the Indus Valley -- Mid-to-Late Holocene Agricultural System Transformations in the Northern Fertile Crescent: A Review Archaeobotanical, Geoarchaeological, and Philological Evidence -- Late Holocene Evolution of the Fuzhou Basin (Fujian, China) and the Spread of Rice Farming -- Climate-Induced Changes in Population Dynamics of Siberian Scythians (700-250 B.C.) -- Section III: Africa -- Geoarchaeological Perspectives on Holocene Climate Change as a Civilizing Factor in the Egyptian Sahara -- Heavy Rainfalls in a Desert(ed) City: A Climate-Archaeological Case Study From Sudan -- Section IV: Europe -- The Influence of Transgressive Paleogeography on the Development and Decline of Cardium Pottery Culture (Mediterranean Neolithic) -- A Dynamic Human Socioecology of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Ulster -- Section V: New Approaches and Discussions -- Influences of Active Tectonism on Human Development: A Review and Neolithic Example. , Irragric Anthrosols-Artifacts of Human Adaptation to Arid Conditions: Examples From the High Himalaya and the Coastal Desert of Peru -- Hunter-Gatherers, Agriculturalists, and Climate: Insights From a Cross-Disciplinary Review -- AGU Category Index -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Crossroads Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity IV -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: Vita-PAMPs: Signatures of Microbial Viability -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Live Versus Dead Pathogens: Role of Virulence Factors -- 1.3 Microbial Viability Detection: Growth and Metabolism -- 1.4 Detection of Microbial Viability Independently of Microbial Growth -- 1.5 Features of Bacterial mRNAs -- 1.6 Bacterial mRNA and Innate Immunity -- 1.7 Vita-PAMPs and Adaptive Immunity -- 1.8 PRRs That Orchestrate the Response to Bacterial Viability -- 1.9 Conclusions -- References -- 2: Innate Lymphoid Cells in Immunity and Disease -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Phenotype of ILCs -- 2.2.1 NK Cell Phenotype -- 2.2.2 Ror g t-Dependent ILC Phenotype -- 2.2.3 Type 2 ILC Phenotype -- 2.3 Development of ILCs -- 2.3.1 Inhibitor of DNA Binding 2 (Id2): An Early Common "Switch" for ILCs -- 2.3.2 NK Cells Development -- 2.3.3 Ror g t-Dependent ILCs Development -- 2.3.4 Type 2 ILCs Development -- 2.4 ILC Roles in the Host Organism -- 2.4.1 NK Cells: Cytolytic Activity and Cytokine Production -- 2.4.2 LTi Cells and Organogenesis of Lymphoid Structures -- 2.4.3 Ror g t-Dependent ILCs: IL-17 and IL-22 Producers for Intestinal Homeostasis -- 2.4.4 Type 2 ILCs: Protective Response Against Helminths -- 2.4.5 Wound Healing -- 2.4.6 Dysregulation of ILCs: Autoimmunity, Allergy, and Fibrosis -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Tuning Cross-Presentation of Apoptotic T Cells in Immunopathology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 CD40 Ligand Expression on Apoptotic T Cells Abrogates Tolerance -- 3.3 Apoptotic T Cells Are Source of Immunogenic Self-Antigens -- 3.4 Relevance of Cross-Presentation of Apoptotic Epitopes in Clinical Setting -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Regulation of Type 2 Immunity by Basophils. , 4.1 Basophil Development and Homeostasis -- 4.2 The Role of Basophils for Differentiation of Th2 Cells -- 4.3 Basophils as Mediators of Allergic Responses -- 4.4 Protective Immunity Against Ticks and Helminths -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Crosstalk Between Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells Leads to High Quality Immune Protection at the Mucosal Borders -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Effector and Central Memory T Cells Form Distinct Subsets -- 5.3 An Innate-Adaptive Crosstalk Drives the Selective Accumulation of Mucosal T EM -- 5.3.1 Activation-Induced CD8 a a Rescues CD8 ab Primary Effector T Cells from AICD -- 5.3.2 Activation-Induced CD8 a a Rescues CD8 a b Primary Effector T Cells from TICD -- 5.3.3 Activation-Induced CD8 a a Rescues CD8 a b Secondary Effector T Cells from TICD -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 5.5 Future Prospective -- References -- 6: The Interaction Between Filarial Parasites and Human Monocyte/Macrophage Populations -- 6.1 Background -- 6.1.1 Lymphatic Filariasis -- 6.1.2 Macrophages and Their Role in In ammation -- 6.2 Induction of AAM F s in Filarial Infections -- 6.2.1 Animal Models -- 6.2.2 Humans -- 6.3 Implications in Clinical Settings -- References -- 7: Innate-Like B Cells and Their Rules of Engagement -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 B Cells and Their Contribution to the Antibody Pools -- 7.3 Role and Function of Natural Antibodies -- 7.4 Tissue Origins of Natural Antibodies -- 7.5 Regulation of Natural Antibody Production -- 7.6 B-1 Cell Migration -- 7.7 Innate-Like B Cell Responses to In uenza Virus Infection -- References -- 8: The CD28/B7 Pathway: A Novel Regulator of Plasma Cell Function -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 CD28/B7 Costimulation in T Cell Function -- 8.3 CD28/B7 in B Cell Responses -- 8.4 CD28/B7 in Plasma Cell Function -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References. , 9: Memory CD8 + T Cell Protection -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Primary CD8 + T Cell Responses to Pathogens -- 9.3 Memory CD8 + T Cells -- 9.3.1 Memory CD8 + T Cell Heterogeneity in Protection -- 9.3.2 Effector Functions and Quality of the Memory CD8 + T Cells in Protection -- 9.3.3 Naïve T Cell Responses in the Presence of Memory CD8 + T Cells -- 9.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10: Human T Follicular Helper Cells: Development and Subsets -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 T Follicular Helper Cells: The CD4 + T Cell Subset Specialized for B Cell Help -- 10.3 Development of Tfh Cells -- 10.4 Human Tfh Subsets -- 10.4.1 Tonsillar Tfh Subsets -- 10.4.2 Blood Circulating CXCR5 + CD4 + T Cell Subsets -- 10.5 Perspectives -- References -- 11: Differentiation and Activation of g d T Lymphocytes: Focus on CD27 and CD28 Costimulatory Receptors -- 11.1 Biological Roles of g d T Lymphocytes -- 11.1.1 Infection -- 11.1.2 Tissue In ammation and Repair -- 11.1.3 Autoimmunity -- 11.1.4 Tumors -- 11.2 Differentiation of Functional g d T Cell Subsets -- 11.2.1 Subsetting the Functions of g d T Cells -- 11.2.2 Thymic Differentiation of Functional g d T Cell Subsets -- 11.3 Peripheral Activation of g d T Cell Subsets -- 11.3.1 With or Without the TCR? -- 11.3.2 The Role of CD27 Costimulation -- 11.3.3 The Role of CD28 Costimulation -- 11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 12: Decisions on the Road to Memory -- 12.1 Numbers -- 12.2 MPECs and SLECs: Cells with Different Potential -- 12.3 One Cell, Multiple Fates -- 12.4 Commitment at First Division or Later -- 12.5 Factors Promoting MPEC or SLEC Differentiation -- 12.6 Later Stages: Surviving Contraction -- 12.7 Mechanisms of Life and Death -- 12.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Targeting the Skin for Microneedle Delivery of In uenza Vaccine. , 13.1 In uenza Virus and In uenza Vaccination -- 13.1.1 In uenza Virus and Disease -- 13.1.2 In uenza Vaccination -- 13.2 Skin as an Immunological Organ -- 13.2.1 Skin Structure, Functions, and Resident Cell Populations -- 13.2.2 The Role of In ammation During Skin Vaccination -- 13.3 Microneedle Vaccination -- 13.3.1 Solid Metal Microneedle Arrays -- 13.3.2 Dissolving Microneedle Patches -- 13.3.3 Other Types of Skin Delivery Systems -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Quantum Models of Cognition and Decision -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Rationale -- Book chapters -- Acknowledgments -- 1: Why use quantum theory for cognition and decision? Some compelling reasons -- 1.1 Six reasons for a quantum approach to cognition and decision -- 1.1.1 Judgments are based on indefinite states -- 1.1.2 Judgments create rather than record -- 1.1.3 Judgments disturb each other, introducing uncertainty -- 1.1.4 Judgments do not always obey classic logic -- 1.1.5 Judgments do not obey the principle of unicity -- 1.1.6 Cognitive phenomena may not be decomposable -- 1.2 Four examples from cognition and decision -- 1.2.1 The disjunction effect -- 1.2.2 Interference of categorization on decision making -- 1.2.3 The conjunction fallacy -- 1.2.4 Modelling the semantics of concept combinations -- 1.3 Some history and a broader picture -- 1.3.1 A brief history -- 1.3.2 A broader perspective -- 1.3.2.1 Quantum measurements and consciousness -- 1.3.2.2 The quantum brain -- 1.3.2.3 Complementarity and incompatibility -- 2: What is quantum theory? An elementary introduction -- 2.1 Geometric approach -- 2.1.1 General overview -- 2.1.1.1 Events -- 2.1.2 Concrete example for geometric approach -- 2.1.2.1 Analysis of a single categorical variable -- 2.1.2.2 Analysis of two categorical variables -- 2.1.2.3 Incompatible representation -- 2.1.2.4 Law of reciprocity -- 2.1.2.5 Uncertainty principle -- 2.1.2.6 Order effects -- 2.1.2.7 Interference effect -- 2.1.2.8 Unitary transformations -- 2.1.2.9 Coarse and complete measurements, pure and mixed states -- 2.1.2.10 Compatible representation -- 2.1.2.11 State revision -- 2.2 Path diagram approach -- 2.2.1 General overview -- 2.2.2 A single path -- 2.2.3 Multiple indistinguishable paths -- 2.2.4 Observations along the path -- 2.2.5 Concrete example for path diagrams. , 2.3 Matrix algebra -- 2.3.1 Special matrices -- 2.3.2 Adjoint (conjugate transpose) of a matrix -- 2.3.3 Hermitian matrices -- 2.3.4 Multiply by a scalar -- 2.3.5 Adding and subtracting matrices -- 2.3.6 Matrix inner product -- 2.3.7 Matrix outer product -- 2.3.8 Matrix multiplication -- 2.3.9 Unitary matrices -- 2.3.9.1 Position and momentum example -- 2.3.10 Projector matrices -- 2.3.10.1 Projectors for the compatible representation -- 2.3.10.2 Projectors for the incompatible representation -- 2.3.11 Matrix inverse -- 2.3.12 Spectral decomposition of a matrix -- 2.3.13 Matrix representation of observables -- 2.3.13.1 Matrix functions -- 2.3.14 Commuting Hermitian matrices -- 2.3.15 Kronecker product -- 2.4 Linear algebra -- 2.4.1 Complex numbers -- 2.4.2 Hilbert space and vectors -- 2.4.3 Inner products between vectors -- 2.4.4 Outer product operators -- 2.4.5 Linear operators -- 2.4.6 Adjoint operation -- 2.4.7 Orthogonal decomposition -- 2.4.8 Orthogonal projections -- 2.4.9 Spectral decomposition of linear operators -- 2.4.10 Function of an operator -- 2.4.11 Commuting Hermitian operators -- 2.4.12 Unitary operators -- 2.4.13 Matrix formula for inner products -- 2.4.14 Matrix formula for linear transformations -- 2.4.15 Matrix formula for a sequence of linear transformations -- 2.5 Quantum axioms -- 2.5.1 Events -- 2.5.2 System state -- 2.5.3 State revision -- 2.5.4 Compatibility -- 2.5.5 Implications -- 2.5.5.1 Gleason's theorem -- 2.5.5.2 Not A -- 2.5.5.3 A or then B -- 2.5.5.4 Compatible events -- 2.5.5.5 Violation of the distributive axiom -- 2.5.5.6 Total probability and interference -- 2.5.5.7 Path diagram rules -- 2.5.6 Observables as linear operators -- 2.5.7 Heisenberg uncertainty principle -- 2.6 Some further reading on quantum theory -- 3: What can quantum theory predict? Predicting question order effects on attitudes. , 3.1 A simple example -- 3.1.1 Analysis of first question -- 3.1.2 Analysis of second question -- 3.1.3 Summary of example -- 3.2 Empirical tests of reciprocity -- 3.2.1 Assimilation effects -- 3.2.2 Contrast effects -- 3.2.3 Additive effects -- 3.2.4 Subtractive effects -- 3.2.5 Summary of tests -- 3.3 General quantum model -- 3.3.1 Analysis of first question -- 3.3.2 Analysis of second question -- 3.3.3 Summary -- 3.4 Order effect predictions -- 3.4.1 Non-commutativity -- 3.4.2 Similarity between questions -- 3.4.3 Law of reciprocity -- 3.4.4 Summary -- 3.5 Concluding thoughts -- 4: How to apply quantum theory? Accounting for human probability judgment errors -- 4.1 Conjunction and disjunction errors -- 4.1.1 A simple example -- 4.1.1.1 Probability for a single question -- 4.1.1.2 Probability for conjunction -- 4.1.1.3 Probability for disjunction -- 4.1.2 Quantum model -- 4.1.3 Qualitative model predictions -- 4.1.3.1 Conjunction fallacy -- 4.1.3.2 Disjunction fallacy -- 4.1.3.3 Simultaneous explanation -- 4.1.3.4 Order effects -- 4.1.3.5 Event dependencies -- 4.1.4 Comparison with other explanations -- 4.2 Order effects on inference -- 4.2.1 Empirical study -- 4.2.2 Bayesian inference model -- 4.2.3 Anchor-adjustment model -- 4.2.4 Quantum inference model -- 4.2.4.1 Unitary transformations -- 4.2.4.2 Naive perspective -- 4.2.4.3 Prosecution perspective -- 4.2.4.4 Defense perspective -- 4.2.4.5 Summary of quantum model -- 4.2.5 Conclusions from the quantitative test -- 4.3 Compatibility and quantum rationality -- 5: Quantum-inspired models of concept combinations -- 5.1 Concept combinations and cognition -- 5.1.1 Cognitive theories of conceptual combination -- 5.2 Non-compositional models of concept combinations based in quantum interference -- 5.3 Concept combinations modelled as composite quantum systems. , 5.4 Probabilistic approaches for analyzing the compositionality of concept combinations -- 5.4.1 Compositional semantics -- 5.4.2 Non-classical non-compositional semantics -- 5.4.3 Fine's theorem and the Clauser-Horne inequalities -- 5.5 Empirical examples of the non-compositionality of concept combinations -- 5.5.1 Illustrations of the non-compositionality analysis -- 5.5.1.1 "Spring plant" -- 5.5.1.2 "Ring pen" -- 5.5.2 Broader reflections on the analysis of non-compositionality using the CH and CHSH inequalities -- 6: An application of quantum theory to conjoint memory recognition -- 6.1 Episodic overdistribution effect -- 6.2 Classic probability -- 6.2.1 Classic probability model with Markov constraint -- 6.3 Cognitive models -- 6.3.1 Signal detection model -- 6.3.2 Dual process model -- 6.3.3 Original model -- 6.3.4 Bias model -- 6.4 Path diagram quantum model -- 6.4.1 Analysis of probes from trained targets -- 6.4.1.1 Probability of accepting a probe from T as verbatim -- 6.4.1.2 Probability of accepting a probe from T as gist -- 6.4.1.3 Probability of accepting a probe from T as verbatim or gist -- 6.4.2 Analysis of probes from non-targets -- 6.4.2.1 Probability of accepting a probe from set R -- 6.4.2.2 Probability of accepting a probe from set U -- 6.4.3 Unitary transformation matrices -- 6.4.4 State representation -- 6.4.5 Purpose of the phase -- 6.4.6 Quantum model parameters and model fit -- 6.5 Comparison of models -- 6.6 Concluding comments -- 7: Quantum-like models of human semantic space -- 7.1 The human mental lexicon -- 7.1.1 Recall tasks -- 7.1.2 Spooky-action-at-a-distance -- 7.2 Words, context and Hilbert space -- 7.3 An analysis of spooky-activation-at-a-distance in terms of a composite quantum system -- 7.3.1 Summary -- 7.4 The quantum mechanics of semantic space -- 7.4.1 Bridging semantic space and quantum mechanics. , 7.4.2 Superposed states of words in semantic space -- 7.4.3 The collapse of meaning in the light of context -- 7.4.3.1 A quantum-like matrix model of memory -- 7.4.4 The probability of collapse -- 7.4.5 Summary and reflections -- 7.5 The distance between semantic spaces -- 8: What about quantum dynamics? More advanced principles -- 8.1 Bistable perception application -- 8.1.1 Markov model -- 8.1.1.1 State representation -- 8.1.1.2 State transitions -- 8.1.1.3 Response probabilities -- 8.1.1.4 Numerical example -- 8.1.2 Quantum model -- 8.1.2.1 State representation -- 8.1.2.2 State transitions -- 8.1.2.3 Response probabilities -- 8.1.2.4 Numerical example -- 8.1.3 Temporal Bell inequality -- 8.2 Categorization decision-making application -- 8.2.1 Markov model -- 8.2.1.1 Empirical test of total probability -- 8.2.2 Quantum model -- 8.2.2.1 Empirical test of double stochasticity -- 8.2.3 Markov and quantum noise models -- 8.2.3.1 Hidden Markov model -- 8.2.4 Quantum noise model -- 8.3 Random walk signal detection model -- 8.3.1 State representation -- 8.3.1.1 Markov model -- 8.3.1.2 Quantum model -- 8.3.2 State transitions -- 8.3.2.1 Markov model -- 8.3.2.2 Quantum model -- 8.3.3 Confidence ratings -- 8.3.3.1 Mean confidence -- 8.3.3.2 Laws of total probability and double stochasticity -- 8.3.4 Choice and response time -- 8.3.4.1 Hidden Markov model -- 8.3.4.2 Quantum noise model -- 9: What is the quantum advantage? Applications to decision making -- 9.1 Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes -- 9.1.1 Projective expected utility theory -- 9.1.2 Application to Ellsberg paradox -- 9.2 The disjunction effect -- 9.2.1 Two-stage gambling paradigm -- 9.2.2 Prisoner dilemma paradigm -- 9.2.3 Theoretical implications of the disjunction effect -- 9.2.3.1 Sure thing principle -- 9.2.3.2 Law of total probability -- 9.2.3.3 Double stochasticity. , 9.3 Markov and quantum models of the disjunction effect.

Note: Front Cover -- The Kidney: From Normal Development to Congenital Disease -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Section I: Embryonic Kidneys and Models -- Chapter 1. Introduction: Embryonic Kidneys and Other Nephrogenic Models -- Chapter 2. Development of Malpighian Tubules in Drosophila Melanogaster -- I. Introduction -- II. Tubule Development and the Genes That Regulate It -- III. Generating Cells: Regulation of Cell Proliferation in the Tubule Primordia -- IV. Morphogenetic Movements -- V. Onset of Physiological Activity -- Chapter 3. Induction, Development, and Physiology of the Pronephric Tubules -- I. Introduction -- II. Tubule Fate and Origins -- III. Pronephric Induction -- IV. Pronephric Tubule Anatomy -- V. Morphogenesis -- VI. Pronephric Function and Physiology -- VII. Degeneration or Function Diversion of the Pronephros -- VIII. Pronephric Tubules as a Model for Tubulogenesis? -- Chapter 4. Formation of the Nephric Duct -- I. Introduction -- II. Nephric Duct Morphogenesis -- III. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. The Pronephric Glomus and Vasculature -- I. Introduction -- II. Development of the Pronephric Glomus: Stages of Glomerular Development in Frogs and Fish -- III. Gene Expression and Function in Pronephric Glomerular Development -- IV. Summary: Future Prospects -- Chapter 6. Development of the Mesonephric Kidney -- I. Introduction -- II. Mesonephric Development: An Anatomical Overview -- III. Molecular Basis of Mesonephric Development -- IV. Mesonephric Contribution to Gonadal Differentiation -- V. Mesonephric Contribution to Other Organ Systems -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 7. Three-Dimensional Anatomy of Mammalian Mesonephroi -- I. Introduction -- II. Material -- III. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction -- IV. Human Mesonephric Development -- V. Murine Mesonephric Development. , VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Molecular Control of Pronephric Development: An Overview -- I. Introduction -- II. Transcription Factors Implicated in Development of the Pronephros -- III. Growth Factors in Pronephric Kidney Development -- IV. Conclusions and Further Perspectives -- Reference -- Chapter 9. Embryological, Genetic, and Molecular Tools for Investigating Embryonic Kidney Development -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Embryology -- III. Cellular Embryology -- IV. Transgenic Methods -- V. Classical Genetic Methods: Mutant Screens -- References -- Section II: The Adult Kidney -- Chapter 10. The Metanephros -- I. Introduction -- II. Development of the Metanephros -- III. Growth -- IV. Investigating Regulatory Networks -- V. Unsolved Problems of Kidney of Development -- References -- Chapter 11. Anatomy and Histology of the Human Urinary System -- I. Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System -- II. Microanatomy of the Urinary System -- References -- Chapter 12. Development of the Ureteric Bud -- I. Introduction -- II. Induction of Ureteric Bud Formation -- III. Anatomy of Ureteric Bud Arborization -- IV. Mechanisms of Ureteric Bud Arborization -- V. Integration of Influences -- VI. Engines of Morphological Change -- VII. Differentiation within the Maturing Collecting Duct -- VIII. Some Outstanding Problems -- References -- Chapter 13. Fates of the Metanephric Mesenchyme -- I. Summary -- II. Introduction -- III. Early Stages of Kidney Formation -- IV. Cell Types Derived from Metanephric Mesenchyme -- V. Experimental Analysis of Metanephric Mesenchyme Differentation -- VI. How Many Cell Types Are Present in the Metanephric Blastema? -- References -- Chapter 14. Formation and Development of Nephrons -- I. Introduction -- II. Morphogenesis -- III. Induction -- IV. Intrinsic Factors That Control the Induction Response. , V. Factors That Drive Mesenchyme-to-Epithelial Conversion -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 15. Establishment of Polarity in Epithelial Cells of the Developing Nephron -- I. Summary -- II. Introduction -- III. Acquisition of Epithelial Polarity -- IV. Structural Organization -- V. Physiological and Biochemical Organization -- VI. Establishment and Maintenance of Epithelial Cell Polarity -- VII. Protein Trafficking in Embryonic Kidney -- VIII. A Final Comment -- References -- Chapter 16. Development of the Glomerular Capillary and Its Basement Membrane -- I. Introduction -- II. Glomerular Structure -- III. Glomerular Filtration Barrier -- IV. Glomerular Basement Membrane Proteins -- V. Unique Features of Podocytes -- VI. Glomerulogenesis -- VII. Glomerular Defects -- VIII. Closing Remarks -- References -- Chapter 17. Development of Kidney Blood Vessels -- I. Introduction -- II. Blood Vessel Formation in the Embryo -- III. Anatomy of Kidney Blood Vessels -- IV. Experiments that Address the Origins of Metanephric Blood Vessels -- V. Growth Factor and Embryonic Kidney Vessel Development -- VI. Other Molecules Involved in Vascular Growth -- VII. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 18. Development of Function in the Metanephric Kidney -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods to Study Developmental Renal Physiology -- III. Development and Regulation of Renal Blood Flow -- IV. Development and Regulation of Glomerular Filtration -- V. Ontogeny of Tubular Function -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 19. Experimental Methods for Studying Urogenital Development -- I. Introduction -- II. Tissue Dissection and Separation -- III. Culturing Metanephric Kidney Rudiments -- IV. Tissue Analysis -- V. In Situ Hybridization of mRNA -- References -- Chapter 20. Overview: The Molecular Basis of Kidney Development -- I. Introduction. , II. Specification of Nephrogenic Mesenchyme -- III. Cell Survival -- IV. Mesenchymal Condensation -- V. Proliferation -- VI. Branching of the Ureteric Bud -- VII. Mesenchyme-to-Epithelial Transition -- VIII. Proximal/Distal Patterning -- IX. Glomerulogenesis -- X. Vascularization -- XI. Cell Polarity -- XII. Future of the Field -- References -- Section III: Congenital Disease -- Chapter 21. Maldevelopment of the Human Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract: An Overview -- I. Normal Development of Human Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract -- II. Varied Phenotypes of Human Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract Maldevelopment -- III. Causes of Maldevelopment of Human Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract -- References -- Chapter 22. WT1-Associated Disorders -- I. Introduction -- II. The WT1 Gene -- III. WT1 and Development -- IV. WT1 and Wilms' Tumor -- V. WT1 and Other Malignancies -- VI. WT1and Denys-Drash Syndrome -- VII. WT1 and Isolated Diffuse Mesangial Sclerosis -- VIII. WT1 and Frasier Syndrome -- IX. WT1 Intronic Mutation (Frasier Mutation) in 46,XX Females and in Primary Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome -- X. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 23. PAX2 and Renal-Coloboma Syndrome -- I. Introduction -- II. Pathologic Analysis of Renal-Coloboma Syndrome and Oligomeganephronia -- III. Molecular Analysis of the PAX2 Gene and Its Involvement in Renal-Coloboma Syndrome -- IV. Animal Models to Investigate PAX2 Function -- V. What Is the Function of PAX2 in Kidney Development? -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 24. Cystic Renal Diseases -- I. Human Clinical Disease Impact -- II. Molecular Genetics of Human Renal Cystic Diseases -- III. Animal Models and the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Kidney Diseases -- IV. General Mechanisms Underlying Cystogenesis and the Function of Proteins Causing Polycystic Kidney Disease -- V. Summary -- References. , Chapter 25. Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Human Disease -- I. Phenotypic Diversity of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) -- II. Molecular Genetics of RCC -- III. The von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Gene -- IV. TSC-2 Tumor Suppressor Gene -- V. c-met -- VI. Other Genes Involved in RCC -- VII. Animal Models for RCC -- References -- Chapter 26. The Tubule -- I. Introduction -- II. Proximal Tubulopathies -- III. Defects of the Thick Ascending Limb and Distal Tubule -- IV. Disorders of the Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel -- V. Disorders of the Collecting Dust -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 27. Diseases of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier: Alport Syndrome and Congenital Nephrosis (NPHS1) -- I. Alport Syndrome -- II. Congenital Nephrosis NPHS1 -- III. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 28. Congenital Kidney Diseases: Prospects for New Therapies -- I. Introduction -- II. Gene Transfer Technologies -- III. Renal Precursor Cell Technology -- IV. Experimental Treatments for Polycystic Kidney Diseases -- References -- Index.