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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Planthoppers : Their Ecology and Management. (1993)
    New York, NY :Springer,
    Details
    Keywords: Planthoppers-Control. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (806 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781461523956
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=6707413
    DDC: 632.752
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and characterization of the Cryptococcus neoformans phosphomannose isomerase-encoding gene, MAN1, and its impact on pathogenicity (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 40 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The polysaccharide capsule surrounding Cryptococcus neoformans comprises manose, xylose and glucuronic acid, of which mannose is the major constituent. The GDP-mannose biosynthesis pathway is highly conserved in fungi and consists of three key enzymes: phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), phosphomannomutase (PMM) and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP). The MAN1 gene, encoding for the PMI enzyme, was isolated and sequenced from C. neoformans, and a disruption of the MAN1 gene was generated. One MAN1 disruption mutant, man1, which showed poor capsule formation, reduced polysaccharide secretion and morphological abnormalities, was chosen for virulence studies. In both the rabbit and the mouse models of invasive cryptococcosis, man1 was shown to be severely impaired in its virulence, with complete elimination of the yeast from the host. A reconstituted strain of man1 was constructed using gene replacement at the native locus. The wild-type and reconstituted strains were significantly more virulent than the knock-out mutant in both animal models. Our findings reveal that PMI activity is essential for the survival of C. neoformans in the host. The fact that the man1 mutant was not pathogenic suggests that blocking mannose synthesis could be fungicidal in the mammalian host and thus an excellent target for antifungal drug development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02401.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAS1 regulates filamentation, mating and growth at high temperature of Cryptococcus neoformans (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycete yeast and opportunistic human pathogen of increasing clinical importance due to the increasing population of immunocompromised patients. To further investigate signal transduction cascades regulating fungal pathogenesis, we have identified the gene encoding a RAS homologue in this organism. The RAS1 gene was disrupted by transformation and homologous recombination. The resulting ras1 mutant strain was viable, but failed to grow at 37°C, and exhibited significant defects in mating and agar adherence. The ras1 mutant strain was also avirulent in an animal model of cryptococcal meningitis. Reintroduction of the wild-type RAS1 gene complemented these ras1 mutant phenotypes and restored virulence in animals. A dominantly active RAS1 mutant allele, RAS1Q67L, induced a differentiation phenotype known as haploid fruiting, which involves filamentation, agar invasion and sporulation in response to nitrogen deprivation. The ras1 mutant mating defect was suppressed by overexpression of MAP kinase signalling elements and partially suppressed by exogenous cAMP. Additionally, cAMP also suppressed the agar adherence defect of the ras1 mutant. However, the ability of the ras1 mutant strain to grow at elevated temperature was not restored by cAMP or MAP kinase overexpression. Our findings support a model in which RAS1 signals in C. neoformans through cAMP-dependent, MAP kinase, and RAS-specific signalling cascades to regulate mating and filamentation, as well as growth at high temperature which is necessary for maintenance of infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01852.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular phospholipase activity is a virulence factor for Cryptococcus neoformans (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 39 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans secretes a phospholipase enzyme that demonstrates phospholipase B (PLB), lysophospholipase hydrolase and lysophospholipase transacylase activities. This enzyme has been postulated to be a cryptococcal virulence factor. We cloned a phospholipase-encoding gene (PLB1) from C. neoformans and constructed plb1 mutants using targeted gene disruption. All three enzyme activities were markedly reduced in the mutants compared with the wild-type parent. The plb1 strains did not have any defects in the known cryptococcal virulence phenotypes of growth at 37°C, capsule formation, laccase activity and urease activity. The plb1 strains were reconstituted using the wild-type locus and this resulted in restoration of all extracellular PLB activities. In vivo testing demonstrated that the plb1 strain was significantly less virulent than the control strains in both the mouse inhalational model and the rabbit meningitis model. We also found that the plb1 strain exhibited a growth defect in a macrophage-like cell line. These data demonstrate that secretory phospholipase is a virulence factor for C. neoformans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02236.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A MAP kinase cascade composed of cell type specific and non-specific elements controls mating and differentiation of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 49 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with a defined sexual cycle in which the α allele of the mating type locus is linked to virulence and haploid differentiation. Here we analysed a conserved MAP kinase cascade composed of mating-type specific (Ste11α, Ste12α) and non-specific (Ste7, Cpk1) elements. Gene disruption experiments demonstrate that this specialized MAP kinase pathway is required for both mating and cell type-specific differentiation but not for virulence. The Ste11α, Ste7 and Cpk1 kinases were found to act as a co-ordinate signalling module, whereas the Ste12α transcription factor functions with a redundant partner or in a branched or parallel signalling pathway. Our studies illustrate how MAP kinase cascades can be constructed from cell type-specific and non-specific components, yielding pathways that contribute to cell type-specific patterns of signalling and differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03563.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 437 (2005), S. 1360-1364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Genealogy can illuminate the evolutionary path of important human pathogens. In some microbes, strict clonal reproduction predominates, as with the worldwide dissemination of Mycobacterium leprae, the cause of leprosy. In other pathogens, sexual reproduction yields clones with novel attributes, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04220
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryptococcus neoformans: A sugar-coated killer with designer genes (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 45 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cryptococcus neoformans has become a common central nervous system pathogen as the immunocompromised populations enlarge world-wide. This encapsulated yeast has significant advantages for the study of fungal pathogenesis and these include: (1) a clinically important human pathogen; (2) a tractable genetic system; (3) advanced molecular biology foundation; (4) understanding of several virulence phenotypes; (5) well-studied pathophysiology; and (6) robust animal models. With the use of a sequenced genome and site-directed mutagenesis to produce specific null mutants, the virulence composite of C. neoformans has begun to be identified one gene at a time. Studies into capsule production, melanin synthesis, high temperature growth, metabolic pathways and a variety of signaling pathways have led to understandings of what makes this yeast a pathogen at the molecular level. Multiple principles of molecular pathogenesis have been demonstrated in virulence studies with C. neoformans. These include evolutionary differences between the varieties of C. neoformans in their genes for virulence, quantitative impact of genes on the virulence composite, species and site-specific importance of a virulence gene, gene expression correlation with its functional importance or phenotype and the impact of a pathogenesis gene on the host immune response. C. neoformans has now become a primary model to study molecular fungal pathogenesis with the goal of identifying drug targets or vaccine strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2005.06.005
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Cryptococcus neoformans genome sequencing project (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 148 (1999), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: basidiomycete ; fungal pathogen ; genomic sequence ; meningitis ; mycology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycete that can cause life-threatening meningoencephalitis in patients with and without impaired immune function. Cryptococcosis is usually an opportunistic infection in patients with compromised immunity as a consequence of HIV-1 infection, steroid administration, cancer chemotherapy, sarcoidosis, diabetes, or inherited immune system defects. This pathogenic yeast has a defined sexual cycle, which allows classical genetic analysis. Molecular biology approaches, including transformation and gene disruption by homologous recombination, and animal models for studies of virulence are both well developed. Recently an international consortium convened to begin the C. neoformans genome sequencing project, and we review here background and arguments for this project. We also discuss the importance of this project to the biology and virulence of this organism in particular, and to virulence in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007136602930
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare complex infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 8 (1988), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Histopathology ; Mycobacterium diagnosis ; Mycobacterium therapy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This reviw examines an important bacterial infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite occasional infections with bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, and Nocardia in patients with AIDS, the primary problems of AIDS and invading bacterial infections center around mycobacteropsos. A unique feature of AIDS has been the common identification of disseminated infections with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. The following discussion examines our present understading of this group of organisms and how they interact with the compromised host.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060080107
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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