Note: Front Cover -- Atom Interferometry -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Optics and Interferometry with Atoms and Molecules -- I. Introduction -- II. Beam Machine -- III. Optics for Atoms and Molecules -- IV. Interferometry with Atoms and Molecules -- V. Atom Interferometry Techniques -- VI. Measuring Atomic and Molecular Properties -- VII. Fundamental Studies -- VIII. Inertial Effects -- IX. Outlook -- Appendix: Frequently Used Symbols -- References -- Chapter 2. Classical and Quantum Atom Fringes -- I. Introduction -- II. Experimental Apparatus -- III. Classical Atom Fringes: The Moire Experiment -- IV. Quantum Fringes: The Interferometer -- V. Comparing Classical and Quantum Fringes: The Classical Analog to an Interferometer -- VI. Atoms in Light Crystals -- References -- Chapter 3. Generalized Talbot-Lau Atom Interferometry -- I. Introduction -- II. SBE Interferometry -- III. GTL Interferometry vs. SBE Interferometry -- IV. What Happens When Frauenhofer Diffraction Orders Overlap? -- V. Historical Development of the Generalized Talbot Effect -- VI. Spatial Properties of the Generalized Talbot Effect "Image -- VII. Wavelength Dependence of the Spatial Spectrum of the Fringe Intensity -- VIII. The Lau Effect -- IX. The Talbot Interferometer -- X. Generalized Lens-Free Talbot-Lau Interferometers -- XI. Fresnel Diffraction and the Talbot Effect with a Spatially Varying Potential -- XII. GTL Atom Interferometry Experiments with K and Li2 -- XIII. Talbot Interferometer Using Na -- XIV. "Heisenberg Microscope" Decoherence GTL Atom Interferometry -- XV. Conclusions and Future Applications -- Appendix: Kirchoff Diffraction with Spatially Varying V ( r ) -- References -- Chapter 4. Interferometry with Metastable Rare Gas Atoms -- I. Introduction -- II. Atomic Beam Source -- III. Young's Double-Slit Experiment. , IV. Holographic Manipulation of Atoms -- V. Two-Atom Correlation -- References -- Chapter 5. Classical and Nonclassical Atom Optics -- I. Introduction -- II. Models and Notation -- III. Atom Focusing and Applications -- IV. Correlation Experiments with Atoms and Photons -- V. Scheme for an Atomic Boson Laser -- References -- Chapter 6. Atom Interferometry and the Quantum Theory of Measurement -- I. Introduction -- II. Fundamental Physics and Atom Interferometers -- III. The Stern-Gerlach Interferometer -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7. Matter-Wave Interferometers: A Synthetic Approach -- I. Physics of the Generalized Beam Splitter -- II. Architecture of Interferometers -- III. Sensitivity to Gravitational and Electromagnetic Fields: A Unified Approach through the Dirac Equation -- IV. Conclusions and Directions of Future Progress -- References -- Chapter 8. Atom Interferometry Based on Separated Light Fields -- I. Introduction -- II. Theoretical Framework -- III. Discussion of Different Types of Interferometers -- IV. Experimental Realization of Borde Interferometry -- V. Precision Determination of Physical Quantities -- VI. Geometrical and Topological Phases -- VII. Influence of the Quantum-Mechanical Measurement Process in the Interferometer -- VIII. Applications of Atom Interferometry in Optical Frequency Standards -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Precision Atom Interferometry with Light Pulses -- I. Introduction -- II. Interferometer Theory -- III. Multiphoton Transitions -- IV. Inertial Force Measurements -- V. Photon-Recoil Measurement -- VI. Experimental Techniques -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Atom Interference Using Microfabricated Structures -- I. Introduction -- II. Qualitative Considerations -- III. Talbot Effect -- IV. Shadow Effect with Microfabricated Structures -- V. Talbot-Lau Effect. , VI. Talbot and Talbot-Lau Effects in a Thermal Atomic Beam -- VII. Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Liquid Chromatography: Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Sample preparation for liquid chromatography -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview -- 1.2.1 Objectives of Sample Preparation -- 1.2.2 Classification of Sample Preparation -- 1.2.3 Automation of Sample Preparation -- 1.2.3.1 Robotic sample preparation systems -- 1.2.3.2 Column switching sample preparation -- 1.3 Sample Extraction Techniques -- 1.3.1 Liquid-Phase Microextraction -- 1.3.1.1 DLLME -- 1.3.1.2 SDME -- 1.3.1.3 HF-LPME -- 1.3.2 Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.3.2.1 SPE devices and processing steps -- 1.3.2.2 On-line column switching SPE -- 1.3.2.3 Sorbent selection and coating materials for SPE -- 1.3.3 Solid-Phase Microextraction -- 1.3.4 Fiber SPME -- 1.3.4.1 Fiber SPME processing steps for HPLC -- 1.3.4.2 Optimization of fiber SPME methods -- 1.3.4.3 Fiber coating materials -- 1.3.5 In-tube SPME -- 1.3.5.1 In-tube SPME processing systems -- 1.3.5.2 Optimization of in-tube SPME methods -- 1.3.5.3 Capillary coating materials -- 1.3.6 Other Sorbent Microextraction Techniques for HPLC -- 1.3.6.1 Static in-vessel microextraction -- 1.3.6.2 Dynamic in-flow microextraction -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Derivatization in liquid chromatography -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Reagent Selection -- 2.2.1 Reagents for UV-Visible Detection -- 2.2.2 Reagents for Fluorescence and Chemiluminescence Detection -- 2.2.3 Reagents for Electrochemical Detection -- 2.2.4 Reagents for Mass-Spectrometric Detection -- 2.2.4.1 Stable isotope-coded derivatizing reagents -- 2.2.5 Reagents for the Formation of Diastereomers -- 2.2.6 Multifunctional Reagents for the Formation of Cyclic Derivatives -- 2.2.7 Solid-Phase Analytical Derivatization -- 2.3 Postcolumn Reaction Detectors -- 2.3.1 Photoreactors -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 3: Liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Short History of Chiral LC Separations -- 3.3 Materials for LC Separation of Enantiomers -- 3.4 Modes of LC Separation of Enantiomers -- 3.4.1 Analytical Scale Separation of Enantiomers -- 3.4.2 Preparative Scale Separation of Enantiomers in LC -- 3.5 Separation of Enantiomers in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) -- 3.6 Current Trends -- 3.7 Future Needs -- References -- Chapter 4: Amino acid and bioamine separations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Direct Separation of Amino Acids -- 4.2.1 Postcolumn Colorimetric and Fluorescence Derivatization of Amino Acids -- 4.2.2 ESI-MS/MS Determination of Underivatized Amino Acids -- 4.3 Indirect Separation of Amino Acids -- 4.3.1 Derivatization With UV-VIS Reagents -- 4.3.2 Derivatization With Fluorescent Reagents -- 4.3.3 Derivatization for Mass Spectrometric Detection -- 4.4 Enantioselective Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Amino Acids -- 4.4.1 Chiral Derivatization Reagents for Amino Acid Enantiomers -- 4.4.2 Chiral Stationary Phases for Amino Acid Enantiomers -- 4.4.3 Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Amino Acid Enantiomers -- 4.5 Direct Separation of Biogenic Amines -- 4.6 Indirect Separation of Biogenic Amines -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Protein and peptide separations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods of Protein Liquid Chromatography -- 5.2.1 Size-Exclusion Chromatography -- 5.2.2 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 5.2.3 Methods Based on the Hydrophobic Interaction -- Hydrophobic-interaction chromatography -- Reversed-phase chromatography -- 5.2.4 Affinity Chromatography -- Pseudoaffinity chromatography -- Hydrophobic charge-induction chromatography -- Immobilized metal-affinity chromatography -- 5.2.5 Chromatography on Hydroxyapatite -- 5.2.6 Chromatography on Monolithic Supports. , 5.2.7 Displacement Chromatography -- 5.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Addendum 1: Protein and Peptide Chromatography-References Update -- Ion-exchange chromatography -- Hydrophobic-interaction chromatography: -- Mixed-mode and hydrophobic charge-induction chromatography: -- Reversed-phase chromatography: -- Size-exclusion chromatography -- Displacement chromatography: -- Preparative and process chromatography: -- Monoliths, membranes and other special supports: -- Optimization and protein and peptide characterization: -- LC applications in proteomics and peptidomics: -- Affinity chromatography -- Protein and peptide chromatography, reviews and overviews -- Addendum 2: Sample Displacement Chromatography -- Introduction -- Development and Use of Sample Displacement Chromatography -- Conclusions -- References -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6: Liquid chromatographic separation of oligonucleotides -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Oligonucleotide and siRNA Structure and Preparation -- 6.3 Chromatographic Separation of Oligonucleotides -- 6.3.1 Separation of Oligonucleotides With Ion-Exchange Liquid Chromatography -- 6.3.2 Separation of Oligonucleotides With IP-RPLC -- 6.3.2.1 Separation of oligonucleotides with IP-RPLC using core-shell particle columns -- 6.3.3 Separation of Oligonucleotides With Mixed-Mode Chromatography -- 6.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Separation of glycans and monosaccharides -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Glycans -- 7.3 Analysis and Characterization of Glycans -- 7.3.1 Glycan Release -- 7.3.2 Fluorescent Labeling of Glycans -- 7.3.3 Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3.4 Weak Anion-Exchange Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3.5 Exoglycosidase Sequencing -- 7.3.6 Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3.7 Porous Graphitic Carbon -- 7.4 Monosaccharide Composition Analysis. , 7.4.1 Hydrolysis of Monosaccharides -- 7.4.2 Labeling and Analysis of Monosaccharides -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Separation of lipids -- 8.1 Introduction and Contents -- 8.2 Definitions and Classification -- 8.3 Structures and Occurrence -- 8.3.1 Fatty Acids -- 8.3.2 Glycerolipids -- 8.3.3 Glycerophospholipids -- 8.3.4 Sphingolipids -- 8.3.5 Sterol Lipids -- 8.3.6 Prenol Lipids -- 8.3.7 Saccharolipids -- 8.3.8 Polyketides -- 8.4 Sample Handling and Extraction -- 8.4.1 Sampling and Sample Preparation -- 8.4.2 Soxhlet Extraction -- 8.4.3 Method of Folch, Lees, and Stanley -- 8.4.4 Method of Bligh and Dyer -- 8.4.5 Accelerated Solvent Extraction -- 8.4.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 8.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 8.4.8 Other Extraction Methods -- 8.5 Lipid Analysis by LC -- 8.5.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 8.5.1.1 High-Performance and Two-Dimensional TLC -- 8.5.1.2 Detection and Quantification in TLC -- 8.5.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 8.5.2.1 Normal-Phase Liquid Chromatography -- 8.5.2.2 Silver-Ion Liquid Chromatography -- 8.5.2.3 Non-aqueous Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography -- 8.5.2.4 Other HPLC Techniques -- 8.5.3 HPLC-MS Techniques -- 8.5.3.1 Lipidomics and Data Processing -- 8.5.4 Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography (MDLC, 2DLC) -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9: Metabolic phenotyping (metabonomics/metabolomics) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 LC-MS-based approaches to metabolic phenotyping -- 9.2.1 Reversed-Phase HPLC and U(H)PLC/MS for Metabolic Phenotyping -- 9.2.2 Polar Metabolite Analysis via HILIC, Aqueous Normal Phase (ANP), and Ion Chromatography(IC)/Ion Exchange (IE) LC-MS ... -- 9.2.3 Multicolumn and Multidimensional LC Separations -- 9.2.4 Miniaturization -- 9.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). , 9.4 Ion Mobility Spectrometry -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Foodomics: LC and LC-MS-based omics strategies in food science and nutrition -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Fundamentals of omics approaches based on LC -- 10.2.1 Proteomics -- 10.2.2 Peptidomics -- 10.2.3 Metabolomics -- 10.2.4 Lipidomics -- 10.2.5 Glycomics -- 10.3 LC-based foodomics applications -- 10.3.1 Food Bioactivity -- 10.3.2 Food Safety -- 10.3.2.1 Chemical contaminants -- 10.3.2.2 Pathogens and toxins -- 10.3.2.3 Food allergens -- 10.3.3 Food Quality, Authenticity, and Traceability -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11: Forensic toxicology -- 11.1 General drug screening -- 11.1.1 Extraction Techniques -- 11.1.2 Screening Using Diode Array Detection -- 11.2 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: background and considerations -- 11.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Sources: APCI, ESI -- 11.2.2 ESI and Mobile Phase pH -- 11.2.3 Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization -- 11.2.4 General Practical Considerations for LC-MS -- 11.3 Forensic toxicology LC-MS applications -- 11.3.1 Overview -- 11.3.2 Single Quadrupole Instruments -- 11.3.3 Time-of-Flight Instruments -- 11.3.4 Orbitrap Analysers -- 11.3.5 Low Resolution Ion Traps -- 11.3.6 Data Dependent Acquisition and Data Independent Acquisition for Broad Screening -- 11.4 LCMS identification criteria in forensic toxicology -- 11.4.1 The Continuing Relevance of Chromatography -- 11.4.2 MS Identification Criteria -- 11.5 Validation and matrix effects -- 11.5.1 Validation Requirements -- 11.5.2 Matrix Effects -- 11.6 Testing for driving under the influence of drugs using oral fluids -- 11.6.1 Analytical Methodology -- 11.6.2 Sample Preparation -- 11.6.3 LC-Tandem MS -- 11.6.4 Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Oral Fluid-Conclusions and Future Directions. , 11.7 Analysis of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in Forensic Toxicology.

Note: Front Cover -- Liquid Chromatography: Fundamentals and Instrumentation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Milestones in the development of liquid chromatography -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Developments Before 1960 -- 1.1.2 HPLC at the Beginning -- 1.2 HPLC Theory and Practice -- 1.2.1 New HPLC Modes and Techniques -- 1.2.2 Selection of Conditions for the Control of Selectivity -- 1.3 Columns -- 1.3.1 Particles and Column Packing -- 1.3.2 Stationary Phases and Selectivity -- 1.4 Equipment -- 1.5 Detectors -- Apologies and Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2: Kinetic theories of liquid chromatography -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Macroscopic Kinetic Theories -- 2.2.1 Lumped Kinetic Model -- 2.2.1.1 van Deemter plate height equation -- 2.2.2 General Rate Model -- 2.2.2.1 General rate model for monolith columns -- 2.2.2.2 General rate model for core-shell particles -- 2.2.2.3 Moment analysis -- 2.2.3 Lumped Pore Diffusion Model -- 2.2.4 Equivalence of the Macroscopic Kinetic Models -- 2.2.5 Kinetic Theory of Nonlinear Chromatography -- 2.3 Microscopic Kinetic Theories -- 2.3.1 Stochastic Model -- 2.3.1.1 Stochastic-dispersive model -- First passage time -- 2.3.2 Giddings Plate Height Equation -- 2.3.3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Nonlinear Chromatography -- 2.4 Comparison of the Microscopic and the Macroscopic Kinetic Models -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Column technology in liquid chromatography -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Column Design and Hardware -- 3.2.1 Column History in Brief -- 3.2.2 Column Hardware -- 3.2.3 Column Miniaturization -- 3.3 Column Packing Materials and Stationary Phases -- 3.3.1 Terminology -- 3.3.2 Classification of LC Columns -- 3.3.3 Packing Materials [21] -- 3.3.3.1 Particle shape, size, and size distribution -- 3.3.3.2 Pore structure parameters. , 3.3.3.3 Surface functionalization of silica-the key to gaining selectivity -- 3.3.3.4 Surface functionalization of silica-the way to bonded silica columns -- 3.3.4 Major Synthesis Routes -- 3.3.4.1 Physicochemical characterization of bonded silica -- 3.3.4.2 Column packing procedures for analytical columns -- 3.3.4.3 Examples for selective bonded silica columns -- 3.3.4.4 The potential of multimodal or multifunctional bonded columns -- 3.4 Column Systems and Operations -- 3.4.1 Choice of Average Particle Size and Column Internal Diameter -- 3.4.2 Equilibration Time -- 3.4.3 Choice of Optimum-Flow Conditions -- 3.4.4 Column Back Pressure -- 3.4.5 Choice of Column Temperature -- 3.4.6 Column Capacity and Loadability -- 3.5 Chromatographic Column Testing and Evaluation -- 3.5.1 Chromatographic Testing -- 3.5.1.1 Hydrophobicity -- 3.5.1.2 Silanophilic activity -- 3.5.1.3 Polar selectivity -- 3.5.1.4 Shape selectivity -- 3.5.1.5 Metal content -- 3.6 Column Maintenance and Troubleshooting -- 3.6.1 Silica-Based Columns -- 3.6.1.1 General guidelines -- 3.6.2 pH Stability -- 3.6.3 Mechanical Stability -- 3.6.4 Mobile Phases (Eluents) -- 3.6.4.1 Proper storage of HPLC columns -- 3.6.4.2 Regeneration of a column -- 3.6.5 Regeneration of RP Packings -- 3.6.6 Polymer-Based Columns -- 3.6.6.1 General guidelines -- 3.6.7 Hydrophobic Unmodified Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene (Ps-Dvb) -- 3.6.8 Polymer-Based Ion-Exchangers -- 3.6.9 Regeneration of Polymer Materials -- 3.7 Today's Column Market-an Evaluation, Comparison, and Critical Appraisal -- 3.7.1 Development During 2000-16 -- 3.7.2 A Column Comparison -- 3.8 Conclusion: Where Do We Go Next? Science vs. Market -- References -- Chapter 4: Reversed-phase liquid chromatography -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General Features -- 4.2.1 Solvent Strength -- 4.2.2 Exothermodynamic Relationships. , 4.2.3 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 4.3 System Considerations -- 4.3.1 Interphase Model -- 4.3.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 4.4 Linear Free Energy Relationships -- 4.4.1 Solvation Parameter Model -- 4.4.1.1 Analysis of system constants -- 4.4.1.2 Pore dewetting -- 4.4.1.3 Steric resistance and shape selectivity -- 4.4.1.4 Electrostatic interactions -- 4.4.1.5 Gradient elution -- 4.4.2 Hydrophobic-Subtraction Model -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Secondary chemical equilibria in reversed-phase liquid chromatography -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Acid-Base Equilibria -- 5.2.1 Changes in Retention With pH -- 5.2.2 Buffers and Measurement of pH -- 5.3 Ion Interaction Chromatography -- 5.3.1 Retention Mechanism -- 5.3.2 Common Reagents and Operational Modes -- 5.3.3 Separation of Inorganic Anions -- 5.3.4 The Silanol Effect and Its Suppression With Amine Compounds -- 5.3.5 Use of Perfluorinated Carboxylate Anions and Chaotropic Ions as Additives -- 5.3.6 Use of ILs as Additives -- 5.3.7 Measurement of the Enhancement of Column Performance Using Additives -- 5.4 Micellar Liquid Chromatography -- 5.4.1 An Additional Secondary Equilibrium in the Mobile Phase -- 5.4.2 Hybrid Micellar Liquid Chromatography -- 5.4.3 Microemulsion Liquid Chromatography -- 5.5 Metal Complexation -- 5.5.1 Determination of Metal Ions -- 5.5.2 Determination of Organic Compounds -- 5.6 Use of Redox Reactions -- References -- Chapter 6: Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Principles of HILIC -- 6.2.1 Thermodynamics of Adsorption -- 6.2.2 Adsorption Kinetics -- 6.3 Stationary and mobile phases commonly employed in HILIC -- 6.3.1 Stationary Phases -- 6.3.1.1 Silica gel -- 6.3.1.2 Chemically bonded phases -- 6.3.1.3 Ion exchange and zwitterionic stationary phase -- 6.3.1.4 Hydrophilic macromolecules bonded phases. , 6.3.1.5 Surface-confined ionic liquids stationary phases -- 6.3.2 Mobile Phases -- 6.4 Applications -- References -- Chapter 7: Hydrophobic interaction chromatography* -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Hydrophobic Interactions and Retention Mechanisms in HIC -- 7.2.1 Hydrophobic Interactions -- 7.2.2 Retention Mechanisms in HIC -- 7.3 Parameters That Affect HIC -- 7.3.1 Stationary Phase -- 7.3.1.1 Base matrix -- 7.3.1.2 Ligands -- 7.3.2 Mobile Phase -- 7.3.2.1 Type and concentration of salt -- 7.3.2.2 pH -- 7.3.2.3 Additives -- 7.3.2.4 Temperature -- 7.3.3 Biomolecules Hydrophobicity -- 7.4 Purification Strategies -- 7.5 Experimental Considerations -- 7.6 Recent Selected Applications -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Liquid-solid chromatography -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Retention and Separation -- 8.2.1 The Retention Process ("Mechanism") -- 8.2.2 Solute and Solvent Localization -- 8.2.3 Selectivity -- 8.3 Method Development -- 8.3.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 8.3.2 Selection of the Mobile Phase -- 8.3.3 Example of Method Development -- 8.4 Problems in the Use of Normal-Phase Chromatography -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9: Ion chromatography -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Definitions -- 9.1.2 History -- 9.2 Basic Principles and Separation Modes -- 9.2.1 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.2.2 Ion-Exclusion Chromatography -- 9.2.3 Chelation Ion Chromatography -- 9.2.4 Zwitterionic Ion Chromatography -- 9.2.5 Eluents for IC -- 9.2.5.1 Typical eluents for anion exchange -- 9.2.5.2 Typical eluents for cation exchange -- 9.3 Instrumentation -- 9.3.1 IC Columns -- 9.3.1.1 Anion-exchange columns -- 9.3.1.2 Cation-exchange columns -- 9.3.2 Eluent Generators -- 9.3.3 Detection in IC -- 9.3.3.1 Conductimetric detection -- Nonsuppressed conductivity -- Suppressed conductivity -- 9.3.3.2 Electrochemical detection -- Charge detector. , Amperometry -- 9.3.3.3 Spectroscopic detection -- Photometric detection -- Postcolumn reaction detection -- 9.3.3.4 Mass spectrometry -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.4.1 Industrial Applications -- 9.4.2 Environmental Applications -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10: Size-exclusion chromatography -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Historical Background -- 10.3 Retention in SEC -- 10.3.1 A Size-Exclusion Process -- 10.3.2 An Entropy-Controlled Process -- 10.3.3 An Equilibrium Process -- 10.4 Band Broadening in SEC -- 10.4.1 Extra-column effects -- 10.5 Resolution in SEC -- 10.6 SEC Enters the Modern Era: The Determination of Absolute Molar Mass -- 10.6.1 Universal Calibration and Online Viscometry -- 10.6.2 SLS Detection -- 10.7 Multidetector Separations, Physicochemical Characterization, 2D Techniques -- 10.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment and Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 11: Interaction polymer chromatography -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fundamentals of ipc -- 11.2.1 Retention Mechanisms -- 11.2.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Chromatography -- 11.2.3 Modes of Polymer Chromatography -- 11.2.4 Modeling of the Chromatographic Process -- 11.3 Individual IPC Techniques -- 11.3.1 Equipment and Chromatographic Media -- 11.3.2 Nomenclature -- 11.3.3 Isocratic Techniques -- 11.3.3.1 Liquid chromatography at critical conditions -- 11.3.3.2 Barrier techniques -- 11.3.4 Gradient Techniques -- 11.3.4.1 Liquid adsorption chromatography -- 11.3.4.2 Gradient elution at CPA -- 11.3.4.3 Liquid precipitation chromatography -- 11.3.4.4 Temperature gradient interaction chromatography -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Affinity chromatography -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Basic Components of Affinity Chromatography -- 12.3 Bioaffinity Chromatography -- 12.4 Immunoaffinity Chromatography -- 12.5 Dye-Ligand and Biomimetic Affinity Chromatography. , 12.6 Immobilized Metal-Ion Affinity Chromatography.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One: Detection of Metastable Atoms and Molecules using Rare Gas Matrices -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Concepts -- 2.1 Relevant Background -- 2.2 Principle of Operation of the Detector -- 3. Experimental Details -- 3.1 TOF Spectroscopy -- 3.2 Apparatus Details -- 3.3 Apparatus Performance -- 3.3.1 Spectral Output -- 3.3.2 Temperature Variation -- 3.3.3 Excimer Lifetimes -- 4. Calibrations -- 4.1 Calibration of O(1S) Production -- 4.2 Calibration of O(1D) Production -- 4.2 Calibration of the Electron Energy Scale -- 5. O(1S) Measurements -- 5.1 O2 -- 5.2 N2O -- 5.3 CO2 -- 5.4 CO -- 5.5 NO -- 5.6 H2O, D2O -- 5.7 SO2 -- 6. O(1D) Measurements -- 7. Sulfur Measurements -- 8. CO Measurements -- 9. Future Possibilities -- References -- Chapter Two: Interactions in Ultracold Rydberg Gases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pair Interactions -- 2.1 Rydberg Pair Interaction and Important Issues -- 2.2 Calculation of Rydberg Pair Interactions -- 2.3 Angular Dependence -- 2.4 Experiments -- 3. Rydberg Atom Molecules -- 3.1 Trilobite Molecules -- 3.1.1 The Fermi Pseudo-Potential Picture of Trilobite Molecules -- 3.1.2 The Multichannel Quantum Defect Approach to Trilobite Molecules -- 3.1.3 External Fields -- 3.1.4 Features of the Trilobite Interaction Potentials -- 3.1.5 Molecular Frame Permanent Dipole Moments -- 3.1.6 Experimental Measurement of Trilobite Molecules -- 3.2 Macrodimers -- 3.2.1 Theory of Macrodimers -- 3.2.2 Experimental Detection of Macrodimers -- 4. Many-Body and Multiparticle Effects -- 4.1 Förster Resonance -- 4.2 Dipole Blockade -- 5. Conclusion and Perspectives -- Chapter Three: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics in the Early Universe: From Recombination to Reionization -- 1. Introduction. , 1.1 The Expanding Universe -- 1.2 The Thermal History of the Universe -- 1.3 The Need for Dark Matter -- 1.4 The Role of AMO Physics -- 1.5 Distance Measurements -- 1.6 Acronyms and Variables -- 2. Cosmological Recombination -- 2.1 What Is Cosmological Recombination All About? -- 2.1.1 Initial Conditions and Main Aspect of the Recombination Problem -- 2.1.2 The Three Stages of Recombination -- 2.1.3 What Is So Special About Cosmological Recombination? -- 2.2 Why Should We Bother? -- 2.2.1 Importance of Recombination for the CMB Anisotropies -- 2.2.2 Spectral Distortions from the Recombination Era -- 2.3 Why Do We Need Advanced Atomic Physics? -- 2.4 Simple Model for Hydrogen Recombination -- 2.5 Multilevel Recombination Model and Recfast -- 2.6 Detailed Recombination Physics During Hi Recombination -- 2.6.1 Two-Photon Transitions from Higher Levels -- 2.6.2 The Effect of Raman Scattering -- 2.6.3 Additional Small Corrections and Collision -- 2.7 Detailed Recombination Physics During Hei Recombination -- 2.8 HyRec and CosmoRec -- 3. Pregalactic Gas Chemistry -- 3.1 Fundamentals -- 3.2 Key Reactions -- 3.2.1 Molecular Hydrogen (H2) -- 3.2.2 Deuterated Molecular Hydrogen (HD) -- 3.2.3 Lithium Hydride -- 3.3 Complications -- 3.3.1 Spectral Distortion of the CMB -- 3.3.2 Stimulated Radiative Association -- 3.3.3 Influence of Rotational and Vibrational Excitation -- 4. Population III Star Formation -- 4.1 The Assembly of the First Protogalaxies -- 4.2 Gravitational Collapse and Star Formation -- 4.2.1 The Initial Collapse Phase -- 4.2.2 Three-Body H2 Formation -- 4.2.3 Transition to the Optically Thick Regime -- 4.2.4 Cooling at Very High Densities -- 4.2.5 Influence of Other Coolants -- 4.3 Evolution After the Formation of the First Protostar -- 5. The 21-cm Line of Atomic Hydrogen -- 5.1 Physics of the 21-cm Line -- 5.1.1 Basic 21-cm Physics. , 5.1.2 Collisional Coupling -- 5.1.3 Wouthuysen-Field Effect (Photon Coupling) -- 5.2 Global 21-cm Signature -- 5.2.1 Cosmic Dark Ages and Exotic Heating (zbold0mu mumu dotted40) -- 5.2.2 Lyman-α Coupling (zα z z ) -- 5.2.3 Gas Heating (zh z zα) -- 5.2.4 Growth of H II Regions (zr z zh) -- 5.2.5 Astrophysical Sources and Histories -- 5.3 21-cm Tomography -- 5.3.1 Fluctuations in the Spin Temperature -- 5.3.2 Gas Temperature -- 5.3.3 Ionization Fluctuations -- 5.3.4 Density and Minihalos -- 5.3.5 Redshift Space Distortions -- 6. The Reionization of Intergalactic Hydrogen -- 6.1 Sources of Reionization: Stars -- 6.2 Sources of Reionization: Quasars -- 6.2.1 Secondary Ionizations -- 6.3 The Growth of Ionized Bubbles -- 6.3.1 Photoionization Rates and Recombinations -- 6.3.2 Line Cooling -- 6.4 Reionization as a Global Process -- 7. Summary -- Appendix A. Acronyms -- Appendix B. Symbols -- Chapter Four: Atomic Data Needs for Understanding X-ray Astrophysical Plasmas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Charge State Distribution -- 2.1 Ionization Processes -- 2.1.1 Collisional Ionization -- 2.1.2 Photoionization -- 2.1.3 Auger Ionization -- 2.2 Recombination -- 2.2.1 Dielectronic Recombination -- 2.2.2 Radiative Recombination -- 2.3 Charge Exchange -- 2.4 Future Needs -- 3. Spectral Features -- 3.1 Energy Levels and Wavelengths -- 3.2 Collisional Excitation Rates -- 3.2.1 H-Like Ions -- 3.2.2 He-Like Ions -- 3.2.3 Neon-Like Ions -- 3.2.4 Other Ions -- 3.3 Radiative Transition Rates (Bound-Bound) -- 3.4 Photoionization/Absorption (Bound-Free) Rates -- 3.5 Fluorescent Innershell Transitions -- 3.6 Charge Exchange Rates -- 3.6.1 Atoms and Ions -- 3.6.2 Molecules and Grains -- 4. Conclusions -- Chapter Five: Energy Levels of Light Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background -- 3. The Lightest ``Light'' Atom-Hydrogen. , 4. Light Atoms: Two and Few-Electron Systems -- 5. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects -- Chapter Six: Quantum Electrodynamics of Two-Level Atoms in 1D Configurations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The 1D Kernel and Its Spectral Decomposition -- 2.1 Form of the Lienard-Wiechert Kernel in 1D (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c) -- 2. 2 Initial Time CDR and CLS of a Slab (Friedberg et al., 1973) -- 2.3 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of a Slab (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c,d,e) -- 2.3.1 Functional Form of the Eigenfunctions -- 2.3.2 Pseudo-Orthogonality Relations -- 2.3.2.1 Odd Eigenfunctions -- 2.3.2.1 Even Eigenfunctions -- 2.3.3 Parseval´s Identity -- 2.4 Differential Form of the Field Equation (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c) -- 2.5 Inverted System in the Superradiant Linear Regime (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008e) -- 2.6 Comments on the Numerical Results of Superradiance from a Slab -- 3. Propagation of an Ultrashort Pulse in a Slab and the Ensuing Emitted Radiation Spectrum -- 3.1 Time Development and Spectrum of the Radiation Emitted -- 3.1.1 Spectral Analysis (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008d, 2009b) -- 3.1.2 Computation of the Electric Field at the End Planes -- 3.2 The SVEA Closed-Form Expressions (Manassah, 2012a) -- 3.3 The Modified SVEA Closed-Form Expressions (Manassah, 2012b) -- 3.4 Self-Energy of an Initially Detuned Phased State (Friedberg and Manassah, 2010a) -- 3.5 Spectral Distribution of an Initially Detuned Spatial Distribution -- 4. Near-Threshold Behavior for the Pumped Stationary State -- 4.1 Coupled Maxwell-Bloch Equations -- 4.2 Single-Frequency Lasing -- 4.2.1 Single-Frequency Bare Mode -- 4.2.2 Single-Frequency Dressed Mode -- 4.3 Two-Frequency Bare Modes -- 4.4 General Comments -- 5. Polariton-Plasmon Coupling, Transmission Peaks, and Purcell-Dicke Ultraradiance -- 5.1 The Total Transfer Matrix -- 5.2 The Mittag-Leffler Expansion. , 5.3 Interacting Polariton-Plasmon Modes -- 6. Periodic Structures -- 6.1 Density-Modulated Slab (Manassah, 2012e) -- 6.1.1 The Self-Energy at Initial Time -- 6.1.2 Simple Mathematical Analysis for the Giant Shifts -- 6.2 Periodic Multislabs Eigenvalues (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008f) -- 6.2.1 Eigenvalue Condition -- 6.2.2 Precocious Superradiance -- 6.2.3 Eigenvalues at the Bragg Condition as a Function of the Number of Cells -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix. Transfer Matrix Formalism -- Some Useful Relations of the Pauli Matrices -- Example of an Application of Above Formalism -- References -- Index -- Contents of volumes in this serial.

Note: Front cover -- Half title -- Editors -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. Ionizing Collisions by Positrons and Positronium Impact on the Inert Atoms -- Introduction -- Ion Production by Positron Impact -- Experimental Methods for Integral Cross-Sections -- Total Ionization Cross-Sections -- Direct Ionization -- Positronium Formation -- Positronium Ionizing Collisions -- Background -- Experimental Methods -- Results -- Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2. Interactions Between Thermal Ground or Excited Atoms in the Vapor Phase: Many-Body Dipole--Dipole Effects, Molecular Dissociation, and Photoassociation Probed By Laser Spectroscopy -- Introduction -- Detection of Quantum Beating in Atoms and Molecules by Wavepacket Interferometry and a Coherent Nonlinear Optical Process -- Historical Background, Wavepacket Detection -- Brief Review of Theory -- Experimental Arrangement and Data Acquisition -- Rb Wavepackets: Quantum Beating at 2--18.2 THz -- Na 5s--4d5 / 2 Quantum Beating at 1348 cm-1 (40.41 THz) -- PFWM and PSWM in Other Atoms and Molecules -- Many-Body, Dipole--Dipole Interactions Among Excited Alkali Atoms -- Introductory Comments -- Estimates of Many-Body Interaction Energies -- Experimental Results: Sideband Splittings Observed in the Fourier and Temporal Domains -- Impact of the Pair Distribution Function -- Observation of Molecular Dissociation and Nascent Product State Distributions by the Dipole--Dipole Interaction -- Introduction -- Electronic Structure and Predissociation of Rb2: Generation of Excited Atomic Fragments -- Molecular Dissociation Transients, Atomic Product State Distributions -- Diffusion Description of Amplitude Transients -- Dominant Rb2 Predissociation Channels -- Coherent Control of R b 2 Predissociation. , Photoassociation of Rare-Gas--Halogen Atomic Pairs at Ambient Temperature -- Introduction, Stationary Phase Approximation -- Theoretical Considerations -- Simulations and Derived Xenon Monoiodide Spectroscopic Constants -- Application of Photoassociation to High Intensity Discharge Lighting -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3. Bose--Einstein Condensates in Disordered Potentials -- Introduction -- How to Produce a Disordered Potential -- Speckle Patterns -- Multi-chromatic Lattices -- Other Methods -- Weakly-interacting Regime -- A Bose--Einstein Condensate in a Disordered Potential -- The Quest for Anderson Localization -- Further Directions -- Observing Anderson Localization -- Strongly-interacting Regime -- The Quest for Bose Glass -- Experiments with Atomic Mixtures -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4. Dipole--Dipole Interactions of Rydberg Atoms -- Introduction -- Principles of Resonant Dipole--Dipole Collisions -- Dipole Transitions in Rydberg Atoms -- Dipole--Dipole Interactions -- Verification of the Predictions -- Manipulating Resonant Collisions -- Dipole--dipole Interactions in the Frozen Rydberg Gas -- Line Broadening and Blockades -- Mechanical Effects -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5. Strong-Field Control of X-Ray Processes -- Motivation -- Basic concepts -- Basic X-Ray Processes -- Strong-Field Laser Physics -- Theoretical aspects -- Strong-Field Ionization -- Laser Dressing -- Laser-Induced Molecular Alignment -- General experimental considerations -- Case studies -- Orbital Alignment in Strong-Field Ionization -- Electromagnetically-Induced Transparency -- Laser-Induced Molecular Alignment -- Summary and outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6. Optical Trapping Takes Shape: The Use of Structured Light Fields -- Introduction. , Single beam optical tweezers -- Optical Tweezers: Theoretical Treatment of Trapping Forces -- Design Considerations of an Optical Tweezers System -- Other Incarnations of Optical Trapping -- Applications within biophysics and the colloidal sciences -- Molecular and Cell Biology -- Examples of Studies of Colloidal Systems with Single Beam Optical Tweezers -- Optical trapping with structured light fields and its applications -- Structured Light Fields -- Large Arrays of Optical Traps -- Non-zero Order Laser Modes -- Optical binding -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Contents of volumes in this serial.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics -- Editorial Board -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Engineered Open Systems and Quantum Simulations with Atoms and Ions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Digital Quantum Simulation with Trapped Ions and Rydberg Atoms -- 2.1 Concepts and First Experiments with Trapped Ions -- 2.1.1 The Digital Simulation Method -- 2.1.2 Coherent Digital Simulation with Trapped Ions -- 2.2 Scalable Quantum Simulation with Rydberg Atoms -- 2.2.1 Paradigmatic Example: Simulation of Kitaev's Toric Code Hamiltonian -- 2.2.2 A Mesoscopic Rydberg Gate -- 2.2.3 Simulation of Coherent Many-Body Interactions -- 2.3 Digital Simulation of Open-System Dynamics -- 2.3.1 Bell State Pumping -- 2.3.2 Stabilizer Pumping and Ground State Cooling of the Toric Code Hamiltonian -- 2.3.3 Digital Simulation of a U(1) Lattice Gauge Theory -- 2.4 The Effect of Gate Imperfections on Digital Quantum Simulation -- 3. Engineered Open Systems with Cold Atoms -- 3.1 Long-Range Order via Dissipation -- 3.1.1 Driven-Dissipative BEC -- 3.1.2 Implementation with Cold Atoms -- 3.2 Competition of Unitary and Dissipative Dynamics in Bosonic Systems -- 3.2.1 Dynamical Phase Transition -- 3.2.2 Critical Behavior in Time -- 3.2.3 Dynamical Instability and Spontaneous Translation Symmetry Breaking -- 3.3 Dissipative d-Wave Paired States for Fermi-Hubbard Quantum Simulation -- 3.3.1 Dissipative Pairing Mechanism -- 3.3.2 Dissipative Gap -- 3.3.3 State Preparation -- 3.4 Dissipative Topological States of Fermions -- 3.4.1 Dissipative Topological Quantum Wire -- 3.4.2 Nonabelian Character of Dissipative Majorana Modes -- 3.4.3 Topological Order in Density Matrices -- 3.4.4 Physical Implementation -- 4. Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Entanglement of Two Atoms Using Rydberg Blockade -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Entanglement Using Rydberg Blockade -- 3. Trapping and Readout of Single Atoms -- 3.1 Optical Traps -- 3.2 Detection of Single Atoms and Quantum States -- 3.3 Single-Atom State Detection -- 3.4 Optical Trap Effects on Rydberg Atoms -- 4. State Preparation -- 4.1 Optical Pumping -- 4.2 Single Qubit Rotations -- 5. Coherent Rydberg Rabi Flopping -- 6. Rydberg Blockade -- 7. CNOT Gate -- 8. Entanglement Verification -- 9. Future Improvements -- 9.1 Deterministic Loading of Optical Lattices -- 9.2 Advantages of Dark FORTs -- 9.3 Two-Photon Excitation Via the Alkali Second Resonance -- 9.4 Improved FORT Decoherence -- 9.5 Fundamental Limits -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Atomic and Molecular Ionization Dynamics in Strong Laser Fields: From Optical to X-rays -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The First 30 Years of Multiphoton Physics (1963-1993) -- 2.1 The Genesis of a Field: The Early Days -- 2.2 Resonant Multiphoton Ionization (MPI) -- 2.3 Coherence -- 2.4 Non-Resonant MPI -- 2.5 Above-Threshold Ionization (ATI): Doorway into the Modern Era -- 2.6 Non-Perturbative ATI -- 2.7 Rydberg Resonances and the Role of Atomic Structure -- 2.8 Multiple Ionization, Anne's Knee, and the Lambropoulos Curse -- 2.9 Keldysh Tunneling: Different Mode of Ionization -- 2.10 Long Wavelength Ionization and the Classical View -- 2.11 High Harmonics, High-Order ATI and Nonsequential Ionization Lead to the Rescattering/Three-Step Model -- 2.12 Adiabatic Stabilization -- 3. Wavelength Scaling of Strong-Field Atomic Physics -- 3.1 Fundamental Metrics in an Intense Laser-Atom Interaction -- 3.2 Ionization Experiments in the Strong-Field Limit -- 4. Low-Energy Structure in Photoelectron Energy Distribution in the Strong-Field Limit -- 5. Electron Momentum Distribution and Time-Dependent Imaging -- 5.1 Extracting the Molecular Structure from LIED. , 5.1.1 Method for Retrieving the Internuclear Distance -- 5.1.2 Control of the Bond Length Time Dependence -- 6. Non-Sequential Multiple Ionization at Long Wavelengths -- 7. Strong-Field X-ray Physics: A Future Path -- 8. Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Frontiers of Atomic High-Harmonic Generation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental Concepts of HHG and Attosecond Pulses -- 2.1 Lewenstein Model and Phenomenology -- 2.2 Interference Model of HHG -- 2.3 Continuum-Continuum HHG -- 2.3.1 CC HHG with a Single Continuum Wave Packet -- 2.3.2 CC HHG with a Rydberg State -- 2.3.3 CC HHG with Two Continuum Wave Packets -- 2.4 Experimental Advances -- 2.4.1 Demonstration of HHG Spectral Coherence and Attosecond Pulsed Nature -- 2.4.2 Few-Cycle and CEP Control Technology -- 2.4.3 HHG Gating Techniques -- 3. Hard X-ray HHG and Zeptosecond Pulses -- 3.1 HHG with Long-Wavelength Drivers -- 3.2 Relativistic Regime of HHG -- 3.3 XUV-Assisted HHG -- 3.4 Exotic Light Sources -- 4. HHG in Shaped Driving Pulses -- 4.1 HHG Yield and Cutoff Enhancement -- 4.2 Attosecond Pulse Shaping -- 5. Experimental Applications -- 5.1 Photoelectron Spectroscopy Methods for Time-Resolving Ionization Dynamics -- 5.2 HHG Recollision Spectroscopy for Measuring Electronic Wavepackets in Molecules -- 5.3 Attosecond Transient Absorption for Observing Bound-Electron Wavepackets -- 6. Outlook -- References -- Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks: Using the Flowing Afterglow to Measure Kinetics of Electron Attachment to Radicals, Ion-Ion Mutual Neutralization, and Electron Catalyzed Mutual Neutralization -- 1. Brief History of Ion Flow Tube Apparatuses -- 2. Electron Attachment Using the Traditional FALP Technique -- 3. VENDAMS Method -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 Fundamentals of the VENDAMS Technique -- 3.3 Analysis, Uncertainties, and Sensitivity -- 4. Electron Attachment to Transient Species. , 4.1 Theory of Electron Attachment -- 4.1.1 Electron Capture Models -- 4.1.2 Electron Detachment Models -- 4.1.3 Anion Fragmentation Models -- 4.1.4 Collisional (and Radiative) Deactivation and Collisional Activation of Anions -- 4.2 VENDAMS Measurements of Electron Attachment to Transient Species -- 4.2.1 Electron Attachment to Fluorocarbon Radicals -- 4.2.2 Electron Attachment to Sulfur Fluorides, SFn (n=2-6) -- 4.2.3 Electron Attachment to Iron Carbonyls, Fe(CO)n (n = 0-5) -- 4.2.4 Electron attachment to PSCl2 -- 4.2.5 Summary of VENDAMS Studies of Electron Attachment -- 5. Mutual Neutralization of Anion-Cation Pairs -- 5.1 Rate Coefficients for MN -- 5.2 Neutral Products of MN -- 5.2.1 Earlier Experiments on MN Products -- 5.2.2 VENDAMS Results for MN Products -- 6. Electron Catalyzed Mutual Neutralization -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Superradiance: An Integrated Approach to Cooperative Effects in Various Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Dicke Superradiance -- 2. Model -- 3. Cooperative Effects in a Homogeneous Gas of Two-Level Atoms -- 3.1 Closed Form -- 3.1.1 Superradiant Decay Rates -- 3.2 Basic Parameters of Superradiance -- 3.3 Simulation of Cooperative Phenomena -- 4. Correlation and Entanglement -- 5. Doppler Broadening -- 6. Multi-Level Cascade -- 6.1 Multi-Level Model -- 6.1.1 Generalized Dicke Model -- 6.1.2 Effective Two-Body Formalism -- 6.2 Radiation Intensity -- 6.3 Atom-Atom Correlation -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Construction of the Resolvent for a Few-Body System -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scattering Amplitude and the Resolvent -- 3. Resolvent -- Preliminary Considerations -- 3.1 Exponential Cutoff of the Energy Spectrum -- 3.2 Off- and On-Shell Parts -- 4. Evolution of a Free-particle Wavepacket -- 4.1 Gaussian Wavepacket -- 4.2 Exponential Wavepacket -- 5. Regularization. , 6. Basis Functions -- 7. Correlation Amplitude -- 7.1 Analytic Properties of C(t) -- Heuristic Discussion -- 7.2 Asymptotic Behavior of C(t) -- 7.3 Examples -- 8. Time-Translation Operator -- 8.1 Conformal Transformation -- 8.2 Truncation Error -- 8.3 Boundary Condition at t=0 -- 8.4 Summation Over Large n -- 9. Resolvent -- 9.1 Coefficients -- 9.2 Summation -- 9.3 Reduction to the Free-Body Resolvent -- 9.4 Remarks -- 10. Example -- 10.1 AC Stark Width and Shift -- 10.2 Velocity Gauge -- 10.3 Fermi's Golden Rule -- Acknowledgments -- 11. Appendices -- 11.1 Computation of Integrals -- 11.1.1 int0inftyrm dr L(nu)m(r2)L(nu)n(r2)rm e-r2-ar -- 11.1.2 int0inftyhboxdr L(nu)m(2r2)L(nu)n(br)hboxe-r2-ar -- 11.2 Evaluation of sumn=N+1infty Ln-1(1)(2z)un/nm -- 11.3 Integral Representation of the Correlation Amplitude -- References -- Beyond the Rayleigh Limit in Optical Lithography -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classical Photolithography and the Diffraction Limit -- 2.1 Mask-Based Photolithography -- 2.2 Classical Interferometric Lithography -- 3. Classical Multi-Photon Lithography -- 4. Quantum Interferometric Optical Lithography -- 4.1 Entanglement Helps to Break the Diffraction Limit -- 4.2 A Proof-of-Principle Experiment for Quantum Interferometric Photolithography -- 5. Subwavelength Interferometric Lithography Via Classical Light -- 5.1 Nonlinear Interferometric Optical Lithography by Controlling the Phase -- 5.2 Subwavelength Lithography by Coherent Control of Classical Light Pulses -- 5.3 Subwavelength Lithography Via Correlating Wave Vector and Frequency -- 5.3.1 Illustrative Calculation for the Case N=2 -- 5.3.2 Generalization to N Photons -- 5.3.3 Generation of Arbitrary Patterns -- 6. Resonant Subwavelength Lithography Via Dark State -- 6.1 Three-Level Λ Type System -- 6.2 Generalization to 2×Λ System -- 6.3 Generalization to N ×Λ System. , 6.4 Some Concerns.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Dedication -- Acknowledgements -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Introduction Box 1: Human population and conservation -- Introduction Box 2: Ecoethics -- 1: Conservation biology: past and present -- 1.1 Historical foundations of conservation biology -- Box 1.1: Traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation -- 1.2 Establishing a new interdisciplinary field -- 1.3 Consolidation: conservation biology secures its niche -- 1.4 Years of growth and evolution -- Box 1.2: Conservation in the Philippines -- 1.5 Conservation biology: a work in progress -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 2: Biodiversity -- 2.1 How much biodiversity is there? -- 2.2 How has biodiversity changed through time? -- 2.3 Where is biodiversity? -- 2.4 In conclusion -- Box 2.1: Invaluable biodiversity inventories -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Revelant websites -- 3: Ecosystem functions and services -- 3.1 Climate and the Biogeochemical Cycles -- 3.2 Regulation of the Hydrologic Cycle -- 3.3 Soils and Erosion -- 3.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function -- Box 3.1: The costs of large-mammal extinctions -- Box 3.2: Carnivore conservation -- Box 3.3: Ecosystem services and agroecosystems in a landscape context -- 3.5 Mobile Links -- Box 3.4: Conservation of plant-animal mutualisms -- Box 3.5: Consequences of pollinator decline for the global food supply -- 3.6 Nature's Cures versus Emerging Diseases -- 3.7 Valuing Ecosystem Services -- Summary -- Relevant websites -- Acknowledgements -- 4: Habitat destruction: death by a thousand cuts -- 4.1 Habitat loss and fragmentation -- 4.2 Geography of habitat loss -- Box 4.1: The changing drivers of tropical deforestation -- 4.3 Loss of biomes and ecosystems -- Box 4.2: Boreal forest management: harvest, natural disturbance, and climate change. , 4.4 Land-use intensification and abandonment -- Box 4.3: Human impacts on marine ecosystems -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 5: Habitat fragmentation and landscape change -- 5.1 Understanding the effects of landscape change -- 5.2 Biophysical aspects of landscape change -- 5.3 Effects of landscape change on species -- Box 5.1: Time lags and extinction debt in fragmented landscapes -- 5.4 Effects of landscape change on communities -- 5.5 Temporal change in fragmented landscapes -- 5.6 Conservation in fragmented landscapes -- Box 5.2: Gondwana Link: a major landscape reconnection project -- Box 5.3: Rewilding -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 6: Overharvesting -- 6.1 A brief history of exploitation -- 6.2 Overexploitation in tropical forests -- 6.3 Overexploitation in aquatic ecosystems -- 6.4 Cascading effects of overexploitation on ecosystems -- Box 6.1: The state of fisheries -- 6.5 Managing overexploitation -- Box 6.2: Managing the exploitation of wildlife in tropical forests -- Summary -- Relevant websites -- 7: Invasive species -- Box 7.1: Native invasives -- Box 7.2: Invasive species in New Zealand -- 7.1 Invasive species impacts -- 7.2 Lag times -- 7.3 What to do about invasive species -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 8: Climate change -- 8.1 Effects on the physical environment -- 8.2 Effects on biodiversity -- Box 8.1: Lowland tropical biodiversity under global warming -- 8.3 Effects on biotic interactions -- 8.4 Synergies with other biodiversity change drivers -- 8.5 Mitigation -- Box 8.2: Derivative threats to biodiversity from climate change -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 9: Fire and biodiversity -- 9.1 What is fire? -- 9.2 Evolution and fire in geological time -- 9.3 Pyrogeography -- Box 9.1: Fire and the destruction of tropical forests. , 9.4 Vegetation-climate patterns decoupled by fire -- 9.5 Humans and their use of fire -- Box 9.2: The grass-fire cycle -- Box 9.3: Australia's giant fireweeds -- 9.6 Fire and the maintenance of biodiversity -- 9.7 Climate change and fire regimes -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- Acknowledgements -- 10: Extinctions and the practice of preventing them -- 10.1 Why species extinctions have primacy -- Box 10.1: Population conservation -- 10.2 How fast are species becoming extinct? -- 10.3 Which species become extinct? -- 10.4 Where are species becoming extinct? -- 10.5 Future extinctions -- 10.6 How does all this help prevent extinctions? -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 11: Conservation planning and priorities -- 11.1 Global biodiversity conservation planning and priorities -- 11.2 Conservation planning and priorities on the ground -- Box 11.1: Conservation planning for Key Biodiversity Areas in Turkey -- 11.3 Coda: the completion of conservation planning -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- Acknowledgments -- 12: Endangered species management: the US experience -- 12.1 Identification -- Box 12.1: Rare and threatened species and conservation planning in Madagascar -- Box 12.2: Flagship species create Pride -- 12.2 Protection -- 12.3 Recovery -- 12.4 Incentives and disincentives -- 12.5 Limitations of endangered species programs -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 13: Conservation in human-modified landscapes -- 13.1 A history of human modification and the concept of "wild nature -- Box 13.1: Endocrine disruption and biological diversity -- 13.2 Conservation in a human-modified world -- 13.3 Selectively logged forests -- 13.4 Agroforestry systems -- 13.5 Tree plantations. , Box 13.2: Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical secondary forests and exotic tree plantations -- 13.6 Agricultural land -- Box 13.3: Conservation in the face of oil palm expansion -- Box 13.4: Countryside biogeography: harmonizing biodiversity and agriculture -- 13.7 Urban areas -- 13.8 Regenerating forests on degraded land -- 13.9 Conservation and human livelihoods in modified landscapes -- 13.10 Conclusion -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 14: The roles of people in conservation -- 14.1 A brief history of humanity's influence on ecosystems -- 14.2 A brief history of conservation -- Box 14.1: Customary management and marine conservation -- Box 14.2: Historical ecology and conservation effectiveness in West Africa -- 14.3 Common conservation perceptions -- Box 14.3: Elephants, animal rights, and Campfire -- 14.4 Factors mediating human-environment relations -- Box 14.4: Conservation, biology, and religion -- 14.5 Biodiversity conservation and local resource use -- 14.6 Equity, resource rights, and conservation -- Box 14.5: Empowering women: the Chipko movement in India -- 14.7 Social research and conservation -- Summary -- Relevant websites -- Suggested reading -- 15: From conservation theory to practice: crossing the divide -- Box 15.1: Swords into Ploughshares: reducing military demand for wildlife products -- Box 15.2: The World Bank and biodiversity conservation -- Box 15.3: The Natural Capital Project -- 15.1 Integration of Science and Conservation Implementation -- Box 15.4: Measuring the effectiveness of conservation spending -- 15.2 Looking beyond protected areas -- Box 15.5: From managing protected areas to conserving landscapes -- 15.3 Biodiversity and human poverty -- Box 15.6: Bird nest protection in the Northern Plains of Cambodia -- Box 15.7: International activities of the Missouri Botanical Garden. , 15.4 Capacity needs for practical conservation in developing countries -- 15.5 Beyond the science: reaching out for conservation -- 15.6 People making a difference: A Rare approach -- 15.7 Pride in the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, Panama -- 15.8 Outreach for policy -- 15.9 Monitoring of Biodiversity at Local and Global Scales -- Box 15.8: Hunter self-monitoring by the Isoseño-Guaranı´ in the Bolivian Chaco -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- 16: The conservation biologist's toolbox - principles for the design and analysis of conservation studies -- 16.1 Measuring and comparing 'biodiversity' -- Box 16.1: Cost effectiveness of biodiversity monitoring -- Box 16.2: Working across cultures -- 16.2 Mensurative and manipulative experimental design -- Box 16.3: Multiple working hypotheses -- Box 16.4: Bayesian inference -- 16.3 Abundance Time Series -- 16.4 Predicting Risk -- 16.5 Genetic Principles and Tools -- Box 16.5: Functional genetics and genomics -- 16.6 Concluding Remarks -- Box 16.6: Useful textbook guides -- Summary -- Suggested reading -- Relevant websites -- Acknowledgements -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Driven Ratchets for Cold Atoms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ratchets: Generalities -- 2.1. The Flashing Ratchet -- 2.2. The Rocking Ratchet -- 3. Symmetry and Transport in AC-Driven Ratchets -- 3.1. General Considerations -- 3.2. The Periodically Driven Rocking Ratchet -- 3.3. The Quasiperiodically Driven Rocking Ratchet -- 3.4. The Gating Ratchet -- 4. Cold Atom Ratchets -- 4.1. Dissipative Optical Lattices -- 4.2. Rocking Ratchet for Cold Atoms -- 4.3. Rocking Ratchet with Biharmonic Driving -- 4.3.1. Dissipation-Induced Symmetry Breaking -- 4.3.2. Rectification of Fluctuations, Current Reversals, and Resonant Activation in a System with Broken Hamiltonian Symmetry -- 4.4. Multifrequency Driving and Route to Quasiperiodicity -- 4.5. Gating Ratchet -- 5. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2: Quantum Effects in Optomechanical Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cavity Optomechanics via Radiation-Pressure -- 2.1. Langevin Equations Formalism -- 2.2. Stability Analysis -- 2.3. Covariance Matrix and Logarithmic Negativity -- 3. Ground State Cooling -- 3.1. Feedback Cooling -- 3.1.1. Phase-Quadrature Feedback -- 3.1.2. Generalized Quadrature Feedback -- 3.2. Back-Action Cooling -- 3.3. Readout of the Mechanical Resonator State -- 4. Entanglement Generation with a Single Driven Cavity Mode -- 4.1. Intracavity Optomechanical Entanglement -- 4.2. Entanglement with Output Modes -- 4.3. Optical Entanglement between Sidebands -- 5. Entanglement Generation with Two Driven Cavity Modes -- 5.1. Quantum-Langevin Equations and Stability Conditions -- 5.2. Entanglement of the Output Modes -- 5.2.1. Optomechanical Entanglement -- 5.2.2. Purely Optical Entanglement between Output Modes. , 6. Cavity-Mediated Atom-Mirror Stationary Entanglement -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: The Semiempirical Deutsch-Maumlrk Formalism: A Versatile Approach for the Calculation of Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections of Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Clusters -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Background -- 2.1. The DM Formalism -- 2.2. Other Approaches -- 3. Atoms -- 3.1. Ground-State Atoms -- 3.2. Atoms in Excited States -- 3.2.1. Metastable Rare Gas Atoms -- 3.2.2. He Metastable Ionization -- 3.2.3. Cd and Hg Metastable Ionization -- 4. Molecules, Molecular Radicals, and Clusters -- 4.1. Molecules -- 4.1.1. CF3X (X = H, Br, I) -- 4.1.2. SiCl4 and TiCl4 -- 4.2. Free Radicals and Other Unstable Species -- 4.2.1. CH3, CH2, CH -- 4.2.2. CFx and NFx (x = 1-3) -- 4.3. Biomolecules -- 4.3.1. Uracil -- 4.3.2. DNA Bases -- 4.4. Clusters -- 4.4.1. C60 -- 4.4.2. C60 and C70 -- 5. Ions -- 5.1. Atomic Ions -- 5.1.1. Positive Atomic Ions -- 5.1.2. Negative Atomic Ions (Detachment) -- 5.1.2.1. O- and L- -- 5.2. Molecular Ions -- 5.2.1. Positive Molecular Ions -- 5.2.1.1. C2H2+ -- 5.2.1.2. CO+ and CD+ -- 5.2.2. Negative Molecular Ions (Detachment) -- 5.2.2.1. B2-, BO-, and CN- -- 6. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Physics and Technology of Polarized Electron Scattering from Atoms and Molecules -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Spin-dependent Interactions -- 2.1. Electron Exchange -- 2.2. Spin-Orbit Interactions -- 2.3. Combinations of Spin-Orbit and Exchange Effects -- 2.4. Relevant Scattering Amplitudes: Characterization of Excited States and the Scattered Electron -- 2.5. Theory, Archiving, and Formalism -- 3. Atomic Targets -- 3.1. Exchange Scattering -- 3.1.1. (e,e) and (e,2e) Processes -- 3.1.2. (e,gammae) and (e,gamma2e) Processes -- 3.2. Mott Scattering -- 3.2.1. (e,e) Processes. , 3.2.2. (e,egamma) and (e,2e) Processes -- 3.3. Combinations of Spin-Orbit Coupling and Exchange Effects -- 3.3.1. The Fine-Structure Effect and its Variants -- 3.3.1.1. (e,2e) Experiments -- 3.3.1.2. (e,egamma) Experiments -- 3.3.2. Combinations of Exchange with Mott Scattering -- 3.3.2.1. (e,e) and (e,2e) Experiments -- 3.3.2.2. (e,egamma) Experiments -- 3.3.3. Resonant Effects -- 4. Molecular Targets -- 4.1. Simple Diatomic Molecules -- 4.1.1. The Exchange Interaction in Elastic Scattering -- 4.1.2. Exchange Effects in Inelastic Scattering -- 4.2. Chiral Molecular Targets -- 5. Developments in Polarized Electron Technology -- 5.1. Sources of Polarized Electrons -- 5.1.1. Photemission from GaAs and its Variants -- 5.1.2. Sources Based on Chemi-Ionization of He* -- 5.1.3. Novel Sources of Polarized Electrons -- 5.1.3.1. Field emission tips Field -- 5.1.3.2. Sources involving multiphoton processes -- 5.1.3.3. Spin filters -- 5.2. Polarimetry -- 5.2.1. Mott Polarimetry -- 5.2.2. Optical Polarimetry -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Multidimensional Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy: An Ultrafast Probe of Molecular Relaxation and Reaction Dynamics -- 1. Introduction, Background, and Analogies -- 1.1. Timescales and Orders of Magnitude -- 1.2. The AMO Perspective: Photon Echoes, Ramsey Fringes, and NMR -- 1.3. Diagrammatic Representation of Dynamical Evolution -- 1.3.1 Causality and the Absorptive Lineshape -- 1.4. Molecular Perspective -- 1.4.1 Coupling -- 1.4.2 Line Broadening -- 1.4.3 Orientation -- 1.4.4 Coherence -- 1.4.5 Spectral Diffusion -- 1.4.6 Chemical Exchange -- 1.4.7 Energy Transfer -- 2. Two-dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy -- 2.1. Idiosyncrasies and Technical Challenges of Multidimensional Electronic Spectroscopy -- 2.2. Experimental Implementations -- 2.2.1 Diffractive Optics -- 2.2.2 The Pump-Probe Geometry. , 2.3. Examples of 2D Electronic Spectroscopy Experiments -- 2.3.1 Energy Transfer in Light-Harvesting Systems -- 2.3.2 Vibrational Wavepacket Dynamics in 2DES -- 2.3.3 Understanding 2DES Spectra -- 3. Two-dimensional Vibrational Spectroscopy -- 3.1. Idiosyncrasies of Multidimensional IR Spectroscopy -- 3.2. Experimental Implementation -- 3.3. Examples of Equilibrium 2DIR Spectroscopy -- 3.3.1 The OH Stretch in Water -- 3.3.2 Vibrational Coherence -- 4. Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix: Derivation of the T2-Dependent Coherence -- References -- Chapter 6: Fundamentals and Applications of Spatial Dissipative Solitons in Photonic Devices -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Basic Definitions and Scope -- 1.2. Phenomenology of Optical Spatial Dissipative Solitons (SDS) -- 1.3. Basic Equations -- 1.4. Bistability and Multistability of SDS -- 2. Existence, Bifurcation Structure, and Dynamics of Single and Multiple SDS -- 2.1. Patterns, Dissipative Solitons, and Homoclinic Snaking -- 2.2. Homoclinic Snaking -- 2.3. Basic Properties and Dynamics of SDS -- 2.4. Snaking in Other Optical Models -- 2.5. "Tilted" Snaking due to Nonlocal Coupling -- 3. Cavity Soliton Lasers -- 3.1. Attractive Features of a Cavity Soliton Laser and Bistable Laser Schemes -- 3.2. Cavity Solitons in Lasers with Optical Injection -- 3.3. Cavity Solitons Based on Frequency-Selective Feedback -- 3.3.1 Scheme and Mechanism of Bistability -- 3.3.2 Experimental Investigations in VCSELs -- 3.3.3 Theoretical Treatment -- 3.4. Laser Cavity Solitons due to Saturable Absorption -- 3.4.1 General Theory and Early Experiments -- 3.4.2 Modeling and Design of Semiconductor-Based Devices -- 3.4.3 Experimental Realization Using Face-to-Face VCSELs -- 4. Spatial Dissipative Solitons due to Spatially Periodic Modulations -- 4.1. Spatial Dissipative Solitons due to Intracavity Photonic Crystals. , 4.2. Discrete Spatial Dissipative Solitons -- 5. Phase Fronts and Locked Spots -- 6. Applications of Spatial Dissipative Solitons -- 6.1. Positioning of SDS and All-Optical Memories -- 6.2. Exploring the Mobility of SDS -- 6.3. All-Optical Delay Line -- 6.4. Delay Lines in a CSL and Spontaneous Motion of LCS -- 6.5. Soliton Force Microscopy -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes in this Serial.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Evolution of Federal Regulation -- The Creation and Growth of the EPA -- Fundamental Choices in Environmental Regulation -- U.S. Environmental Policy: A Hybrid Approach -- 3. Air Pollution Policy -- Air Pollution Control Before 1970 -- The New Direction in Air Pollution Control Policy -- Accomplishments Since 1970 -- An Economic Evaluation of the Clean Air Act -- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- 4. Water Pollution Policy -- Introduction -- The History and Evolution of Water Pollution Policy -- The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and Its Amendments -- Accomplishments of the Program Since 1972 -- Economic Issues and Problems -- Conclusions -- 5. Hazardous Wastes -- Introduction -- The Nature and Scope of the Problem -- The Current Statutory and Regulatory Framework -- Hazardous Waste Management: Critical Issues -- Conclusions -- 6. Toxic Substances Policy -- Introduction -- Background -- Legislative Response -- Issues in Regulating Chemicals -- Conclusions -- 7. Monitoring and Enforcement -- Distinctions and Definitions -- A Sketch of the Current System -- Evidence on Continuing Compliance -- Present Efforts to Improve Monitoring and Enforcement -- Suggestions for Further Improvements -- 8. Overall Assessment and Future Directions -- Progress to Date -- Future Directions -- Index.