Note: Front Cover -- The Physics of Glaciers -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2. The Transformation of Snow to Ice -- INTRODUCTION -- SNOW, FIRN, AND ICE -- ZONES IN A GLACIER -- DISTRIBUTION OF ZONES -- HOW SNOW TURNS INTO ICE IN A DRY SNOW ZONE -- DEPTH HOAR -- TRANSFORMATION WHEN THERE IS MELTWATER -- VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH DEPTH -- DISAPPEARANCE OF AIR BUBBLES -- RATE OF CRYSTAL GROWTH -- Chapter 3. Structure and Deformation of Ice -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURE OF THE ICE CRYSTAL -- DEFORMATION OF A SINGLE ICE CRYSTAL -- DEFORMATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE -- FLOW LAW OF POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE -- THE GENERALIZED FLOW LAW -- RELEVANCE OF LABORATORY TESTS TO GLACIER FLOW -- VALUES OF FLOW LAW PARAMETERS -- PERFECT PLASTICITY -- Chapter 4. The Mass Balance of a Glacier -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF NET BALANCE -- PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHOD -- HYDROLOGICAL METHOD -- RECONNAISSANCE METHODS -- RESULTS -- MASS BALANCE OF LARGE ICE SHEETS -- Chapter 5. Glacier Measurement Techniques -- INTRODUCTION -- SOME GENERAL ASPECTS OF GLACIER FLOW -- MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE VELOCITY AND STRAIN RATE -- MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY AND STRAIN RATE AT DEPTH -- MEASUREMENT OF ICE THICKNESS CHANGES -- RADIO-ECHO SOUNDING -- GLACIER SEISMOLOGY -- ICE DRILLS -- Chapter 6. Glacier Flow I: Ice Deformation -- INTRODUCTION -- BASIC EQUATIONS -- LAMINAR FLOW -- TESTS OF THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS -- DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDINAL STRAIN RATE -- EFFECT OF LONGITUDINAL STRESS COMPONENT -- EFFECTS OF SIDES OF VALLEY: THEORY -- EFFECT OF SIDES OF VALLEY: OBSERVATIONS -- BOREHOLE EXPERIMENTS -- FINITE ELEMENT METHODS -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7. Glacier Flow II: Basal Sliding -- INTRODUCTION -- WEERTMAN'S THEORY -- COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS. , THEORY OF SLIDING WITHOUT CAVITATION -- DISCUSSION OF ASSUMPTIONS -- COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS -- SEPARATION OF ICE FROM BEDROCK -- COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS -- BOREHOLE OBSERVATIONS -- OUTLOOK -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8. Hydrology of Glaciers -- INTRODUCTION -- OBSERVATIONS OF WATER FLOW THROUGH GLACIERS -- WATER PRESSURE IN GLACIERS -- DISCUSSION OF OBSERVATIONS -- INTERGRANULAR PERMEABILITY OF TEMPERATE ICE -- THEORY OF WATER FLOW IN TEMPERATE GLACIERS -- WATER FLOW AT THE GLACIER BED -- JOKULHLAUPS -- WATER IN NON-TEMPERATE GLACIERS -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9. Flow of Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves -- INTRODUCTION -- PROFILES OF ICE SHEETS -- DISCUSSION OF ASSUMPTIONS -- ICE VELOCITIES AND TRAVEL TIMES -- RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST ICE SHEETS -- RELATION BETWEEN SURFACE AND BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY -- RATE OF GROWTH AND DECAY OF ICE SHEETS -- THERMAL CONVECTION IN THE ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET -- ICE SHELVES -- FLOW OF UNCONFINED ICE SHELF -- ICE SHELF IN PARALLEL-SIDED BAY -- ICE SHELVES IN DIVERGING AND CONVERGING BAYS -- OTHER FEATURES OF ICE SHELF FLOW -- STABILITY OF THE ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET -- OTHER APPLICATIONS OF FLOW THEORY -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10. Distribution of Temperature in Glaciers and Ice Sheets -- INTRODUCTION -- THERMAL PARAMETERS OF SNOW AND ICE -- ICE TEMPERATURES NEAR THE SURFACE -- THE TEMPERATURE OF A TEMPERATE GLACIER -- ORIGIN AND EFFECT OF WATER IN TEMPERATE GLACIERS -- DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATE GLACIERS -- GENERAL EQUATION OF HEAT TRANSFER -- STEADY STATE SOLUTION -- EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL ADVECTION -- THE MOVING-COLUMN MODEL -- MEASURED TEMPERATURE PROFILES -- THE CAMP CENTURY TEMPERATURE PROFILE -- NON-STEADY-STATE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS -- TEMPERATURES IN ICE SHELVES -- Further Reading -- Chapter 11. Structures and Fabrics in Glaciers and Ice Sheets -- INTRODUCTION -- FOLIATION -- FOLDS -- OGIVES -- CREVASSES. , FAULTS -- MEASUREMENT OF SIZE AND ORIENTATION OF ICE CRYSTALS -- EFFECTS OF DEFORMATION ON ICE: LABORATORY STUDIES -- CRYSTAL ORIENTATION FABRICS -- CRYSTAL SIZE -- SHAPE OF AIR BUBBLES -- Chapter 12. The Response of a Glacier to Changes in Mass Balance -- INTRODUCTION -- BASIC THEORY -- KINEMATIC WAVES -- RESULT OF INCREASE IN MASS BALANCE -- INSTABILITY OF REGION OF COMPRESSING FLOW -- RESPONSE TIME -- DIFFUSION OF KINEMATIC WAVES -- HOW DIFFUSION AFFECTS THE RESPONSE -- THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A GLACIER -- GENERAL SOLUTION -- INVERSE PROBLEM -- APPLICATION TO PARTICULAR GLACIERS -- SUMMARY OF NYE'S THEORY -- NUMERICAL MODELLING OF GLACIER VARIATIONS -- CAMPBELL-RASMUSSEN MODEL -- MAHAFFY MODEL -- BUDD-JENSSEN MODELS -- SIMULTANEOUS MODELLING OF ICE AND HEAT FLOW -- Chapter 13. Glacier Surges -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTION -- CHARACTERISTICS OF SURGING GLACIERS -- TECTONIC ACTIVITY -- CREEP INSTABILITY -- OTHER THERMAL MECHANISMS -- CHANGES OF BASAL SHEAR STRESS -- WATER AT THE BED -- BUDD'S NUMERICAL MODEL OF A SURGE -- SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14. Heat Budget and Climatology of Glaciers -- INTRODUCTION -- BLACK-BODY RADIATION -- HEAT BALANCE OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE -- RADIATION -- ENERGY TRANSFER BY TURBULENCE -- CHANGE IN HEAT CONTENT OF SNOW AND ICE -- HEAT USED FOR MELTING -- RESULTS -- SYNOPTIC HEAT-BUDGET CALCULATIONS -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15. Ice Core Studies -- INTRODUCTION -- BASIS OF HEAVY ISOTOPE METHOD -- COMPLICATIONS IN CLIMATIC INTERPRETATIONS -- ICE DATING BASED ON FLOW MODELS -- DATING BY REFERENCE HORIZONS -- DATING BY RADIOACTIVE DECAY -- DETERMINATION OF PAST ACCUMULATION RATES -- EXAMPLES OF OXYGEN-ISOTOPE PROFILES -- MELT FEATURES -- TOTAL GAS CONTENT -- IMPURITIES IN SNOW AND ICE -- CONCENTRATION OF MICROPARTICLES -- TRACE ELEMENTS OF NATURAL ORIGIN -- POLLUTANTS -- VOLCANIC DEPOSITS. , Further Reading -- References -- Subject Index -- Geographic Index -- Recent Developments.

Note: Front Cover -- The Physics of Glaciers -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to Third Edition -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2. The Transformation of Snow to Ice -- INTRODUCTION -- SNOW, FIRN, AND ICE -- ZONES IN A GLACIER -- DISTRIBUTION OF ZONES -- VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH DEPTH -- HOW SNOW TURNS INTO ICE IN A DRY SNOW ZONE -- DEPTH HOAR -- TRANSFORMATION WHEN THERE IS MELTWATER -- AGE OF AIR IN BUBBLES -- DISAPPEARANCE OP AIR BUBBLES -- RATE OF CRYSTAL GROWTH -- Chapter 3. Mass Balance -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF NET BALANCE -- PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHOD -- HYDROLOGICAL METHOD -- RECONNAISSANCE METHODS -- RESULTS -- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF BALANCE DATA -- MASS BALANCE OF THE ICE SHEETS -- RISE IN WORLD SEA LEVEL -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 4. Heat Budget and Climatology -- INTRODUCTION -- BLACK-BODY RADIATION -- HEAT BUDGET OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE -- HEAT-BUDGET COMPONENTS -- DISCUSSION OF SOME HEAT-BUDGET DATA -- THE STATISTICAL APPROACH TO PREDICTING ABLATION -- EFFECT OF CLIMATIC WARMING ON GREENLAND ICE SHEET -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 5. Structure and Deformation of Ice -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURE OP THE ICE CRYSTAL -- DEFORMATION OP A SINGLE ICE CRYSTAL -- DEFORMATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE -- FLOW RELATION FOR POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE -- THE GENERALIZED PLOW RELATION -- FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF FLOW PARAMETERS -- VALUES OF FLOW PARAMETER A -- PERFECT PLASTICITY -- ANISOTROPIC ICE -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 6. Hydraulics of Glaciers -- INTRODUCTION -- OBSERVATIONS OF WATER FLOW THROUGH GLACIERS -- OBSERVATIONS OF WATER PRESSURE IN GLACIERS -- DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW IN AND UNDER GLACIERS -- STEADY FLOW IN A TUNNEL -- STEADY PLOW IN LINKED SUBGLACIAL CAVITIES -- WATER FLOW OVER A "SOFT" BED. , WATER IN NON-TEMPERATE GLACIERS -- WATER FLOW AT THE GLACIER BED: SUMMARY -- JÖKULHLAUPS -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 7. Glacier Sliding -- INTRODUCTION -- MEASUREMENTS OF BASAL VELOCITY -- WEERTMAN'S THEORY OF SLIDING -- OBSERVATIONS IN BASAL ICE -- IMPROVEMENTS TO WEERTMAN'S ANALYSIS -- DISCUSSION OF ASSUMPTIONS -- COMPARISON OP PREDICTIONS WITH OBSERVATIONS -- HOW WATER CHANGES SLIDING VELOCITY -- EMPIRICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SLIDING AND EFFECTIVE PRESSURE -- SLIDING OF DEBRIS-LADEN ICE -- SLIDING AT SUB-FREEZING TEMPERATURES -- SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- Chapter 8. Deformation of Subglacial Till -- INTRODUCTION -- PROPERTIES OF TILL -- FLOW RELATIONS FOR TILL -- HOW WIDESPREAD IS SUBGLACIAL DEFORMATION? -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 9. Structures and Fabrics in Glaciers and Ice Sheets -- INTRODUCTION -- FOLIATION -- FOLDS -- BOUDINAGE -- FAULTS -- IMPLICATIONS FOR ICE CORE STRATIGRAPHY -- OGIVES -- CREVASSES -- MEASUREMENT OF SIZE AND ORIENTATION OF ICE CRYSTALS -- CRYSTAL SIZE -- CRYSTAL-ORIENTATION FABRICS -- Chapter 10. Distribution of Temperature in Glaciers and Ice Sheets -- INTRODUCTION -- THERMAL PARAMETERS OP SNOW AND ICE -- ICE TEMPERATURES NEAR THE SURFACE -- TEMPERATE GLACIERS -- STEADY TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: NO HORIZONTAL ADVECTION -- EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL ADVECTION -- MEASURED TEMPERATURE PROFILES -- GENERAL EQUATION OF HEAT TRANSFER -- TEMPERATURES ALONG A PLOW LINE -- TIME-VARYING TEMPERATURES -- TEMPERATURES IN ICE SHELVES -- Chapter 11. Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BASAL SHEAR STRESS -- SURFACE PROFILES OF ICE SHEETS -- RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST ICE SHEETS -- BALANCE VELOCITIES AND TRAVEL TIMES -- VELOCITIES IN "LAMINAR FLOW -- EXTENDING AND COMPRESSING FLOW -- CONTINUITY EQUATION -- APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUITY EQUATION -- EQUATIONS FOR STRESS AND VELOCITY. , RELATION BETWEEN SURFACE AND BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY -- VELOCITIES IN EXTENDING/COMPRESSING FLOW -- VELOCITIES IN A VALLEY GLACIER -- VARIATIONS OF STRESS AND VELOCITY ALONG A FLOW-LINE -- FLOW AT AN ICE DIVIDE -- ICE DATING BASED ON FLOW MODELS -- COMPLICATIONS IN FLOW -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 12. Flow of Ice Shelves and Ice Streams -- ICE SHELVES -- PLOW OP ICE SHELVES -- PROFILES OF ICE SHELVES -- ICE STREAMS -- FLOW OF ICE STREAMS -- TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN GROUNDED AND FLOATING ICE -- ICEBERG CALVING -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 13. Non-Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets -- INTRODUCTION -- RESPONSE TIME OF A GLACIER -- RESPONSE TO SMALL CHANGES IN MASS BALANCE -- ADDITIONAL CAUSES OP NON-STEADY PLOW -- FLOW MODELS OF EXISTING ICE SHEETS -- GROWTH AND DECAY OF ICE-AGE ICE SHEETS -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 14. Surging and Tidewater Glaciers -- GLACIER SURGES -- TIDEWATER GLACIERS -- FURTHER READING -- Chapter 15. Ice Core Studies -- INTRODUCTION -- HEAVY ISOTOPE METHOD -- TOTAL AIR CONTENT -- MELT FEATURES -- ESTIMATION OF PAST ACCUMULATION RATES -- ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE -- IMPURITIES IN SNOW AND ICE -- TIME SCALES FOR ICE CORES -- EXAMPLES OP CLIMATIC RECORDS PROM ICE CORES -- FURTHER READING -- APPENDIX 1: STRESS AND STRAIN -- APPENDIX 2 -- References -- Subject Index.

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