Note: Front Cover -- Volcanic Hazards, Risks, and Disasters -- Copyright -- Contents -- Co-editors -- Contributors -- Editorial Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 - Global Distribution of Active Volcanoes -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 PATTERNS IN GLOBAL VOLCANISM AND THEIR ASSOCIATED HAZARDS -- 1.3 POPULATIONS PROXIMAL TO VOLCANISM -- 1.4 PATTERNS IN VOLCANO-RELATED FATALITIES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 - Basaltic Lava Flow Hazard -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 WHAT MAKES A LAVA FLOW HAZARDOUS? -- 2.3 IMPACTS -- 2.4 MITIGATION -- 2.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 - Impacts from Volcanic Ash Fall -- DEFINITIONS USED IN THIS CHAPTER (MODIFIED FROM UN, 2009): -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 ASH FALL CHARACTERISTICS AND HOW THEY INFLUENCE IMPACTS -- 3.3 VOLCANIC ASH IMPACT: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DIMENSIONS -- 3.4 QUANTIFYING VULNERABILITY TO ASH FALL -- 3.5 MITIGATING ASH FALL IMPACTS -- 3.6 MOVING FORWARD -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 - Volcanic Ash Hazards and Aviation Risk -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 A VOLCANOLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL HAZARD -- 4.3 DEVELOPMENT OF A GLOBAL FRAMEWORK TO AVOID ASH CLOUDS -- 4.4 EYJAFJALLAJÖKULL SHIFTS PERCEPTION OF RISKS AND GALVANIZES EFFORTS TO QUANTIFY HAZARDS -- 4.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 - Pyroclastic Density Current Hazards and Risk -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 PDC GENERATION AND DYNAMICS -- 5.3 HAZARDOUS BEHAVIORS OF PDCS -- 5.4 HAZARD SCENARIOS AND PROBABILISTIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT -- 5.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 - Lahars at Cotopaxi and Tungurahua Volcanoes, Ecuador: Highlights from Stratigraphy and Observational Records an ... -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 TERMINOLOGY AND FUNDAMENTALS OF LAHAR GENERATION -- 6.3 PRIMARY LAHARS AND THEIR GENERATION AT COTOPAXI. , 6.4 THE FEBRUARY 12, 2005 RAIN-GENERATED LAHAR IN THE RÍO VAZCÚN CANYON, BAÑOS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 - In situ Volcano Monitoring: Present and Future -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 GROUND DEFORMATION -- 7.3 GRAVITY OBSERVATIONS -- 7.4 IN SITU MONITORING OF VOLCANIC GASES -- 7.5 SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS -- 7.6 INFRASONIC -- 7.7 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 - Using Multiple Data Sets to Populate Probabilistic Volcanic Event Trees -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 PROBABILISTIC VERSUS DETERMINISTIC FORECASTS -- 8.3 CONCEPT OF THE VOLCANIC EVENT TREE -- 8.4 HOW CAN PROBABILITIES BE ESTIMATED AT EACH NODE AND BRANCH OF A VOLCANIC EVENT TREE? -- 8.5 A HANDY EXCEL-BASED TOOL FOR BUILDING YOUR OWN TREE -- 8.6 IMPORTANCE OF DOCUMENTING THE BASIS FOR ALL PROBABILITY ESTIMATES -- 8.7 REMOTE PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT OF PROBABILITY TREES -- 8.8 APPLICATIONS OF THE MULTIPLE DATA SETS METHOD, BY VDAP AND OTHERS -- 8.9 APPLICATIONS OF PROBABILISTIC VOLCANIC EVENT TREES -- 8.10 PUBLIC PRESENTATION OF PROBABILISTIC EVENT TREES? -- 8.11 FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 - Operational Short-term Volcanic Hazard Analysis: Methods and Perspectives -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 THE BRADYSEISMIC CRISES AT CAMPI FLEGREI IN 1982-1984 -- 9.3 SHORT-TERM BET_VH SETTING FOR CAMPI FLEGREI -- 9.4 OPERATIONAL SHORT-TERM PVHA: THE ROLE OF REAL-TIME MONITORING DATA IN BET_VH -- 9.5 OPERATIONAL SHORT-TERM PVHA: RESULTS -- 9.6 FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 - Human and Structural Vulnerability to Volcanic Processes -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 HUMAN VULNERABILITY AND BUILDINGS -- 10.3 BUILDING VULNERABILITY IN MAIN VOLCANIC PROCESSES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 - Cost-Benefit Analysis in Volcanic Risk -- 11.1 ASSESSING CRISIS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES -- 11.2 THE ROOTS OF VALUE-BASED DECISION-MAKING. , 11.3 THE APPLICATION OF CBA -- 11.4 INTERFACE BETWEEN VOLCANOLOGISTS AND DECISION-MAKERS -- 11.5 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 - Volcanic Risks and Insurance -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 INSURED LOSSES FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS -- 12.3 VOLCANIC ERUPTION-AN INSURABLE RISK? -- 12.4 PRACTICE AND PRINCIPLES -- 12.5 MANAGING THE INSURANCE RISK -- 12.6 RATING VOLCANIC ERUPTION RISK -- 12.7 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS-AN UNDERESTIMATED RISK? -- 12.8 LOCAL EVENTS-CITIES AT RISK -- 12.9 GLOBAL EVENTS -- 12.10 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 - Extreme Volcanic Risks 1: Mexico City -- 13.1 MEXICO CITY AND THE METROPOLITAN ZONE OF THE VALLEY OF MEXICO -- 13.2 VOLCANIC HAZARD ASSESSMENTS FOR MC -- 13.3 POSSIBLE SOURCES FOR ASHFALL IN MC -- 13.4 A MULTISOURCE, PROBABILISTIC APPROACH FOR HAZARDS ASSESSMENT -- 13.5 LIVING WITH THE EVERLASTING POSSIBILITY OF THE FORMATION OF A NEW VOLCANO IN THE VICINITY OF MC: DEALING WITH FALSE ALARMS -- 13.6 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- 13.7 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 - Extreme Volcanic Risks 2: Mount Fuji -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUJI VOLCANO -- 14.3 ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF FUJI VOLCANO -- 14.4 GEOPHYSICAL MONITORING -- 14.5 SECTOR COLLAPSE OF FUJI VOLCANO -- 14.6 ASHFALL DAMAGE ON ELECTRICITY IN THE TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA -- 14.7 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 - Volcanic Gas and Aerosol Hazards from a Future Laki-Type Eruption in Iceland -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION -- 15.2 THE AD 1783-1784 LAKI ERUPTION -- 15.3 FREQUENCY OF ICELANDIC ERUPTIONS AND LIKELIHOOD OF A LAKI-TYPE ERUPTION -- 15.4 VOLCANIC GAS AND AEROSOL HAZARDS FROM A FUTURE LAKI-TYPE ERUPTION -- 15.5 DISCUSSION -- 15.6 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 - Explosive Super-Eruptions and Potential Global Impacts -- 16.1 INTRODUCTION -- 16.2 SUPERSIZED ERUPTIONS -- 16.3 THE NEXT SUPER-ERUPTION?. , 16.4 PRODUCTS OF SUPER-ERUPTIONS -- 16.5 EFFECTS OF SUPER-ERUPTIONS -- 16.6 SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF SUPER-ERUPTIONS -- 16.7 SUMMARY AND FUTURE CONCERNS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17 - Integration of European Volcano Infrastructures -- 17.1 RATIONALE -- 17.2 STATE OF THE ART OF THE EUROPEAN VOLCANOLOGICAL RIS -- 17.3 GAP ANALYSIS AND SOCIAL OR SCIENTIFIC NEEDS -- 17.4 PRINCIPLES OF THE VOLCANO OBSERVATION RI -- 17.5 CURRENT INITIATIVES IN THE INTEGRATION OF EUROPEAN VOLCANO RIS -- 17.6 POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATION AND FUTURE EVOLUTIONS -- 17.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18 - Integrated Monitoring of Japanese Volcanoes -- 18.1 INTRODUCTION -- 18.2 TARGET VOLCANOES FOR MONITORING -- 18.3 MONITORING VOLCANOES -- 18.4 OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH BY THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER RESEARCH INSTITUTES -- 18.5 INTEGRATED MONITORING OF VOLCANOES IN JAPAN -- 18.6 ROLE OF THE CCPVE IN THE INTEGRATED MONITORING OF VOLCANOES -- 18.7 PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19 - Integrating Efforts in Latin America: Asociación Latinoamericana de Volcanología (ALVO) -- 19.1 VOLCANISM IN LATIN AMERICA -- 19.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATIN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF VOLCANOLOGY -- 19.3 ALVO FIRST STEPS -- 19.4 A CRITICAL VIEW INTO THE SWOT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF VOLCANOLOGY IN THE LATIN AMERICAN REGION -- 19.5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- 19.6 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Forecasting and Planning for Volcanic Hazards, Risks, and Disasters -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Some relevant issues in volcanic hazard forecasts and management of volcanic crisis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Volcanoes as complex dynamic systems -- 3. Volcanic alert levels at high-risk volcanoes -- 4. Forecasting eruption size at reawakening volcanoes -- 5. Forecasting the impacted areas -- 6. Best practices -- 7. Global volcanic hazards -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: A review of seismic methods for monitoring and understanding active volcanoes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Seismic sources and related signals -- 2.1. High-frequency events -- 2.2. Long-period events -- 2.3. Volcanic tremor -- 2.4. Very-long period events -- 2.5. Explosions and other volcanic signals -- 3. Seismic monitoring -- 3.1. Instrumentation for recording of seismicity -- 3.1.1. Distributed acoustic sensing -- 3.1.2. Rotational sensors -- 3.2. Signal detection -- 3.3. Classification -- 3.4. Location -- 3.4.1. Coherence-based methods -- 3.4.2. Back-propagation methods -- 3.4.3. Amplitude-based methods -- 3.4.4. Time-reverse location methods -- 3.4.5. Array methods -- 4. Methods for source studies -- 4.1. Remarks on moment-tensor inversion of volcanic LP and VLP sources -- 5. Subsurface investigation -- 5.1. Seismic tomography from earthquakes and active sources -- 5.2. Shallow velocity structures from surface wave dispersion -- 5.3. Ambient noise tomography -- 5.4. Temporal changes of medium properties -- 6. Conclusions and future opportunities -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Volcano geodesy: A critical tool for assessing the state of volcanoes and their potential for hazardous erupti ... -- 1. The ups and downs of volcanoes -- 2. Measuring deformation and gravity change -- 2.1. ``Classic´´ volcano geodesy. , 2.2. ``Modern´´ volcano geodesy -- 3. Forecasting volcanic activity with geodesy -- 3.1. Eruption onset -- 3.2. Eruption evolution -- 3.3. Forecasting challenges -- 4. Limitations of geodetic data -- 4.1. Data collection -- 4.2. Data interpretation -- 5. Beyond the subsurface: Novel uses of geodetic data -- 5.1. Surface change -- 5.2. Detection and characterization of volcanic plumes -- 5.3. Properties of magma and magmatic systems -- 6. Case studies -- 6.1. Agung, Indonesia: Geodetic insights into pre- and co-eruptive volcanic activity and hazards -- 6.2. Saba and St. Eustatius, Dutch Antilles: Preemptive geodetic response at historically dormant volcanic islands -- 7. The future of geodesy applied to volcanic hazards -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Geochemical monitoring of volcanoes and the mitigation of volcanic gas hazards -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Magmatic degassing and the tenet of geochemical monitoring -- 2. Measurements of fumarolic/vent emissions, volcanic plumes, soil gases, and springs -- 2.1. High-temperature gases from fumaroles and active vents -- 2.2. Low temperature, hydrothermal emissions -- 2.3. Stable isotopes and noble gases -- 2.4. Gas flux measured in volcanic plumes and clouds -- 2.5. Soil gas monitoring -- 3. Volcanic gas hazard and risk -- 4. Limits to knowledge and future developments -- References -- Chapter 5: A review of the physical and mechanical properties of volcanic rocks and magmas in the brittle and ductile regimes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical properties of volcanic materials -- 2.1. The porosity of volcanic rocks and magmas -- 2.2. Permeable pathways in volcanic rocks and magmas -- 2.3. Ultrasonic velocity in volcanic materials -- 3. Thermo-mechanical properties of volcanic rocks -- 3.1. The mechanical properties of volcanic rocks under unconfined conditions. , 3.2. The mechanical properties of volcanic rocks under confined conditions -- 3.3. Thermal expansivity, thermal stressing, and thermal microcracking -- 3.4. Thermal-sensitivity of mineralogical assemblages: the importance of secondary mineralization and devolatilization re ... -- 3.5. Mechanical properties of volcanic rocks at elevated temperature -- 4. The rheology of magmas -- 4.1. Silicate melt rheology: Viscosity and the glass transition -- 4.2. Multiphase magma viscosity -- 4.3. Crystal plasticity in magmas -- 4.4. The strength of multiphase magmas -- 4.5. Magmatic fragmentation -- 4.6. Criteria for multiphase magma failure -- 5. Material rupture architecture and seismogenicity -- 6. Tribological and frictional properties of volcanic materials -- 7. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Numerical modeling of magma ascent dynamics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conduit models -- 3. Case studies -- 3.1. Mechanical disequilibrium/outgassing -- 3.2. Conduit geometry -- 3.3. Temperature -- 3.4. Phreatomagmatic interaction -- 4. Conclusions -- Appendix A -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Understanding volcanic systems and their dynamics combining field and physical volcanology with petrology studies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reconstructing the evolution of a volcanic system -- 2.1. Geological mapping and stratigraphic studies -- 2.2. Geochronological studies -- 2.3. Physical characterization of eruptions -- 2.4. Petrology and geochemistry of erupted products -- 3. Studying single-eruption sequences -- 3.1. Sampling strategies for pyroclastic deposits -- 3.2. Componentry of pyroclastic deposits -- 3.3. Internal variability in the products of an effusive eruption -- 4. Petrological constraints to magma genesis and evolution -- 4.1. The nature and composition of the magma source. , 4.2. Defining physical and chemical parameters of magmatic processes -- 4.3. Dynamics of magmatic processes -- 4.4. Timescales for magma crystallization and degassing -- 5. Experimental constraints on volcano evolution and eruption dynamics -- 5.1. P-T conditions of magma evolution: Phase equilibrium studies -- 5.2. Constraints to magma degassing: Volatile solubilities -- 5.3. Experimental constraints to magma mixing/interaction -- 5.4. Constraints to the rates of magma ascent: Decompression experiments -- 5.5. Measuring physical properties of rocks and magmas -- 6. Discussion and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Assessment of risk associated with tephra-related hazards -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tephra dispersal, fallout and aeolian ash remobilization -- 3. Impacts associated with tephra fallout, dispersal, and aeolian ash remobilization -- 4. Hazard assessment -- 5. Exposure and vulnerability assessment -- 5.1. Physical vulnerability -- 5.2. Socio-economic vulnerability -- 5.3. Systemic vulnerability -- 6. Risk assessment -- 6.1. Risk assessment at local scale based on in-situ vulnerability analysis -- 6.2. Exposure-based risk assessment at regional scale -- 6.3. Exposure-based risk assessment at continental scale for tephra dispersal -- 7. Discussion and conclusions -- 7.1.1. Recent developments in hazard and vulnerability assessment of tephra-related phenomena -- 7.1.2. Current challenges of risk assessment -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: The dynamics of explosive mafic eruptions: New insights from multiparametric observations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Volcano monitoring techniques: Acquisition rates, modes, and strategies -- 2.1. FAMoUS: A Fast, Multiparametric Setup for studying explosive volcanic activity -- 3. Key eruptive processes: Insights from multiparametric measurements. , 3.1. The ejection of pyroclasts at the vent: Ejection velocity and ejection pulses -- 3.2. Features and dynamics of eruptive supersonic jets from mafic explosive eruptions -- 3.3. The growth of eruption plumes from pulsatory, mafic explosive activity -- 3.4. Volcanic ballistics projectiles -- 3.5. Vent dynamics and their influence on eruption style -- 3.6. Towards a more quantitative definition of eruptive styles -- 4. Final considerations -- 4.1. Technological advancements -- 4.2. Volcanological perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Recent basaltic eruptions in Iceland and the dynamics of co-eruptive subsurface magma flow -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Volcanism in Iceland -- 3. A mathematical model for magma flow in basaltic eruptions -- 4. Eyjafjallajökull flank (Fimmvöruháls) eruption 2010 -- 5. Grímsvötn 2011 eruption -- 6. Bárarbunga 2014-2015 -- 7. Discussion -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11: Volcanic lake dynamics and related hazards -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The early history of volcanic lake research -- 1.2. Classification of volcanic lakes -- 2. Mechanisms leading to hazardous events -- 2.1. From sealing to phreatic eruptions -- 2.2. Gas hazards and limnic gas burst revisited -- 2.2.1. Direct gas emissions -- 2.2.2. Gas beracun at hyperacidic lakes: The Kawah Ijen case -- 2.2.3. Degassing of geothermally heated caldera lakes and medium activity lakes -- 2.2.4. Nyos-type vs anti-Nyos-type vs bioactivity lakes -- 2.3. The sudden release of water: Floods and lahars -- 3. Impacts and risk perception -- 3.1. In modern times -- 3.2. Sociocultural views and aspects -- 4. Monitoring and mitigation strategies -- 5. Conclusive remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Remote sensing of volcanic impacts -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Remote sensing for volcanic impact assessment. , 2.1. Preevent impact assessments.