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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 7 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The High Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) of SE Zanskar consist of biotite paragneisses, of orthogneisses that derive from early-Palaeozoic granitoids, of minor metabasics and of post-metamorphic leucogranites of Miocene age.Two main metamorphic events have been documented in the HHC. The first event occurred at P= 12.0 ± 0.5 kbar and T= 750 ± 50° C in rare metabasics intruded by early-Palaeozoic granitoids. In the biotite paragneisses, thermobarometric estimates of the first event point to comparable T at P 4–5 kbar lower. The first event is followed by a pervasive syn-tectonic crystallization characterized by lower P and T. On the basis of the cooling ages of the metamorphic minerals and on the geological evidence, the second event is referred to the Tertiary Himalayan crystallization. Further petrological and geochronological studies are necessary to prove whether a few mineral relics ascribed to the first event define a polyphase Himalayan evolution or if they record the incomplete obliteration of an older history during the Himalayan event.The HHC of SE Zanskar show a decrease in metamorphic grade from the middle structural levels upward, close to the Kade unit, and downward, close to the Lesser Himalaya (from sillimanite-K-feldspar-biotite-bearing assemblages to kyanite-staurolite-muscovite-bearing assemblages). This metamorphic zonation is probably a consequence of the polyphase history of intracontinental thrusts and of the tectonic emplacement of hot crustal slabs within shallower and colder thrust sheets at relatively late stages of the continental collision between India and Eurasia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 5 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A detailed field and petrological study of rocks from nappes cut by the Valle dell'Orco (Italian Western Alps), in particular the Sesia–Lanzo composite unit, has revealed geological and metamorphic histories which started in pre-alpine times and lasted up to the alpine subduction-collisional processes. During these processes the nappes sustained an early high P–low T stage and a later low P greenschist facies stage, but followed partly distinctive P–T–time trajectories. This paper discusses the kinematic evolution and the thermal history of the alpine belt from the early subduction/underthrust to the later exhumation stage. The metamorphic crystallization is often governed by incomplete and/or local equilibrium, and the pervasive syn-metamorphic deformation and the composition of the syn-metamorphic fluid phase (if present) have exerted an effective local control on reaction kinetics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 9 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Phase relationships in the model mafic system and geothermobarometry allow discrimination of four main groups of high-P rocks in the nappes of the Western Alps: very high-P eclogite-facies (including kyanite eclogites and coesite-pyrope assemblages), eclogite-facies (paragonite-zoisite eclogites), high-T blueschist-facies (glaucophane-garnet ± lawsonite assemblages) and low-T blueschist-facies (glaucophane-lawsonite ± pumpellyite assemblages). The blueschist-facies-eclogite-facies transition is promoted chiefly by increasing T, low bulk XMg and relatively low μH2O. The variety of assemblages and the heterogeneous approach to equilibrium observed in the Alpine rocks are not only constrained by the intersection of the reaction surfaces in P-T-X space, but also by the effect and timing of the processes which control kinetics (i.e. pervasive deformation and fluid infiltration). The faster rate of dehydration reactions relative to hydration reactions along with the fact that different bulk compositions crossed the reaction curves at different temperatures (and times), all may have induced μH2O gradients and contributed to the heterogeneous distribution of deformation through a process of reaction-enhanced ductility. Also mass-transfer may have been an effective process in determining the type of high-P assemblage in particular rock volumes.As regards the P-T-t paths, only the post-climax histories are recorded well in the Alpine nappes. Post-eclogitic exhumation paths at decreasing temperatures characterize structurally higher nappes which were first subducted during the early-Alpine (Cretaceous) event. In contrast, more or less isothermal decompression paths characterize structurally deeper nappes formed by westward propagation of the underthrust surfaces during the early-Alpine event and the subsequent meso-Alpine (Palaeogene) collision between the ‘European’and ‘African’plates. In the Western Alps, prevalent eclogite-facies conditions were attained during the metamorphic climax of the early-Alpine subduction, while blueschist-facies recrystallization characterizes the early-Alpine exhumation of the eclogitized units and the subsequent intracontinental underthrusts linked to the meso-Alpine continental collision.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 40 (1989), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Metabasites éclogitiques d'âge éoalpine sont décrites dans la nappe Dora-Maira septentrionale (Pennique interne, Alpes occidentales italiennes), une unité connue pour la découverte de parageneses à coesite dans le secteur meridional. Les conditions P-T de la recrystallization éclogitique proposées dans ce travail (P = 9−13 kbar, T = 500 ± 50 °C) sont plus basses que les conditions suggerées parChopin (1987) pour les roches de l'unité à coesite. D'autre part ces éstimations des pressions et témperatures sont comparables à celles des autres nappes Penniques internes. La trajectoire post-éclogitique proposée içi pour le Dora-Maira septentrional est caracterisée par une diminution de pression à témperatures plus ou moins constantes (ou légèrment croissantes).
    Notes: Summary Eclogitised metabasics of early-Alpine age are described from the northern Dora-Maira nappe (internal Pennidic, western Italian Alps), a tectonic element which has become widely known for the coesite-bearing assemblages discovered in its southern part. The P-T conditions inferred in this paper for the eclogitic peak (P = 9−13 kbar, T = 500 ± 50 °C) are much lower than those proposed in the southern Dora-Maira by Chopin (1987) for the coesite-bearing unit. Consequently, only the latter underwent a peculiar early-Alpine evolution at extremely high-pressures and temperatures, while the northern Dora-Maira nappe was eclogitised at P-T conditions comparable to those of the other internal Pennidic units. The post-eclogitic path proposed here for the northern Dora-Maira occurred at isothermal conditions or at slightly increasing temperatures.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den kristallinen Teilen des Himalayas von Zanskar, Nordwest-Indien, sind Migmatite und aluminiumreiche leukogranitische Schmelzen durch teilweise Aufschmelzung von Paragneisen und von paläozoischen Orthogneisen entstanden. Die Anatexis fand bei T = 650–720° und P = 4–7 kbar statt, und hält sich an einen Dekompressions-Pfad bei zunehmender Temperatur, der oligozänen-miozänen Alters ist. In Abwesenheit einer Dampfphase fand die Anatexis von Orthogneisen in Antwort auf Dehydrations-Aufschmelzung mit Beteiligung von Muskovit statt und führte zur Entstehung von geringen Mengen (≈ 5%) von leukogranitischer Schmelze. Diese Schmelze segregierte “in situ” als homogene Leukoanatexite. In heterogenen Diatexiten bildeten sich die Leukosome durch Ungleichgewichts-Aufschmelzung wahrscheinlich bei Temperaturen, die über dem H20-gesättigten Solidus liegen. Extensive Anatexis und Segregation der Schmelzen in Gänge oder unregelmäßige Körper erfordern Infiltration einer wäßrigen Fluid-Phase. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, bei dem große Volumina von Gesteinen niedrige Grade von Aufschmelzung in Abwesenheit einer Dampfphase zeigen und mit duktilen Scherzonen assoziiert sind, die mit H2O infiltriert wurden und hohe Grade von Aufschmelzung in Anwesenheit einer Dampfphase erkennen lassen. Die relative Seltenheit von Leukograniten in Zanskar ist auf zwei Faktoren zurückzuführen; 1. Die Abwesenheit eines Hoch-T, niedrig-P Stadiums; 2. das reichliche Vorhandensein von “trockenen” magmatischen Protolithen (z.B. Orthogneise) verglichen mit den mehr produktiven metasedimentären Ursprungsgesteinen für Magmen.
    Notes: Summary In the High Himalayan Crystallines of Zanskar (NW India), migmatites and peraluminous leucogranitic melts were produced by partial melting not only of paragneisses but also of Palaeozoic orthogneisses. Anatexis occurred at T = 650–720°C and P = 4–7 kbar and is related to a decompression path at increasing T of Oligocene-Miocene age. Under vapour-absent conditions anatexis of orthogneisses occurred in response to dehydration melting involving muscovite and produced very low amounts (≈ 5%) of leucogranitic melt. This melt segregated “in situ” as homogeneous leucoanatexites. In heterogeneous diatexites, the leucosomes formed by disequilibrium melting probably at T in excess of the H2O-saturated solidus. Extensive anatexis and melt segregation into dykes or bodies require infiltration of an aqueous fluid. A model is proposed in which large rock-volumes showing low-degrees of vapour-absent melting are associated with ductile shear zones infiltrated by H2O and showing high-degrees of vapour present melting. With respect to the eastern Himalayas, the relative scarcity of leucogranites in Zanskar depends on: 1- the lack of a high—T, low-P stage; 2- the abundance of dry igneous (i.e. orthogneiss) protoliths relative to more fertile metasedimentary magma sources.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Parmi les péridotites tectonitiques remontées dans la Téthys Mésozoique lors de son ouverture on reconnait dans le secteur des Alpes occidentales: a) des ultramafites appauvries en éléments incompatibles qui ont suivi une trajectoire décompressionale à tres haute température (1300 °C) (M. Civrari et Monviso: EO); b) des ultramafites moins appauvries qui ont suivi une trajectoire à plus basse température (〈 1200 °C) et qui pourraient représenter des témoins de manteau sous-continental (Lanzo: LA; Tour Real: WO). Ces peridotites sont associées à des séries magmatiques à affinité de N-MORB. Les péridotites EO peuvent représenter les résidus de la fusion partielle qui a produit les séries magmatiques de type N-MORB, cela n'étant pas probablement possible pour les péridotites LA et WO. Bien que les séries magmatiques des petits bassins océaniques de la Tethys Mésozoique occidentale montrent en général des affinités MORB, les péridotites témoignent de differentes étapes d'évolution des bassins. De plus ces petits bassins ont été fermés quelques m.a. après leur ouverture et leur évolution semble liée à une tectonique tres active et à des perturbations locales des phénomènes géodynamiques à grande échelle.
    Notes: Summary Among the ophiolitic peridotites upwelled during the opening of the small Mesozoic Tethys, two groups have been recognized in the sector of the Western Alps: a) EO ultramafics (Mt. Civrari and Monviso) which are very depleted in easily fusible elements and followed a very high temperature (starting from 1300°C) decompressional trajectory; b) LA (Lanzo) and WO (Tour Real) ultramafics which are less depleted, followed decompression at slightly lower temperature (〈 1200 °C) and might represent sections of shallower subcontinental mantle. The peridotites are associated with magmatic sequences showing affinities with N-MORB. These sequences derive from partial melting processes which left residua similar to the EO peridotites, but probably different from the LA-WO peridotites. These evidences demonstrate that small oceanic-type basins like the Mesozoic western Tethys are associated with MORB-type magmatism, but include mantle sections recording different steps in the evolution of the basin. Moreover these Tethys-like basins closed a few tens of m.y. after opening and their formation seems to be controlled by active tectonism and by local perturbations of large scale geodynamic processes.
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