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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Physiological basis for high CO2 tolerance in marine ectothermic animals : pre-adaptation through lifestyle and ontogeny? (2009)
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    In: Biogeosciences, Katlenburg-Lindau [u.a.] : Copernicus, 2004, 6(2009), 10, Seite 2313-2331, 1726-4189
    In: volume:6
    In: year:2009
    In: number:10
    In: pages:2313-2331
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Ill., graph. Darst
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Acidbase regulatory ability of the cephalopod (Sepia officinalis) in response to environmental hypercapnia (2010)
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    In: Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology, Berlin : Springer, 1984, 180(2010), 3, Seite 323-335, 1432-136X
    In: volume:180
    In: year:2010
    In: number:3
    In: pages:323-335
    Description / Table of Contents: Acidification of ocean surface waters by anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a currently developing scenario that warrants a broadening of research foci in the study of acidbase physiology. Recent studies working with environmentally relevant CO2 levels, indicate that some echinoderms and molluscs reduce metabolic rates, soft tissue growth and calcification during hypercapnic exposure. In contrast to all prior invertebrate species studied so far, growth trials with the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis found no indication of reduced growth or calcification performance during long-term exposure to 0.6 kPa CO2. It is hypothesized that the differing sensitivities to elevated seawater pCO2 could be explained by taxa specific differences in acidbase regulatory capacity. In this study, we examined the acidbase regulatory ability of S. officinalis in vivo, using a specially modified cannulation technique as well as 31P NMR spectroscopy. During acute exposure to 0.6 kPa CO2, S. officinalis rapidly increased its blood [HCO3 -] to 10.4 mM through active ion-transport processes, and partially compensated the hypercapnia induced respiratory acidosis. A minor decrease in intracellular pH (pHi) and stable intracellular phosphagen levels indicated efficient pHi regulation. We conclude that S. officinalis is not only an efficient acidbase regulator, but is also able to do so without disturbing metabolic equilibria in characteristic tissues or compromising aerobic capacities. The cuttlefish did not exhibit acute intolerance to hypercapnia that has been hypothesized for more active cephalopod species (squid). Even though blood pH (pHe) remained 0.18 pH units below control values, arterial O2 saturation was not compromised in S. officinalis because of the comparatively lower pH sensitivity of oxygen binding to its blood pigment. This raises questions concerning the potentially broad range of sensitivity to changes in acidbase status amongst invertebrates, as well as to the underlying mechanistic origins. Further studies are needed to better characterize the connection between acidbase status and animal fitness in various marine species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: graph. Darst
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    URL: http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/6414w5170m873401/?p=512f5aa9d1644226a6ec4010843d2f79&pi=0
    DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0412-y
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    The Ocean in the high-CO2 world II (2008)
    Kaltenburg-Lindau [u.a.] : Copernicus
    Details Availability
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: Getr. Zählung
    Series Statement: Biogeosciences 2009,spec. issue
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hsp70 is not a sensitive indicator of thermal limitation in Gadus morhua (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 67 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The levels of heat-shock proteins of the 70 kDa family (Hsp70s) were measured in different soft tissues of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua from different locations and after exposure to various thermal conditions: acute temperature increments (1° C day−1), mid-term (73 days at 4–15° C) and long-term thermal acclimation (278 days at 8–15° C), and seasonal and latitudinal temperature variations (field samples). Tissue specific distribution patterns of Hsp70s were observed: liver 〉 gills 〉 red blood cells 〉 brain 〉 white muscle. Thus, different tissues may have required different levels of protection by Hsp70s, and possibly this was related to the rate of protein synthesis. There were no differences in tissue Hsp70s between Arctic cod populations (Arctic, i.e. Barents and White Seas, Norwegian coast, and North or Baltic Seas). No changes in Hsp70s levels were observed in response to temperature variation of any intensity (acute fluctuation or seasonal and latitudinal) within the range of physiological temperatures (4–15° C) in wild and laboratory Atlantic cod. This confirms previous observations that changes in Hsp70 caused by such temperature variation are often small in fishes. Probably, the constitutive level of Hsp70s in Atlantic cod was high enough to overcome potentially harmful effects of temperature variations within the physiological range. A suppressing effect of high temperature (15° C) has already been observed at a systematic level (as reduced rate of somatic growth), whereas it is not reflected in modified Hsp70s. Therefore, Hsp70s apparently played a secondary role in defining thermal tolerance limits in Atlantic cod. These conclusions are in line with a recent concept of thermal tolerance which indicated that the first line of thermal limitation in the cold and warm is a loss in aerobic scope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00778.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature-dependent changes in energy metabolism, intracellular pH and blood oxygen tension in the Atlantic cod (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 62 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of acute increase in temperature on oxygen partial pressure (Po2) was measured in the gill arches of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua between 10 and 19° C by use of oxygen microoptodes. Oxygen saturation of the gill blood under control conditions varied between 90 and 15% reflecting a variable percentage of arterial or venous blood in accordance with the position of each optode in the gill arch. The data obtained suggested that arterial Po2 remained more or less constant and arterial oxygen uptake did not become limiting during warming. A progressive drop in venous Po2, however, was observed at 〉10° C indicating that excessive oxygen uptake from the blood is not fully compensated for by circulatory performance, until finally, Po2 levels fully collapse. In a second set of experiments energy and acid–base status of white muscle of Atlantic cod in vivo was measured by magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy in unanaesthetized and unimmobilized fish in the temperature range between 13 and 21° C. A decrease in white muscle intracellular pH (pHi) with temperature occurred between 10 and 16° C (ΔpH per ° C = −0·025 per ° C). In white muscle temperature changes had no influence on high-energy phosphates such as phosphocreatine (PCr) or ATP except during exposure to high critical temperatures (〉16° C), indicating that white muscle energy status appears to be relatively insensitive to thermal stress if compared to the thermal sensitivity of the whole animal. The data were consistent with the hypothesis of an oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance in animals, which is set by limited capacity of oxygen supply mechanisms. In the case of Atlantic cod circulatory rather than ventilatory performance may be the first process to cause oxygen deficiency during heat stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00099.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular pH and energy metabolism in the highly stenothermal Antarctic bivalve Limopsis marionensis as a function of ambient temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Polar biology 22 (1999), S. 17-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and in the acid-base and energy status of various tissues were investigated in the cold stenothermal Antarctic bivalve, Limopsis marionensis, and compared to similar data in the limpet, Nacella concinna, for an assessment of thermal sensitivity. Oxygen consumption of L. marionensis varied between −1.5 and 2°C with a Q 10 of 2.2. Ammonia excretion could only be detected in animals exposed to elevated temperature for periods in excess of 45 days and close to death and it is interpreted as the onset of protein and amino acid catabolism with starvation under temperature stress. In L. marionensis any change in temperature as well as starvation stress at constant temperature induced a decrease in phospho-l-arginine and ATP levels. However, only temperature stress resulted in a drop in the Gibb's free energy change of ATP hydrolysis. Intracellular pH rose in all tissues during upward or downward temperature changes of only 1.5 or 2°C for 24 h with a concomitant trend to accumulate succinate and acetate in the tissues. These changes are seen to reflect disturbances of the tissue acid-base and energy status with any under- or overshoot in aerobic metabolic rate during a temperature decrease or increase. Elevated temperature at 2°C during 2 weeks of incubation resulted in continued net ATP depletion, at low levels of ATP free energy. This indicates long-term stress, which was also mirrored in the inability to establish a new steady-state mean rate of oxygen consumption. Incubation at even higher temperatures of 4 and 7°C led to an aggravation of energetic stress and transition to an intracellular acidosis, as well as a fall in oxygen consumption. In N. concinna a drop in energy levels was also visible at 2°C but was compensated for during long-term incubation. In conclusion, L. marionensis will be able to compensate for a temperature change only in a very narrow range whereas the thermal tolerance window is much wider in N. concinna. The inability of the metabolic rate to rise continually and the concomitant transition to anaerobic metabolism and long-term energetic stress characterize the upper critical temperature. Stenothermality is discussed, not only as reflecting the permanent and very stable low temperature in the natural environment, but also regarding dif- ferences in the level of activity and aerobic scope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050386
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extra- and intracellular acid-base balance and ionic regulation in cod (Gadus morhua ) during combined and isolated exposures to hypercapnia and copper (1997)
    Springer
    Marine biology 128 (1997), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to hypercapnia (water Pco2 = 7.5 mmHg), elevated copper level (0.4 ppm) or a combination of both in order to study extra- and intracellular acid-base regulation and the influence hereupon of copper. During pure hypercapnia, the extracellular respiratory acidosis was completely compensated within 12 to 24 h via a chloride-mediated increase in extracellular [HCO3 −]. Exposure to copper in normocapnic seawater caused a large and progressive increase in plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] and a metabolic acidosis. Exposure to copper in hypercapnic seawater was associated with smaller elevations of plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] than in normocapnic seawater, showing that hypercapnia had a protective effect on the copper-induced osmoregulatory disturbances. The compensation of the hypercapnic acidosis was, however, slow and incomplete in fish exposed to both copper and hypercapnia. Extracellular pH remained depressed by 0.3 pH units after 72 h. The data reveal that acid-base regulation was immediately and persistently inhibited by copper. The limited acid-base regulation during combined copper and hypercapnia exposure was chloride-mediated as during hypercapnia alone. Intracellular pH recovery was complete and very rapid in ventricular and skeletal muscle tissues during environmental hypercapnia, whereas acid-base compensation in liver tissue was slower, the kinetics being similar to that in the extracellular compartment. Intracellular pH compensation was significantly slowed down by copper. Copper concentration increased drastically in gill tissue already at 3 h, while copper concentrations in liver, muscle and plasma were significantly elevated only after 48 h, with liver showing the largest elevation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050099
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic adaptation of the intertidal worm Sipunculus nudus to functional and environmental hypoxia (1984)
    Springer
    Marine biology 79 (1984), S. 237-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The scope of anaerobic metabolism of Sipunculus nudus L. was assessed from the maximal activities of some enzymes of the intermediary metabolism and from the concentration of some metabolites accumulated during enhanced muscular activity and during prolonged experimental hypoxia. (1) Maximal enzyme activities demonstrate that the scope of anaerobic glycolysis, as indicated by maximal activities of glycogen phosphorylase (0.84 U g-1 fresh wt), far exceeds the aerobic capacity, which is assumed not to surpass the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (0.09 U g-1 fresh wt). Three pyruvate reductase activities (alanopine-, strombine- and octopine dehydrogenase) can possibly terminate anaerobic glycolysis. (2) During muscular activity, energy is provided by the degradation of phospho-L-arginine and by anaerobic glycolysis. Octopine is the major endproduct during functional anaerobiosis while the formation of strombine is less pronounced. (3) During exposure to a nitrogen atmosphere, several anaerobic endproducts are found to accumulate. Anaerobic glycolysis is terminated by strombine synthesis. This opine accumulates in concentrations much higher than octopine. In addition the concentrations of succinate, propionate and acetate are found to increase in tissues, and/or in the coelomic fluid and the incubation water. (4) The relative contribution of energy by the different anaerobic metabolic pathways are estimated during functional and environmental hypoxia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393255
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobiosis and acid-base status in marine invertebrates: effect of environmental hypoxia on extracellular and intracellular pH inSipunculus nudus L. (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 155 (1984), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra- and extracellular acid-base status was investigated during prolonged experimental anaerobiosis inSipunculus nudus L. An acidosis could not be observed during the first 6–12 h of anaerobiosis, in contrast, a slight alkalosis developed in both extra- and intracellular body compartments. Extra- and intracellular pH only started to decrease gradually after 12 h of environmental hypoxia as an expression of a non-compensated non-respiratory acidosis. The initial alkalosis associated with a positive base excess is interpreted as being due to the concomitant degradation of phospho-l-arginine (Pörtner et al. 1984a). The amount of succinate, propionate, and acetate accumulated in the extracellular fluid (coelomic plasma) could not be correlated quantitatively with a concomitant negative base excess. This discrepancy suggests that protons and anionic metabolites are distributed between various body compartments according to different equilibria and kinetics. Comparison of the changes in the acid-base status with the concentration changes of characteristic anaerobic metabolites (Pörtner et al. 1984a) indicates that (at least inSipunculus nudus) pHi is not the crucial factor initiating the observed shift of the metabolite flux from the Embden-Meyerhofpathway towards the succinate-propionate pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688786
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy metabolism and ATP free-energy change of the intertidal worm Sipunculus nudus below a critical temperature (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1996), S. 492-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Cold-induced anaerobiosis ; Acid-base status ; Blood gas parameters ; Gibb’s free-energy change of ATP hydrolysis ; Intracellular pH ; Critical temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The intertidal worm Sipunculus nudus was exposed to various temperatures for an analysis of the integrated changes in energy and acid-base status. Animals were incubated in sea water or maintained for up to 8 days at 4 and 0 °C while dwelling in the sediment. Cannulation of the animals prior to experimentation allowed the analysis of blood gas parameters (P O2, P CO2 and pH). P O2 fell to 0 torr within 8 days at 0 °C. A simultaneous reduction of ventilatory activity was derived from measurements of the pattern of coelomic fluid pressure changes associated with ventilatory movements. The increase in P CO2 and an onset of anaerobic metabolism, indicated by the accumulation of end products like acetate and propionate both in the coelomic fluid and the body wall musculature, led to the development of a progressive acidosis and a deviation from the alphastat regulation of intracellular pH seen in unburied animals. The drop in intracellular pH together with the depletion of the adenylates and the phosphagen, phospho-L-arginine, reflect a significant decrease in the Gibb’s free-energy change of ATP hydrolysis. These changes are interpreted to indicate lethal cold injuries, because recovery was not possible when the animals were returned to 12 °C after more than 2 days of exposure to 0 °C. A low critical temperature indicating the onset of cold-induced anaerobiosis is concluded to exist below 4 °C owing to the insufficient response of the ventilatory system to the developing hypoxia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050037
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