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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early Indicators of Male Reproductive Toxicity (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 8 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Longitudinal data were analyzed for seminal characteristics of rhesus monkeys and beagles. The monkeys were exposed to DBCP; the beagles were exposed to acute or chronic whole body gamma irradiation. The semen was analyzed for volume and sperm concentration. Sperm were measured for percent motility, swimming speed, and head dimensions. Abnormalities of the sperm tail were also noted. All treatments resulted in measurable effects on the semen parameters. Sperm production, as evaluated by seminal sperm concentration or total sperm numbers in the ejaculate, was as informative of testicular toxicity as any other parameter or combination of parameters. A consistent finding was that changes in sperm output occurred concomitantly with changes in sperm motility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01150.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunologic infertility in the male (1986)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 4 (1986), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is increased awareness of the role of immunologic factors in the production of male infertility. It is important to recognize and identify the immunoglobulin class and to attempt to demonstrate the mechanisms by which these immunoglobulins exert their effect on the human spermatozoan. There is most likely a spectrum of effects which are seen at various points in the reproductive tract. The use of high and low dose steroids for immunosuppression as well as sperm “washing” provide the best forms of therapy currently available, but a more universally effective form of therapy needs to be developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326398
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separate effects of caffeine and dbcAMP on macaque sperm motility and interaction with the zona pellucidaSupported in part by Contraceptive Research and Development program grant CSA-88-018 and RR00169. (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 37 (1994), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Macaca fasicularis ; Semen ; Capacitation ; Zona binding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Capacitation of macaque sperm with caffeine and dbcAMP is required for fertilization in vitro. This study determined the separate effects of caffeine and dbcAMP on sperm-zona pellucida binding and the acrosome reaction of zona bound sperm. Semen from 6 cynomolgus macaques was washed through 60% Percoll, resuspended, and washed with BWW media and incubated for 2.5 hr. Caffeine, dbcAMP (2 mM each), or both (1 mM each) were added to aliquots of the sperm suspensions. Immature macaque oocytes were placed into drops of sperm suspensions, coincubated with sperm for 30 sec, and either fixed immediately or removed to sperm-free media and incubated 1 hr before fixation. There were no significant diffences between groups in the percentage of live, acrosome-reacted sperm in suspension. Treatment with caffeine and dbcAMP or with caffeine alone, significantly increased the number of sperm bound to each zona pellucida (96 ± 16 and 81 ± 17, respectively) compared to control and dbcAMP treatment (15 ± 4 and 28 ± 13). However, treatment with dbcAMP, alone and with caffeine, resulted in a higher percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm on the zona (15.2 ± 2.1 and 9.0 ± 0.6) than control or caffeine treatment (3.0 ± 1.4 and 2.4 ± 0.5). Effects on sperm motility consistent with hyperactivation were detected only when both caffeine and dbcAMP were present. Although both caffeine and dbcAMP are presumed to increase or to produce the same effects as increased intracellular cAMP levels, these compounds have different effects on the ability of sperm to bind to the zona and to undergo the acrosome reaction. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080370309
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycoconjugates of the human sperm surface: Distribution and alterations that accompany capacitation in vitro (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 16 (1987), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: lectins ; plasma membrane ; spermatozoa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied changes in the binding of fluoresceinated lectins to human sperm during in vitro capacitation. We first determined the surface labeling pattern of viable sperm obtained by the swim-up procedure. Sperm were labeled with 100 μg/ml FITC-conjugated lectin at 4°C for 30 min. We simultaneously used Hoechst stain 33258 as a supravital stain to help differentiate surface from intracellular lectin labeling. Of 14 lectins studied, six (phytohemagglutinin-E, concanavalin A, Ricinus communis agglutinin-I, and the lectins of wheat germ, Lens culinaris, and Pisum sativum) bound to the entire surface of sperm, sometimes with minor local heterogeneity. Three lectins (from peanut, Maclura pomifera, and soybean) usually bound in a punctate manner, with more label on the tail than on the head. Five lectins (Ulex europaeus, Dolichos biflorus, Helix pomatia, and Vicia villosa lectins, and lectin II of Griffonia simplicifolia) bound very poorly or not at all to the sperm surface. Sperm were also inspected for changes in surface lectin binding patterns after 0, 5, and 23 hr of incubation in a capacitating medium. Two lectins showed reproducible changes. The labeling by Maclura pomifera agglutinin decreased by 5 hr in eight of ten experiments, and among sperm labeled with concanavalin A, the incidence of sperm with a highly fluorescent anterior margin of the sperm head increased by about 3.5-fold between 0 and 5 hr. The labeling pattern of the other lectins did not change.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120160104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acrosomal function of human spermatozoa with normal and abnormal head morphology (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 24 (1989), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: human sperm ; sperm morphology ; acrosome reaction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In previous studies we have shown differences in the function of morphologically normal and abnormal sperm by evaluating their flagellar movements and swimming trajectories. In this study we have compared the capability of morphologically normal and abnormal human sperm to undergo an acrosome reaction after incubation with human follicular fluid. Semen samples were studied from 6 research donors and 21 semen evaluation patients. All men had normal semen by clinical criteria. Semen was prepared either by a two-step Percoll gradient centrifugation or the sperm werediluted, washed, and centrifuged three times. Sperm suspensions were incubated for 24 hours in a modified Tyrode's medium, containing 2.6% bovine serum albumin, prior to dilution with human follicuiar fluid. The percentage of acrosome reactions among viable sperm was assessed after 15 minutes using the supra vital Hoescht stain and fluoresceinated pea lectin. Sperm head size was measured with an ocular micrometer and normal values were defined as length 3-5 μm and width 2-3 μm. At least 25 viable normal sperm, and 25 viable abnormal sperm were analyzed for acrosome reactions on each slide. With Percoll separation the percentage of acrosome reactions (mean ± sem) for normal sperm was 38i ± 3% vs. 22 ± 2% for abnormal sperm (P 〈 0.005). After washing, the comparable values were 12 ± 1 % vs. 5 ± 1 % (P 〈 0.005). The incidence of spontaneous acrosome reactions (24 hours of incubation, no follicular fluid) was also higher for normal sperm than abnormal sperm (9 ± 1 % vs. 4 ± 1 %, P 〈 0.01). These data demonstrate an association between normal sperm morphology and acrosomal function.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120240109
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasound-guided transfundal uterine sperm recovery from Macaca fascicularis (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 24 (1989), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: uterine fluid ; sperm transport ; macaques ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous studies from this center have indicated that the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) may serve as a model for human sperm interaction with the cervix and uterus. In some macaque species, transcervical aspiration of the uterine contents carries a significant risk of disturbing the cervical milieu due to the serpentine nature of the cervix. The only alternatives have been surgical procedures such as laparotomy or laparoscopy. In this paper, we report our experience with a new technique for ultrasound-guided sampling of spermatozoa in the macaque uterus. Twenty adult female cynomolgus macaques were monitored for menses (first day of menses = day l), and one mating per cycle was allowed on day 10, 11, or 12. In one group of ten animals, cervical mucus was sampled at 3 or 18 hr postcoitus (pc) and ultrasound-guided uterine aspiration was performed at 24 hours pc. In a second group of ten monkeys, uterine aspiration was at six hr pc and sperm numbers and motility were counted in the uterine fluid. Uterine fluid was obtained from fourteen of twenty monkeys. Pregnancy occurred in ten of the twenty experimental cycles. Ultrasound-guided uterine aspiration appears to be a reliable method for the evaluation of sperm transport in female macaques. The correlations between uterine sperm recovery and cervical mucus sperm populations arc discussed. The high conception rate in treatment cycles indicates that this procedure can be performed without apparent risk to pregnancy.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120240308
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movement of cynomolgus and rhesus monkey spermatozoa collected from the lower female reproductive tract (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 24 (1989), S. 333-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: cervical mucus ; motility of sperm ; hyperactivation of sperm ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Postcoital (pc) cervical mucus was collected in 73 menstrual cycles of cynomolgus monkeys and in 43 cycles of rhesus monkeys at 2,6,10,30 hr pc. Videomicrography was used to analyze sperm numbers and movement in the mucus. Both cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys had comparable populations of motile sperm in the mucus at 2 hr pc. However, by 6 hr pc, cervical mucus from cynomolgus monkeys contained twice as many total sperm and motile sperm as mucus from rhesus monkeys (P 〈.05). Mean swimming speeds of the free-swimming cervical sperm were similar for the two species at this time. No motile sperm were recovered in mucus from rhesus monkeys at 30 hr pc. In cynomolgus monkeys, however, 14 of the 26 animals examined at 30 hr pc had motile sperm in their mucus. These sperm exhibited lower percent molility, percent free-swimming sperm, and swimming speed than those sperm observed at 6 hr pc. Uterine sperm were collected by transcervical or transuterine aspiration from cynomolgus monkeys. In the transcervical technique, sperm were successfully obtained in four of nine animals examined at 6 hr and in four of five animals at 30 hr pc. The percentage of motile sperm in the uterine fluid was high, 82% ± 4%, and the swimming speeds (86 ± 2μm/sec) were higher than those observed in cervical mucus. Approximately 5-10% of the uterine sperm exhibited swimming motions similar to the hyperactivated motility seen in most mammals. These findings indicate that the sperm cervical mucus interaction in vivo in cynomolgus monkeys has more similarities to the human situation than does the interaction in rhesus monkeys.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120240309
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration of the human sperm surface during in vitro capacitation as assessed by lectin-induced agglutination (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 12 (1985), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: lectins ; sperm ; capacitation ; plasma membrane ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Human sperm incubated in vitro in BWW medium containing 35 mg/ml human serum albumin acquire the capacity to penetrate the human zona pellucida and to fuse with the zona-free hamster oocyte. We have studied changes in lectin-induced agglutination of human sperm during incubation in this medium to detect alterations in the sperm surface which may be correlated with the acquisition of these functions. Sperm incubated for 1, 6, or 24 hr were combined with two-fold dilutions of lectins for 30 min at 37°C, in 5% CO2, balance air. When pooled data from five donors were analyzed, the average sperm agglutination titer of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), phytohemagglutinin-E (PHA), Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA) was found to increase significantly (P ≤ 0.06) with incubation in vitro, although there was considerable variation between ejaculates. Ulex europaeus and Dolichos biflorus agglutinins did not agglutinate human sperm (≤250 μg/ml). Results of this screening demonstrate the alteration of sperm surface components during in vitro incubation and suggest that WGA, PHA, LCA, and PSA may prove useful in efforts to correlate changes in the sperm surface with the ability of the sperm to fertilize the egg.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120120307
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors regulating mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive tract and oocyte vestments (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 22 (1989), S. 443-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: sperm ; transport ; mucus ; cumulus ; zona pellucida ; fertilization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mechanisms of mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive tract and ovum vestments are described. The perspective is biophysical as well as biochemical and morphological, and the focus is upon the role of sperm motility in these processes. Sperm forward progression is characterized as an interactive process between the the cell and its environment, and the mediation of flagellar bend propagation by the physical properties of its surroundings is described. These properties, together with flagellar beat kinematics, sperm morphology, and surface properties, determine the magnitude of the forces generated by sperm and their consequent rate of progression. Sperm interactions with the cervical mucus, the cumulus oophorus, and the zona pellucida are described. The poorly understood affinity of the sperm surface for the macromolecules of the mucus, cumulus, and zona is stressed, as is the viscoelastic structural mechanical resistance of these biopolymers to sperm motion. The kinematics and consequences of hyperactivated sperm motion are presented, with emphasis on objective characterization of such motion (as a biomarker), along with analysis of the mechanical advantage that such motion may confer on spermatozoa during egg-vestment interaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120220410
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two simple methods for detecting acrosome-reacted human sperm (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 15 (1986), S. 213-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: acrosome reaction ; lectin ; spermatozoa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe two methods for detecting acrosome reactions of human sperm at the light microscopic level. The techniques include the use of a supravital stain to detect dead sperm in order to differentiate between “physiological” and “degenerative” acrosome reactions. Sperm are incubated with the supravital stain Hoechst 33258 (a fluorescent DNA-binding dye with limited membrane permeability), washed, suspended in 95% ethanol for fixation and permeabilization, and dried onto slides. The sperm are then labeled either by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit anti-human sperm antiserum or with fluoresceinated Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA). Both probes intensely label the acrosomal region of acrosome-intact sperm. Electron microscopy revealed the major site of PSA binding to be the acrosomal contents. Acrosome-reacted sperm have diminished acrosomal labeling by both probes; sperm with nuclei labeled by Hoechst stain are considered nonviable, and are excluded from the assay. Both assays are rapid, give similar results, and detect an increase in acrosome reactions following exposure to the ionophore A23187.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120150303
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