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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic parameters for agronomic traits of triticale and other small-grain cereals grown on aluminium-toxic soil in southern Brazil (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 119 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Aluminium (Al) toxicity is a major limiting factor for plant production on acid soils. Breeding of adapted genotypes presents an alternative to corrective lime application. This study estimated genetic and non-genetic components of variation, heritabilities, and trait correlations for 20 triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes grown for 2 years on naturally acidic, Al-toxic (pH 4.4) and lime-amended soils (pH 5.0 and 6.3). Eight traits were assessed. A 51% mean reduction in grain yield as a result of soil acidity was due to 27% fewer grains/spike, 11% fewer spikes/m2 and 7% reduced 1000-grain weight. Genotypes were the most important source of variation for nearly all traits in the combined analysis across years. Genotype × lime interaction was relevant only for certain traits in a particular year. Despite a substantial genotype × year interaction, the general ranking of genotypes for acid-soil tolerance did not change across years. Genotypic variation was higher on acidic than on lime-amended soil. Heritability estimates were similar at the two extreme pH levels. Results suggest that in triticale a wide variation for adaptation to soil acidity exists. Selection under stress appears more effective than under optimal conditions. A visual plant-development-stress-symptom rating can be used to select indirectly for grain yield in a breeding programme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00492.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and other agronomic traits in winter triticale (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 122 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Hybrid breeding is a widely discussed alternative for triticale. Heterosis as well as general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were estimated for eight agronomic traits. The experiment comprised 24 F1 hybrids, produced by a chemical hybridizing agent, together with their six female and four male parents, grown in drilled plots in two locations. In comparison with the mid-parent values, hybrids averaged a 6.4 dt/ha (10.1%) higher grain yield, 8.4% more kernels per spike, a 6.8% higher 1000-kernel weight, 9.7% lower falling number (FN) and 4.4% greater plant height. SCA effects for grain yield were significant and ranged from 4.5 to 6.9 dt/ha for grain yield. Together with GCA x location interactions, they explained most of the variation. For 1000-kernel weight, GCA effects were predominant. SCA and interactions with location accounted for most of the variation in FN, whereas interactions were negligible for plant height. Correlations between mid-parent and hybrid performance and between GCA and per se performance of parents were tight for all traits except grain yield, which allows for pre-selection of parental lines. Although the amount of heterosis in triticale at present is closer to wheat than to rye, by selecting parents for combining ability and identifying heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of up to 20% appears sufficiently encouraging to embark on hybrid breeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00877.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation and covariation of agronomic traits and quality in triticale at low nitrogen input (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 115 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The use of high nitrogen (N) inputs is becoming restricted in many countries due to environmental and economic considerations and reliable information is needed about parameters pertinent for breeding N-use efficient triticales (x Triticosecale Wittmack). This study reports estimates of variances, heritabilities, correlations, and regression for 36 triticales, grown at three locations for 2 years with two N regimes (zero and normal N supply). Eleven traits were assessed. A 45% mean reduction in grain yield by low N input was mainly the result of a 25% lower number of tiller-bearing spikes per m2 and 17% fewer kernels per spike, whereas 1000-kernel weight was little affected. Genotype-nitrogen interaction was of importance only in some environments and for certain traits. Heritability estimates at both N levels were similar and moderate to high. Correlations between N levels were high for nearly all traits. Regression analysis for grain yield revealed only few N-efficient triticales with lower than unity slope together with a high grain yield. Based on the genetic parameters, it is concluded that a special low input breeding programme does not appear to be necessary in triticale. The breeder can select at either of the N levels with similar response. But he should include tests in low productivity environments at some early stages in the breeding process to avoid loss of genetic variation for N-use efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1996.tb00954.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimates of additive and dominance effects for Fusarium head blight resistance of winter triticale (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 123 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The most effective strategy to control Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease of small-grain cereals, is breeding resistant cultivars. This resistance study of F1 crosses, F2 and backcross generations of triticale estimates heterosis, general and specific combining ability (GCA, SCA), additive and dominance effects and compares parents with segregating generations. The genetic material consisted of 10 parents with their 45 F1 crosses and of six parents with their 15 F2 progeny and backcrosses to each parent. Genotypes were grown in various environments and artificially inoculated with an aggressive isolate of F. culmorum. FHB was assessed, by visual rating, as the mean of four to five individual ratings of disease development. Heterosis for FHB was of little importance. The correlation between the FHB rating of F1 crosses and their mid-parent performance was close. GCA was the predominant source of variation, although the significance of the SCA variance also implied non-additive allelic interaction. The preponderance of additive gene effects is encouraging for increasing resistance by a recurrent selection programme. The relationship between the GCA effect of a parent and its per se performance was close, which gives the possibility of predicting FHB resistance in F1 crosses. Additive effects were predominant in the F2 progeny and also in the backcrosses. Transgressive segregants could not be detected. Searching for them should be postponed to the F3 or later generations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2004.01010.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotypic variation for resistance to Septoria nodorum in triticale (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 119 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Septoria nodorum leaf and glume blotch is an important disease of triticale (×_Triticosecale Wittm.) and can cause severe losses of grain yield in some regions. Quantitative genetic parameters for resistance were estimated for 2 years in two locations in triticale genotypes artificially inoculated with S. nodorum. The effect of infection was assessed by a visual symptom rating of flag leaves and spikes and by grain yield traits relative to an uninoculated control. The mean ratings of flag leaves and spikes, calculated from two to four ratings, were 2.6 and 3.9, respectively, with a range of six ratings for spikes and over five for flag leaves. Infection caused an 11.5% mean reduction in kernel weight per spike, which was the result of 13.2% lower 1000-kernel weight. The number of kernels per spike and 50-ml weight were little affected. For all relative grain yield traits, genotypic variation was small with high genotype-environment interaction effects and thus moderate to low heritabilities. In contrast, for visual ratings genotypic variation was high, with low interaction effects leading to high heritabilities. Phenotypic correlation between flag leaf and spike ratings was low, indicating independent disease resistance mechanisms. The best association, although still moderate, was obtained between flag leaf rating and relative 1000-kernel weight. Therefore, visual disease ratings do not satisfactorily assess the effect of Septoria infection on grain yield traits. The reduction in 1000-kernel and possibly 50-ml weight are good indicators, provided that multi-environment tests are conducted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00519.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterosis in Primary Hexaploid Triticale with Heterozygous Wheat or Rye Genome (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 100 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Twelve primary hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), synthesized from, three lines of tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum L., T. turgidum L.) and four inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.), were used to produce 18 crosses with homozygous wheat and heterozygous rye genome and 12 crosses with heterozygous wheat and homozygous rye genome. Parents and crosses of triticale, wheat, and rye were tested for two years (rye for one year only) in two-replicate block designs with 1 m2-plots. Data were assessed for plant height, grain yield and for yield-related traits.Performance of triticale crosses was considerably lower than that of the wheat and rye crosses. The amount of heterosis varied greatly between years. Positive and mainly significant heterosis was revealed in triticale generations F1 and F2. The average values were closer to those in wheat than to those in rye. For most characters a high level of heterosis was retained in tnucalt1 generation F2. Heterozygosity of the wheat and rye genome both contributed to heterosis in triticale. However, gene action of the rye genome strongly depended on the homozygous wheat background: one wheat line almost completely suppressed and another greatly stimulated the heterotic effect of the rye genome. In the later case, the amount of heterosis was related to that in rye per se. Information from hybrid rye breeding may therefore be used when establishing gene pools for hybrid breeding in triticale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1988.tb00235.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotypic and environmental variation of resistance to head blight in triticale inoculated with Fusarium culmorum (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 120 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a widespread disease of small-grain cereals and can cause substantial losses in grain yield. To assess quantitative genetic parameters as a basis for an efficient breeding programme for resistance, 100 triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) genotypes were tested in various environments and artificially inoculated at anthesis with an aggressive isolate of Fusarium culmorum. A visual rating (1–9 scale) was used to assess head blight infection. Five grain yield traits relative to an uninoculated control were also measured. The mean value of the average rating, calculated from four or five readings, was 4.4. It ranged from 3.0 to 5.9 and showed continuous variation. Infection caused a 48% reduction of mean kernel weight per spike, which was the result of 26% fewer kernels per spike and a 32% lower 1000-kernel weight. The 50-ml kernel weight was affected by only 20%. The range and genotypic variation was highest for relative kernel weight per spike. For all relative grain yield traits, the most important source of variation was the environment, followed by genotype-environment interaction, with genotype generally coming last. In contrast, genotypic variation was the most important factor for the disease rating, which also had the highest heritability (h2= 0.89). Phenotypic correlations between the average head blight rating and relative grain yield traits were moderate (r = 0.42–0.57). In conclusion, an average disease rating provides a quantitative assessment of resistance and is suitable for screening large numbers of genotypes. Relative kernel weight per spike gives a ranking of the genotypes that is very similar to the visual score.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00611.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterosis for yield and other agronomic traits of winter triticale F1 and F2 hybrids (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 120 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Triticale is generally treated as a self-pollinating crop and line breeding is practised. Hybrid breeding has been discussed for some time, but there is little information for winter triticale. This study investigated heterosis for eight agronomic traits in F1 and F2 hybrids grown together with their parents as drilled plots in three environments. On average, grain yield heterosis was 12.5 dt/ha (a relative 10.5%) compared with the mid-parent value for F1 hybrids, and 6.2 dt/ha (5.0%) for F2 hybrids and withawide range of 4.4–17.1 dt/ha for F1 hybrids. A positive contribution to the heterosis of yield was made by kernels/spike and 1000-kernel weight, whereas spikes/m2 showed negative heterosis. Hybrid plants in F1 and F2 were taller than mid-parents (8.3 cm and 5.3 cm, respectively), with a tendency to earlier heading. The negative heterosis for falling number in F1 and F2 hybrids could be a problem for commercial production of triticale hybrids. By selecting parents for combining ability and the identification of heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of 20% appears feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00624.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of wheat cytoplasm on the synthesis of wheat x rye hybrids (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 467-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Common wheat ; Rye inbred lines ; Alloplasmic triticale ; Wheat cytoplasm ; Wheat x rye synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four nuclear genotypes of Triticum aestivum L., each substituted into the cytoplasm of T. timococcum Kostoff, Aegilops ventricosa Tausch and T. timopheevi Zhuk., were crossed with four homozygous Secale cereale L. inbred lines to produce 48 alloplasmic octoploid primary triticales. Crossability, embryo differentiation, amphihaploid plantlet recovery in vitro, and response to colchicine treatment were investigated. It was found that in general the effects of the wheat cytoplasm on the characteristics studied were of equal importance as those of the wheat and the rye nuclear genotypes. Cytoplasm can be regarded as an additional source of variation in the synthesis of primary triticales. Cross-compatibility in wheat x rye hybrids appeared to be determined by specific parental genotypes and their nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions rather than by any general compatibility of particular nuclear genotypes and/or cytoplasms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251189
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of wheat and rye parents on agronomic characters in primary hexaploid and octoploid triticale (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 401-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: x Triticosecale Wittmack ; Triticum ssp ; Secale cereale inbred lines ; Parental effects ; Genetic parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-five hexaploid and twenty octoploid primary triticales (xTriticosecale Wittmack) derived from homozygous wheat and rye inbred lines were used (1) to investigate the parental wheat, rye, and interaction effects and (2) to estimate quantitative genetic parameters for agronomic traits. The winter triticales were tested in four environments in a three-replicate split-plot design with drilled 1 m2 plots. Superior performance of hexaploid triticales as compared to the octoploids was revealed. Substantial genetic variation and high heritability estimates were found for nearly all of the characters investigated. Estimates of wheat, rye, and wheat×rye interaction variance components disclosed parental main effects to be the most important source of genetic variation in primary triticales. The rye parent was dominant for all characters affecting fertility, and the wheat parent was more important for vegetative development. Character correlations were very similar for triticales of both ploidy levels. The lack of association between grain yield and tillering and the positive correlation between kernels per spike and thousand kernel weight indicated physiological disorders specific for primary triticales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228683
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