Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Nanotechnology for Marine Antifouling -- Advances in Nanotechnology for Marine Antifouling -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 - Biofouling: current status and challenges -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Microbiology and biofouling -- 1.2.1 Historical background -- 1.3 Classification of biofouling -- 1.3.1 Microbiofouling -- 1.3.2 Macrobiofouling -- 1.4 Steps of biofouling -- 1.5 Factors affecting biofouling -- 1.5.1 Temperature -- 1.5.2 pH -- 1.5.3 Oxygen supply -- 1.5.4 Divergence of species -- 1.5.5 Sunlight -- 1.6 Industries and biofouling -- 1.6.1 Shipping industry -- 1.6.2 Medical industry -- 1.6.3 Power industry -- 1.6.4 Automobile industry -- 1.6.5 Plastics industry -- 1.6.6 Nutrition industry -- 1.7 Need of the hour -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 - Bioinspired antifouling coatings with topographies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Marine biofouling -- 2.1.2 Biofouling mechanisms -- 2.1.3 Conventional antifouling strategies -- 2.1.4 Modern bioinspired strategies -- 2.2 Bioinspired antifouling coatings with topographies -- 2.2.1 Coatings with micro- and nanostructured topographies -- 2.2.1.1 Antifouling mechanisms of micro- and nanostructured surfaces -- 2.2.1.2 Bioinspired micro- and nanostructured coatings for combating biofouling -- Lotus-inspired coatings -- Shark-inspired coatings -- Shell-inspired coatings -- Mangrove-inspired coatings -- 2.2.2 Coatings with macroscopic topographies -- 2.2.2.1 Coatings inspired by terrestrial organisms -- 2.2.2.2 Coatings inspired by marine organisms -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Bionic marine antifouling coating -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biofouling -- 3.2.1 Fouling process -- 3.2.2 Main antifouling strategies -- 3.3 Bionic antifouling strategy -- 3.3.1 Natural antifouling agent -- 3.3.1.1 Antifouling agents derived from marine organisms. , 3.3.1.2 Antifouling agents derived from terrestrial organisms -- 3.3.2 Antibacterial coating of quaternary ammonium salt-guanidine compound -- 3.3.3 Self-polishing antifouling coating -- 3.3.4 Photocatalytic antibacterial coating -- 3.3.5 Antimicrobial peptides -- 3.4 Bionic fouling release strategy -- 3.4.1 Low-surface energy surface (organic fluorine/silicone) -- 3.4.1.1 Silicone coating -- 3.4.1.2 Organic fluorine coating -- 3.4.2 Superhydrophobic self-cleaning surface -- 3.4.3 Hydrophilic surface -- 3.4.4 Amphipathic surface -- 3.4.5 Bionic surface with microstructure -- 3.4.6 Microphase separation structure surface -- 3.4.7 Bionic slippery liquid-infused surface -- 3.4.8 Bionic fluorescent coating -- 3.5 Other bionic strategies -- 3.5.1 Electrocatalytic antifouling -- 3.6 Summary and outlook -- References -- 4 - Zwitterionic antifouling coating -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Chemical structure -- 4.3 Preparation of zwitterionic antifouling coatings -- 4.3.1 Monomeric zwitterionic antifouling coatings -- 4.3.2 Polymeric zwitterionic antifouling coatings -- 4.3.3 Zwitterion-based amphiphilic antifouling coatings -- 4.3.4 Degradable zwitterionic coatings -- 4.3.5 Other strategies -- References -- 5 - Beyond the marine antifouling activity: the environmental fate of commercial biocides and other antifouling age ... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physicochemical properties -- 5.2.1 Water solubility -- 5.2.2 Octanol-water partition -- 5.2.3 Vapor pressure -- 5.3 Environmental fate properties -- 5.3.1 Sediment-water partition -- 5.3.2 Bioconcentration factor -- 5.4 Leaching and release rate -- 5.5 Persistence -- 5.5.1 Hydrolysis -- 5.5.2 Photolysis -- 5.5.3 Biodegradation -- 5.5.4 Identification of transformation products and pathways -- 5.6 Ecotoxicity assessment -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Funding -- References. , 6 - Ceramic polymer nanocomposites as eco-friendly marine antifouling coatings -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Marine fouling organisms -- 6.3 Costs of marine biofouling -- 6.4 Antifouling coating methods -- 6.5 Nonstick fouling-release coating approach -- 6.5.1 Fluoropolymeric fouling-release coatings -- 6.5.2 Silicone-based fouling-release coatings -- 6.6 Biomimetic antifouling methods -- 6.6.1 Superhydrophobicity in nature -- 6.6.2 Characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces -- 6.7 Advanced fouling-release and self-cleaning nanocomposite coatings -- 6.7.1 Silicone reinforced with ceramic nanofillers -- 6.7.2 Silicone-graphene-ceramic nanocomposites -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 - Biodiversity of deep ocean on development of biofilms: Biofouling communities and corrosion performance of mate ... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Variations in temperature, pressure, and oxygen with depth and their influence on biodiversity -- 7.3 Ocean microbiome and metagenomics of deep-sea planktonic and biofilm communities -- 7.4 Hydrothermal vent ecosystem -- 7.5 Cold seep/knoll and continental slope ecosystem -- 7.6 Seamount ecosystems -- 7.7 Corrosion performance of metals and alloys in deep-sea environment -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 - Biofouling in the petroleum industry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Field development and petroleum infrastructure -- 8.2.1 Upstream structures -- 8.2.2 Midstream and downstream equipment -- 8.3 Biofilm formation -- 8.3.1 Facilitating conditions -- 8.3.1.1 Temperature of seawater -- 8.3.1.2 Seawater zone -- 8.3.1.3 Currents and distance to shore -- 8.3.1.4 Substrata -- 8.3.2 Communication among microorganisms -- 8.4 Macrobiofoulers -- 8.5 Oil reservoirs and microorganisms -- 8.5.1 Microbial communities in oil reservoirs -- 8.5.1.1 Sulfate-reducing bacteria -- 8.5.1.2 Fermentative ARBs -- 8.5.2 Bioclogging in oil reservoirs. , 8.5.3 Produced water -- 8.6 Midstream and downstream -- 8.6.1 Pipelines -- 8.6.2 Fuel tanks -- 8.6.3 Risk assessment and monitoring structural biofouling -- 8.7 Conventional biofouling treatment process -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- 9 - Polymer/graphene-derived nanocomposites as advanced marine antifouling coatings -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Developing of maritime fouling -- 9.3 Graphene and graphene-based materials -- 9.4 Synthesis of graphene materials -- 9.4.1 Exfoliation and mechanical cleavage -- 9.4.2 Chemical exfoliation -- 9.4.3 Chemical vapor deposition -- 9.5 Graphene-derived nanocomposites -- 9.6 Graphene materials are used to create superhydrophobic surfaces -- 9.6.1 Solution casting method -- 9.6.2 Melt-blending method -- 9.6.3 In situ polymerization method -- 9.6.4 Electrospinning -- 9.6.5 Electrodeposition -- 9.7 Polymer-graphene materials and their interactions -- 9.8 Graphene-based nanocomposites for fouling-release coatings -- 9.9 Conclusions and outlooks -- References -- 10 - Nanoparticles as an exotic antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Metal-based nanomaterials -- 10.2.1 Gold nanoparticles -- 10.2.2 Silver nanoparticles -- 10.2.2.1 Mechanism of antiviral and antimicrobial activity -- 10.2.2.2 Silver v SARS-CoV-2 -- 10.2.2.3 Food packaging -- 10.2.3 Other metallic nanoparticles -- 10.3 Metal oxide-based nanomaterials -- 10.3.1 Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 by metal oxides -- 10.3.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles in textiles -- 10.3.3 Metal oxide nanoparticles for food packaging -- 10.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials -- 10.4.1 Graphene and its derivatives -- 10.4.2 Fullerene -- 10.4.2.1 Antiviral mechanism of fullerene -- 10.4.2.2 Antimicrobial mechanism of fullerene -- 10.4.3 Polymeric nanomaterials -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 11 - Nanomaterial-based smart coatings for antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Strategies for antimicrobial surfaces -- 11.2.1 Contact-killing coatings -- 11.2.2 Antiadhesion/microbial repelling coatings -- 11.2.3 Release-based coatings -- 11.2.4 Multifunctional coatings -- 11.3 Nanomaterials in antimicrobial and antiviral smart coating -- 11.3.1 Inorganic nanomaterials -- 11.3.2 Organic nanomaterials -- 11.4 Application of nanomaterial-based antimicrobial and antiviral smart coatings -- 11.4.1 Medical devices -- 11.4.2 Health care facilities -- 11.4.3 Textiles -- 11.4.4 Food packaging -- 11.4.5 Industrial equipment -- 11.5 Challenges and future perspectives -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 - Polymeric antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral coatings -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Antimicrobial polymer coatings -- 12.3 Antimicrobial biopolymer coatings -- 12.4 Protein-based antimicrobial surfaces -- 12.5 Metal-based coating as antimicrobial disinfectant -- 12.6 Mode of action in antimicrobial polymer coatings -- 12.7 Applications -- 12.7.1 Applications of antibacterial polymeric coatings -- 12.7.2 Applications of antifungal polymeric coatings -- 12.7.3 Applications of antiviral coatings -- 12.8 Challenges -- 12.9 Safety concerns and risk mitigation -- 12.10 Conclusion and future outlook -- References -- 13 - Antifouling mechanisms in and beyond nature: leverages in realization of bioinspired biomimetic antifouling co ... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Biofouling in the marine environment -- 13.3 Wettability concepts -- 13.4 Developments in polymeric antifouling coatings -- 13.5 Natural superhydrophobic surfaces and mechanisms of bioinspired wettability -- 13.6 Effect of topographies and textures and biomimetic approaches investigated -- 13.7 Self-cleaning surfaces. , 13.8 Development of bioinspired slippery liquid-infused surfaces.

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Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 ◾ Light Pollution and Prevention: An Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Various Sources Responsible for Light Pollution -- 1.2 The Adverse Impact of Light Pollution -- 1.2.1 Increasing Energy Consumption -- 1.2.2 Ecosystem and Wildlife Disruption -- 1.2.3 The Demise of Baby Turtles -- 1.2.4 Impact on Aquatic Life -- 1.2.5 Devastating Effects of Artificial Light on Bird Species -- 1.2.6 Devastating Effects of Artificial Lights on Plants -- 1.2.7 Devastating Effects of Artificial Lights on Insects -- 1.2.8 Impact on Human Health -- 1.3 Prevention Techniques -- 1.3.1 Smart Cities -- 1.3.2 Smart Lighting -- 1.3.3 Use of LED Light -- 1.4 Innovation Based on Smart Lighting to Reduce Light Pollution -- 1.4.1 Light-Emitting Diode -- 1.4.2 Smart Street Lighting -- 1.4.3 Wireless Communication Technology Lighting -- 1.4.4 Luminaries -- 1.4.5 Artificial Intelligence-Based Lighting -- 1.5 Role of Nanotechnology in the Prevention of Light Pollution -- 1.6 Mitigating Light Pollution by Altering Outdoor Lighting -- 1.6.1 Employ LPS or LED Lights -- 1.6.2 The Light Should Be Directed Where It is Required -- 1.6.3 Lights with Bulb Caps and Shields Should Be Purchased -- 1.6.4 Direct the Light From Your Outdoor Lights Downward -- 1.6.5 Install Lights that Detect Movement -- 1.6.6 Smart Lighting Should Be Installed -- 1.7 Initiatives to Prevent Light Pollution -- 1.8 Challenges and Future Outlooks -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 ◾ Freeform Optics/Nonimaging: An Introduction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Design and Working Principle of Free Form -- 2.3 Nonimaging Optics for the Solution of Light Pollution -- 2.4 Freeform Optics in Optical Industries -- 2.5 Freeform Optics in Street Light and Automobile Transportation. , 2.6 Freeform Optics in Space Application -- 2.7 Freeform Optics for Other Industries -- 2.8 Advantages of Freeform Optic Surface -- 2.9 Limitations of Freeform Optic Surface -- 2.10 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 ◾ Current Status of Light Pollution and Approaches for their Prevention -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Light Pollution -- 3.2.1 Billboards -- 3.2.2 Car Headlights -- 3.2.3 Spotlights -- 3.2.4 Street Lights -- 3.2.5 The Consciousness of Light Pollution -- 3.3 Types of Light Pollution -- 3.3.1 Over-Illumination -- 3.3.2 Clutter -- 3.3.3 Light Trespass -- 3.3.4 Skyglow -- 3.3.5 Glare -- 3.4 Impacts of Light Pollution -- 3.4.1 Effects on Human Health and Psychology -- 3.4.2 Effect on Plants -- 3.4.3 Effect on Animals -- 3.4.3.1 Fear of Birds -- 3.4.3.2 Fear to Sea Turtles -- 3.4.3.3 Fear to Fish -- 3.4.4 Effect on Astronomy -- 3.5 Common Impacts -- 3.5.1 Depression and Sleep Disorder -- 3.5.2 Weight Gain and Eating Disorder -- 3.5.3 Tumors -- 3.5.4 Reproductive Output and Pollination -- 3.5.5 Locomotion, Orientation, and Trajectory -- 3.6 Methods to Reduce Light Pollution -- 3.6.1 Light Shields -- 3.6.2 Planning System -- 3.6.3 Sports Arenas -- 3.6.4 Lighthouses -- 3.6.5 Lights at Sea -- 3.6.6 Education -- 3.6.7 Light Restriction and Conservation During the Peak of Fledging -- 3.6.8 Turning Lights off Using a Timer and Occupancy Sensor -- 3.6.9 Alternatives to Road Lighting -- 3.6.10 Full Cut-off Lighting Equipment -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 ◾ Sources, Impact, and Perspective of Light Pollution -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Light Pollution -- 4.2.1 Light Pollution Caused by Urban Progress -- 4.2.2 Light Pollution Caused by Shift Work -- 4.3 Impacts of Light Pollution on Health -- 4.3.1 Light Pollution-Induced Eye Damage -- 4.3.2 Physiological Impacts of Light Pollution -- 4.3.2.1 Behavioral Effect. , 4.3.2.2 Metabolic Disturbance -- 4.3.2.3 Immunological Dysfunction -- 4.3.2.4 Testosterone Levels (T) -- 4.3.2.5 Locomotor Activity -- 4.3.3 Light Pollution-Induced Cancer Disease -- 4.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5 ◾ Health Impacts/Risks of Light Pollution -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classification of LP -- 5.2.1 Light Trespass -- 5.2.2 Over-illumination -- 5.2.3 Glare -- 5.2.3.1 Blinding Glare -- 5.2.3.2 Disability Glare -- 5.2.3.3 Discomfort Glare -- 5.2.4 Light Clutter -- 5.2.5 SkyGlow -- 5.3 Causes of LP -- 5.3.1 Poor Planning -- 5.3.2 Irresponsible Use -- 5.3.3 Overpopulation -- 5.3.4 Excessive Use of Light -- 5.3.5 Smog and Clouds -- 5.3.6 Nighttime Lightning -- 5.3.7 Downtown Areas -- 5.4 Growth of LP -- 5.5 Adverse Effects of LP -- 5.5.1 Impact on Humans -- 5.5.2 Impact on Astronomy -- 5.5.3 Impact on Plants -- 5.5.4 Impact on Animals -- 5.5.5 Impact on Air Pollution -- 5.5.6 Impact on Economic Sustainability -- 5.6 Fundamentals and Economics of LP -- 5.7 Prevention and Policies of LP -- 5.8 Recommendations to Reduce LPs -- 5.9 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6 ◾ Light Pollution: Adverse Health Impacts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification of Light Pollution -- 6.2.1 Anthropogenic Sky Glow -- 6.2.2 Glare -- 6.2.3 Light Trespass -- 6.2.4 Over-illumination -- 6.2.5 Light Clutter -- 6.3 Impact on the Health of Living Beings -- 6.3.1 Consequences of Excessive Artificial Light on Plants -- 6.3.2 Consequences of Excessive Artificial Light on Animals -- 6.3.2.1 Threat to Birds -- 6.3.2.2 Threat to Sea Turtles -- 6.3.2.3 Threat to Fish -- 6.3.3 Consequences of Excessive Artificial Light on Human Health -- 6.3.3.1 Cancer -- 6.3.3.2 Retina of the Eyes/Visual Impairment -- 6.3.3.3 Sleeplessness, Mood, and Fatigue -- 6.3.3.4 Endocrine System -- 6.3.3.5 Fitness and Physique -- 6.3.3.6 Fatality. , 6.4 Causes of Light Pollution -- 6.4.1 Poor Structural Designs -- 6.4.2 Unsystematic Lightning -- 6.4.3 Overpopulation -- 6.4.4 Urbanization -- 6.4.5 Excessive Use of Light Sources -- 6.4.6 Smog, Fog, and Clouds -- 6.4.7 Lack of Awareness -- 6.5 Recommendations for Reduction of Light Pollution -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 ◾ Environmental Aspects of Light Pollution -- 7.1 The Effect of Light on Plants -- 7.2 The Effect of Light on Animals -- 7.2.1 Birds -- 7.2.2 Reptiles -- 7.2.3 Amphibian -- 7.2.4 Fish -- 7.2.5 Invertebrates -- 7.3 The Effect of Light on Humans -- 7.4 Conclusion -- Reference -- Chapter 8 ◾ Social, Economic, and Ecological Impacts of Light Pollution -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Light Pollution and Its Impacts -- 8.2.1 What is Light Pollution? -- 8.2.2 What are The Sources of Light Pollution? -- 8.2.3 Social Impact of Light Pollution -- 8.2.3.1 Impacts on Livability -- 8.2.3.2 The Socio-cultural Impacts -- 8.2.3.3 Aesthetic Impacts -- 8.2.3.4 Lighting, Crime, and Safety -- 8.2.4 Economic Impacts -- 8.2.5 Ecological Impact -- 8.2.5.1 Impact on Wildlife -- 8.2.5.2 Impact on Plant Species -- 8.3 Discussion -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 ◾ Smart Nanomaterials usage for Artic fi ial Skydome -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Does Light Pollution Affect the Economy? -- 9.3 Effect of Skydome -- 9.4 Artificial Sky and Control of the Light -- 9.5 Type of Skydome -- 9.5.1 Mirror Box Skydome -- 9.5.2 Reflectors Skydome -- 9.5.3 Illustration of Artificial Skydome -- 9.6 Various Types of Heliodon -- 9.7 Controlling the Skydome Light -- 9.8 Skydome Materials for Improved Lighting -- 9.9 Smart Nanomaterial in Skydome Light Tuning -- 9.10 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 ◾ Smart Materials and Devices for Human-Centric Lighting -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Internet of Things for Human-Centric Lighting. , 10.3 Advanced Organic Light-Emitting Diode Lighting for Human-Centric Lighting -- 10.4 Optimizing Spectra and Tunable White Light in Light-Emitting Diode Lighting System for Human-Centric Lighting -- 10.5 Nanostructured Light-Emitting Diode -- 10.6 Nanosensors, Nanodevices, and Wireless Networks in LED Lighting System for HCL -- References -- Chapter 11 ◾ Wireless Nanosensors Network for Light Pollution Control -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Nanosensors and Light Pollution -- 11.3 The Action of Nanosensors to Detect the Light Pollution -- 11.4 Reduction of Light Pollution by WNSN -- 11.5 Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning for SWSN -- 11.5.1 AI in Routing and Traffic Management -- 11.5.2 AI in Security and Admission Control -- 11.6 Advantages and Limitations of WNSN Used to Control the Light Pollution -- 11.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12 ◾ Smart Wireless Sensor Networks for Street Lighting -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Light/Optical Sensors -- 12.3 Light Emission Diodes -- 12.4 Smart LED to Save Energy -- 12.5 Light Pollution Reduction Devices -- 12.6 A Drone to Assess Light Pollution -- 12.7 Smart Wireless Sensor Networks for Street Lighting -- 12.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 ◾ Photonic Nanodevices and Technologies against Light Pollution -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Lighting Principles and Terms -- 13.3 Sources of Light Pollution -- 13.4 Impacts of Light Pollution on Life and the Environment -- 13.5 Smart City Against Light Pollution -- 13.6 Types of Photonic Devices to Mitigate Light Pollution -- 13.6.1 Light Sources -- 13.6.1.1 Brief Overview -- 13.6.1.2 LEDs-Efficient Energy Sources against Light Pollution -- 13.6.2 Photodetectors Against Light Pollution -- 13.6.2.1 Photoresistors -- 13.6.2.2 Photodiodes -- 13.6.2.3 Phototransistors -- 13.7 How Photodetectors Act against Light Pollution. , 13.8 Recent Developments of Nanomaterials for Photodetectors Applications.

Note: Front Cover -- Chitosan-Based Hybrid Nanomaterials -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Basics and fundamentals -- 1 A preface to the chitosan-biopolymer, its origin, and properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Biopolymers: proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides -- 1.1.1.1 Proteins -- 1.1.1.2 Nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid) -- 1.1.1.3 Polysaccharides (in nature, there are the most abundant biopolymers) -- 1.2 Technology of polysaccharides -- 1.3 Chitosan: origin and physicochemical properties -- 1.3.1 Biodegradability and biocompatibility of chitosan -- 1.4 Application of chitosan in areas of science, industry, and technology -- 1.4.1 Medicine -- 1.4.2 Agriculture -- 1.4.2.1 Chitosan as a plant growth promoter -- 1.4.2.2 Chitosan in plant defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses -- 1.4.2.3 Chitosan nanoparticle-based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture -- 1.4.3 Food industry -- 1.4.4 Chitosan for food packing -- 1.4.5 Textile industry -- 1.4.6 Dyeing finishing -- 1.4.7 Environmental protection -- 1.5 Advantages and limitations of chitosan in technological applications -- 1.6 Future trends of chitosan-based materials -- References -- 2 Introduction to chitosan and its nanocomposites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Extraction and derivatization of chitin -- 2.2.1 Chemical method -- 2.2.2 Biological method -- 2.2.3 Radiation method -- 2.2.3.1 Ultrasound waves -- 2.2.3.2 Microwaves -- 2.2.4 Other methods -- 2.3 Functionalization of chitosan -- 2.3.1 Modifications on NH2 -- 2.3.2 Modifications on OH -- 2.3.3 Oxidative cleavage -- 2.3.4 Noncovalent modifications -- 2.4 Desirable properties of chitosan -- 2.4.1 Surface modification -- 2.4.2 Mechanical properties and film-forming capacity -- 2.4.3 Antimicrobial activity -- 2.4.4 Thermal stability -- 2.4.5 Nontoxicity and biocompatibility. , 2.4.6 Biodegradability -- 2.4.7 Chelating properties -- 2.5 Applications of chitosan -- 2.5.1 Wastewater and soil decontamination -- 2.5.2 Agricultural applications -- 2.5.3 Fuel cells technology -- 2.5.4 Packaging and food industry -- 2.5.5 Biological applications -- 2.5.5.1 Controlled drug delivery systems -- 2.5.6 Tissue-engineering -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Chitosan-based nanomaterials: structure, characterization, and applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chitosan structure -- 3.3 Chitosan and chitosan-based nanomaterial characterization -- 3.3.1 Physicochemical properties of chitosan-based nanomaterials -- 3.3.2 Depolymerization of chitosan -- 3.3.3 Characteristics of chitosan's molecular weight and crystalline nature -- 3.3.4 Viscosity and stability of chitosan -- 3.3.5 Chitosan solubility and moisture preserving -- 3.4 Various chitosan-based nanomaterial forms -- 3.4.1 Hydrogels -- 3.4.2 Nanoparticles -- 3.4.3 Microspheres -- 3.5 Emerging applications of chitosan-based nanomaterial -- 3.5.1 Pharmaceutical industries -- 3.5.2 Food industries -- 3.5.3 Cosmetic industries -- 3.5.4 Textile industries -- 3.5.5 Pulp and paper -- 3.5.6 Agriculture sector -- 3.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- 4 Chitosan and its derivatives for nanomaterial formulations: fabrication and physicochemical characterization -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of chitosan-based nanomaterials and their applications -- 4.2.1 Nanoparticles -- 4.2.2 Nanocomposites -- 4.2.3 Nanofibers and nanowires -- 4.3 Chitosan and its derivatives: physicochemical properties, nanomaterial efficiency, and applications -- 4.3.1 Chitosan and thiolated chitosan -- 4.3.2 Alkylated and acylated chitosan -- 4.3.3 Carboxylated chitosan -- 4.3.4 Quaternary chitosan -- 4.4 Surface and physical state analysis of chitosan-based nanomaterials. , 4.5 Novel chitosan-based hybrid nanomaterials -- 4.6 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Conflict of interest -- References -- 5 Chitosan-based nanomaterials, multiple forms, and characterization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Chitosan-based nanomaterials -- 5.1.2 Morphological forms of chitosan-based nanomaterials -- 5.1.2.1 Nanospheres -- 5.1.2.2 Nanocapsules -- 5.1.2.3 Nanofibers -- 5.1.2.4 Miscellaneous nanostructures -- 5.1.3 Characterization of chitosan-based nanomaterials -- 5.1.3.1 Characterization of particle size, size distribution, and surface charge via dynamic light scattering technique -- 5.1.3.1.1 Particle size and size distribution -- 5.1.3.1.2 Surface charge -- 5.1.3.1.3 Solid-state properties of nanomaterials -- 5.1.3.1.4 X-ray diffraction -- 5.1.3.1.5 Differential scanning calorimetry -- 5.1.3.2 Interaction analysis of nanomaterials -- 5.1.3.2.1 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy -- 5.1.3.2.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- 5.1.3.3 Elemental analysis of nanomaterials -- 5.1.3.3.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy -- 5.1.3.3.2 Atomic absorption spectroscopy -- 5.1.3.4 Surface and internal properties of nanomaterials -- 5.1.3.4.1 Transmission electron microscopy -- 5.1.3.4.2 Atomic force microscopy -- 5.1.3.4.3 Scanning electron microscopy -- 5.1.3.4.4 Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy -- 5.1.3.5 Characterization of the composition of encapsulated compounds -- 5.1.3.5.1 Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity -- 5.1.4 Concluding remarks and future directions -- References -- 6 Degradability of chitosan nanostructures in the natural environment -- 6.1 Biodegradation -- 6.2 Chitosan biodegradation -- 6.3 Chitosan degradation methods in an environment -- 6.3.1 Chemical method -- 6.3.2 Physical method -- 6.3.3 Biological method -- 6.3.4 Microbial chitosan degradation. , 6.4 Degradation of chitosan nanostructure -- 6.4.1 Mechanism of chitosan nanostructure degradation -- 6.4.2 Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of chitosan nanostructure -- 6.4.3 Hydrolysis -- 6.4.4 Degradation studies of chitosan nanostructure -- References -- 2 Emerging applications of chitosan-based nanomaterial -- 7 Emerging applications of chitosan-based nanomaterials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physiochemical properties of chitosan -- 7.2.1 Solubility -- 7.2.2 Fat-binding capacity -- 7.2.3 Water-binding capacity -- 7.2.4 Ash -- 7.2.5 Average molecular weight -- 7.2.6 Chitosan deacetylation degree -- 7.3 Chitosan modification -- 7.3.1 Physical modification -- 7.3.2 Chemical modification -- 7.3.3 Enzymatic modification -- 7.4 Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles -- 7.4.1 Micellar reversal procedure -- 7.4.2 Gelation ionotropic -- 7.5 Various types of chitosan-based nanomaterials -- 7.5.1 Nanoparticles -- 7.5.2 Microspheres -- 7.6 Application of chitosan nanoparticles -- 7.6.1 Water treatment -- 7.6.2 Medicine and pharmaceutics -- 7.6.3 Antibacteria -- 7.6.4 Biosensor -- 7.6.5 Agriculture -- 7.7 Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- 8 Chitosan-based nanomaterials in the decontamination of hydrocarbons -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Background and significance -- 8.2.1 Significance -- 8.2.2 Scope and objectives -- 8.3 Objectives -- 8.4 Chitosan: an overview -- 8.4.1 Structure and properties -- 8.4.2 Sources and extraction method -- 8.4.2.1 Sources of chitosan -- 8.4.2.2 Extraction methods -- 8.5 Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-based hybrid nanoparticles -- 8.5.1 Chitosan-metal nanoparticles -- 8.5.1.1 Synthesis method of chitosan-metal nanomaterials -- 8.5.1.2 Surface modification of chitosan-metal nanomaterials -- 8.5.2 Chitosan carbon nanomaterials -- 8.5.2.1 Synthesis methods -- 8.5.2.2 Surface modification. , 8.6 Introduction to hydrocarbon -- 8.6.1 Adsorption of hydrocarbons -- 8.6.2 Degradation of hydrocarbons -- 8.7 Application of chitosan-based nanomaterial in hydrocarbon decontamination -- 8.7.1 Water remediation -- 8.7.2 Soil remediation -- 8.7.3 Air pollution control -- 8.7.4 Industrial application -- References -- 9 Chitosan and chitosan-based nanomaterials in decontamination of pharmaceutical waste -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Classification and chemical structures of pharmaceutical compounds -- 9.3 Adsorptive removal of pharmaceutical compounds -- 9.3.1 Chitosan and chitosan-based materials as adsorbents -- 9.3.2 Adsorption behavior of pharmaceutical compounds on chitosan-based materials -- 9.3.3 Adsorption mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds on chitosan-based materials -- 9.3.4 Regeneration of chitosan-based materials -- 9.4 Chitosan-supported organic photoredox catalysts -- 9.4.1 Photocatalytic degradation mechanism of organic pollutants -- 9.4.2 Recent advances and applications -- 9.5 Conclusions and future perspective -- References -- 10 Chitosan-based nanomaterials in decontamination of heavy metals -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Mechanisms of heavy metal removal by chitosan and its derivatives -- 10.3 Chitosan-based nanomaterials -- 10.3.1 Chitosan nanoparticles -- 10.3.1.1 Chitosan nanoparticle production -- 10.3.1.1.1 Ionotropic gelation -- 10.3.1.1.2 Microemulsion (reverse micellar) method -- 10.3.1.1.3 Emulsification solvent diffusion method -- 10.3.1.1.4 Polyelectrolyte complex -- 10.3.1.2 Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles -- 10.3.2 Chitosan nanofibers -- 10.3.3 Chitosan nanocomposites -- 10.3.3.1 Polymer-grafted chitosan nanocomposite -- 10.3.3.1.1 Cross-linked chitosan-polymer nanocomposite -- 10.3.3.1.2 Biopolymer-grafted chitosan nanocomposites -- 10.3.3.2 Electrospinning chitosan nanofiber composite. , 10.3.3.3 Chitosan-mineral nanocomposite.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Algorithms -- List of Acronyms -- Abstract -- Zusammenfassung -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Motivation and Challenges -- 1.2 Application Problem -- 1.3 Research Gaps and Contributions -- 2 Related Work -- 2.1 Modalities for Ego-Lane Estimation -- 2.1.1 Lane Markings -- 2.1.2 Trajectories of Leading Vehicles -- 2.1.3 Free Space Detection -- 2.1.4 GPS and Digital Maps -- 2.1.5 End-to-End Road Estimation -- 2.2 Multi-Source Fusion within Road Estimation -- 2.2.1 What is Fusion? -- 2.2.2 Low-Level and Intermediate-Level Fusion -- 2.2.3 High-Level Fusion -- 2.3 Reliability in Fusion of Multiple Sources -- 2.3.1 Information Quality -- 2.3.2 Definition and Assessment of Reliability -- 2.3.3 Integration of Reliability -- 2.4 Conclusion -- 3 Reliability-Based Fusion Framework -- 3.1 Related Work -- 3.2 Basic Idea -- 3.3 Detailed Concept -- 3.3.1 Sensor Setup and Perception Layer -- 3.3.2 Model-based Ego-Lane Estimation -- 3.3.3 Data-Driven Reliability Estimation -- 3.3.4 Reliability-Aware Fusion -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4 Assessing Reliability for Ego-Lane Detection -- 4.1 Related Work -- 4.1.1 Pixel-based representations -- 4.1.2 Model-based Representations -- 4.2 Concept -- 4.3 Sensor-Independent Performance Measure -- 4.3.1 Requirements -- 4.3.2 Performance Measure Based on Angle Difference -- 4.3.3 Evaluation Framework -- 4.4 Experimental Results -- 4.4.1 Detailed Map versus Human-Driven Path -- 4.4.2 Relation of the metrics -- 4.4.3 Identification of Proper Thresholds for Angle Metrics -- 4.4.4 KPIs for Overall Performance -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 5 Learning Reliability -- 5.1 Concept -- 5.2 Scenario Feature Generation and Selection -- 5.2.1 Sensor-Related Features -- 5.2.2 Consensus Features -- 5.2.3 Contextual Information -- 5.2.4 Feature Selection. , 5.3 Estimating Reliability with Supervised Learning -- 5.3.1 k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) -- 5.3.2 Decision Tree (DT) -- 5.3.3 Random Forests (RF) -- 5.3.4 Bayesian Network (BN) -- 5.3.5 Mapping Reliability using UTM coordinates (MP) -- 5.3.6 Naive Bayes (NB) -- 5.3.7 Support Vector Machine (SVM) -- 5.3.8 Neural Network (NN) -- 5.4 Experimental Results -- 5.4.1 Evaluation Concept -- 5.4.2 Evaluating Feature Selection -- 5.4.3 Evaluating Reliability Estimation -- 5.5 Conclusion -- 6 Information Fusion -- 6.1 Reliability-Aware Fusion -- 6.1.1 Concept -- 6.1.2 Basic Approaches -- 6.1.3 Advanced Fusion Based on DST and Reliabilities -- 6.2 Direct Fusion Using Neural Networks -- 6.2.1 Concept -- 6.2.2 Reconstruction of Training Dataset for ANNs -- 6.2.3 Structure and Learning Process of ANNs -- 6.3 Experimental Results -- 6.3.1 Evaluation Concept -- 6.3.2 Evaluation Information Fusion -- 6.3.3 Evaluation Fusion Methods in Combination with RF as Reliability Estimator -- 6.4 Conclusion -- 7 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- A Appendix.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editors -- 1 Nanomagnets: Basics, Applications, and New Prospectives -- 2 Nanostructured Magnetic Semiconductors -- 3 Nanowire Magnets: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications -- 4 Synthesis Techniques for Low Dimensional Magnets -- 5 2D Magnetic Systems: Magnetic Properties, Measurement Techniques, and Device Applications -- 6 3D Magnonic Structures as Interconnection Element in Magnonic Networks -- 7 Nanostructured Hybrid Magnetic Materials -- 8 Methods for the Syntheses of Perovskite Magnetic Nanomagnets -- 9 Design of Room Temperature d0 Ferromagnetism for Spintronics Application: Theoretical Perspectives -- 10 Crystal Structures and Properties of Nanomagnetic Materials -- 11 Nanomagnetic Materials: Structural and Magnetic Properties -- 12 Magnetism in Monoatomic and Bimetallic Clusters: A Global Geometry Optimization Approach -- 13 Nanoscale Characterization -- 14 Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Exchange Coupling Constant (J) and Zero- Field Splitting Parameters (D) -- 15 Novel Magnetism in Ultrathin Films With Polarized Neutron Reflectometry -- 16 Magnetosomes: Biological Synthesis of Magnetic Nanostructures -- 17 Theory and Modeling of Spintronics of Nanomagnets -- 18 Research Trends and Statistical- Thermodynamic Modeling the a"- Fe16N2- Based Phase for Permanent Magnets -- Index.

Note: Front cover -- Half title -- Full title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Section 1 - Fundamentals -- 1 - Miniaturization-An introduction to miniaturized analytical devices -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Miniaturization in analytical chemistry -- 1.2.1 Miniaturization of sample preparation step -- 1.2.1.1 Microextraction -- 1.2.1.2 Microfluidics -- 1.2.2 Miniaturization of separation step -- 1.2.3 Miniaturization of detection methods -- 1.2.3.1 Electrochemical detection -- 1.2.3.2 Optical detection -- 1.3 Conclusions -- References -- 2 - Spectrometric miniaturized instruments -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Portable spectrometric miniaturized instrument (PSMI) -- 2.2.1 PSMI spectrophotometers -- 2.2.1.1 UV-Vis and UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometers -- 2.2.1.2 IR spectrophotometer -- 2.2.2 PSMI spectrometers -- 2.2.2.1 Fluorescence spectrometers -- 2.2.2.2 Raman spectrometers -- 2.2.2.3 Elemental spectrometers -- 2.2.2.4 NMR spectrometers -- 2.2.2.5 Mass spectrometers -- 2.3 Smartphone-enabled spectrometric miniaturized instruments -- 2.3.1 Colorimetric SESMIs -- 2.3.2 Photoluminescent SESMIs -- 2.3.3 Biochemiluminescent SESMIs -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 - Separation miniaturized instruments -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Gas chromatography -- 3.3 High pressure/performance liquid chromatography -- 3.4 Capillary electrophoresis -- 3.5 Ion chromatography -- 3.6 Hyphenated separation instruments -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 4 - Fabrication methods of miniaturized analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of miniaturized analysis system -- 4.3 Fabrication methods of paper-based miniaturized analysis system -- 4.4 Fabrication of polymer-based miniaturized analysis system -- 4.5 Fabrication methods of glass-based miniaturized analysis system. , 4.6 Fabrication methods of silicon-based miniaturized analysis system -- 4.7 Challenges and strategies to improve sensitivity, accuracy, multiplexed detection, and calibration free allowing for m ... -- 4.8 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 - Miniaturized bioelectrochemical devices -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Portable bioelectrochemical devices design -- 5.2.1 Principles of potentiostats -- 5.2.2 Power supply -- 5.2.2.1 General power supply devices -- 5.2.2.2 Power supply from body harvesting -- 5.2.2.3 Current readout circuitry -- 5.2.3 Cell configurations -- 5.2.4 Communications -- 5.2.5 A practical example of PBDs -- 5.3 Lab-on-a-chip PBDs devices -- 5.3.1 Implantable PBDs -- 5.3.1.1 Power supply for implantable PBDs -- 5.3.1.2 Communication in implantable PBDs -- 5.3.1.3 Microfluidics in implantable PBDs -- 5.3.1.4 Design considerations of implantable PBDs -- 5.3.2 Wearable PBDs -- 5.3.2.1 Classification of wearable PBDs -- 5.3.2.2 Design considerations of wearable PBDs -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 - Electrochemical miniaturized devices -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.1.1 Form factors, application constraints and driving forces -- 6.1.2 Chemical (bio)sensors -- 6.1.3 State of the art -- 6.1.4 Beyond the state of the art -- 6.2 Fundamentals of electrochemical (bio)sensors -- 6.2.1 Electrochemical techniques -- 6.2.1.1 Potentiometry -- 6.2.1.2 Chronoamperometry -- 6.2.1.3 Voltammetry -- 6.2.1.4 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 6.2.2 Analytes of interest -- 6.2.3 Sensor technologies and fabrication -- 6.3 Instrumentation electronics -- 6.3.1 Integration technologies overview -- 6.3.2 Custom integrated circuits for electrochemical instrumentation -- 6.3.3 Flexible electronics -- References -- 7 - Separation technologies in microfluidics -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Chemical separations -- 7.3 Particle separations -- 7.3.1 Passive particle separation systems -- 7.3.2 Active particle separation systems -- 7.3.3 Hybrid separation systems -- 7.4 Discussion and conclusion -- References -- 8 - Portable microplanar extraction, separation, and quantification devices for bioanalytical and environmental engineerin ... -- 8.1 Occurrence and quantification of priority substances in water ecosystems-the problem overview based on the European Un ... -- 8.2 Advances in development of portable microdevices for detection of various pollutants in water, sewage, and complex bio ... -- 8.3 Development of portable extraction devices, planar electrophoresis, and microplanar thin-layer chromatography for isol ... -- Authors contributions and additional statements -- References -- 9 - Approaches to microholes for fabrication of microdevices -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods for tool wear improvement -- 9.2.1 CNTs/graphene -- 9.3 Patterning -- 9.4 Embedding -- 9.5 In situ CNT growth -- 9.6 Microhole applications -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- 10 - Photonic crystal-based optical devices for photonic intergraded circuits -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 History of photonic crystals -- 10.3 Types of photonic crystals -- 10.3.1 One-dimensional PCs -- 10.3.2 Two-dimensional PCs -- 10.3.2.1 Band diagram -- 10.3.2.2 TE and TM modes -- 10.3.2.3 Gapmaps -- 10.3.2.4 Defects in a 2D photonic crystal lattice -- 10.3.3 Three-dimensional PCs -- 10.3.3.1 Diamond structure -- 10.3.3.2 Yablonovite structure -- 10.3.3.3 Woodpile structure -- 10.3.3.4 Inverse opal structure -- 10.3.3.5 FCC structure -- 10.3.3.6 Square spiral structure -- 10.3.3.7 Scaffolding structure -- 10.3.3.8 Tunable 3D inverse opal structure -- 10.4 Numerical methods -- 10.4.1 PWE method -- 10.4.2 FDTD method. , 10.5 Functional parameters -- 10.5.1 Quality factor ( Q ) -- 10.5.2 Sensitivity ( S ) -- 10.5.3 Resolution ( R ) -- 10.5.4 Detection limit ( D ) -- 10.5.5 Figure of merit (FOM) -- 10.5.6 Transmission efficiency ( ƞ ) -- 10.5.7 Dynamic range (DR) -- 10.5.8 Extinction ratio or contrast ratio -- 10.5.9 Insertion loss and propagation loss -- 10.5.10 Crosstalk -- 10.5.11 Response time and bit rate -- 10.6 Photonic crystal-based demultiplexer -- 10.6.1 Four-channel hybrid DWDM demultiplexer -- 10.6.2 Eight-channel hybrid DWDM demultiplexer -- 10.6.3 DWDM demultiplexer -- 10.7 Applications of 2DPCs -- 10.7.1 Lasers -- 10.7.2 Multiplexer -- 10.7.3 Demultiplexer -- 10.7.4 Waveguide -- 10.7.5 Filters -- 10.7.6 Waveguide splitter -- 10.7.7 Optical sensors -- 10.7.8 Photonic crystal fiber -- 10.7.9 Logic gates -- 10.7.10 Circulators -- 10.8 Conclusion -- References -- Section 2 - Applications of mobile devices in miniaturized analysis -- 11 - Lab-on-a-chip miniaturized analytical devices -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Lab-on-a-chip devices for clinical diagnostics -- 11.3 Lab-on-a-chip devices for integrated bioanalysis -- 11.3.1 Integrated continuous-flow biosensors -- 11.3.2 Droplet-based microfluidic biosensors -- 11.3.3 Digital microfluidic-based biosensors -- 11.4 Lab-on-a-chip devices for environmental monitoring -- 11.5 Lab-on-a-chip devices for quality control -- 11.5.1 Quality control in food science -- 11.5.2 Quality control in pharmaceutical science -- 11.6 Point-of-care applications -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- 12 - Smartphone-enabled miniaturized analytical devices -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Colorimetric applications -- 12.3 Photoluminescent applications -- 12.4 Biochemiluminescent applications -- 12.5 Electrochemical applications -- 12.6 Point-of-care applications. , 12.6.1 Colorimetric chemical-based detection -- 12.6.2 Fluorescence-based detection -- 12.6.3 Electrochemical-based detection -- 12.7 Implantable sensors -- 12.8 Wearable sensors -- 12.9 Future perspectives -- References -- 13 - Smartphone-based chemical sensors and biosensors for biomedical applications -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Smartphone-based electrochemistry sensors -- 13.2.1 Amperometry sensors -- 13.2.2 Potentiometry sensors -- 13.2.3 Impedimetry sensors -- 13.3 Smartphone-based spectroscopy sensors -- 13.3.1 Electrochemiluminescence sensors -- 13.3.2 Local surface plasmon resonance sensors -- 13.3.3 Other optical sensors -- 13.4 Smartphone-based wearable sensors for biomedical applications -- 13.4.1 Epidermal sensors -- 13.4.2 Respiration sensors -- 13.4.3 Other wearable sensors -- 13.5 Conclusion and future prospect -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 14 - Biomedical applications of mobile devices in miniaturized analysis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Features of miniaturization -- 14.2 Miniaturized analytical systems for qualitative information -- 14.2.1 Miniaturized system for clinical sorting and diagnosis -- 14.2.1.1 Miniaturized system for clinical sorting -- 14.2.1.2 Miniaturized system for diagnostic imaging -- 14.2.1.3 Miniaturized phased-array ultrasound and photoacoustic endoscopic imaging system -- 14.3 Smartphone-enabled miniaturized biosensing systems -- 14.3.1 Colorimetric sensors -- 14.3.2 Fluorescence sensors -- 14.3.3 Luminescence sensors -- 14.3.4 Electrochemical biosensors -- 14.4 Commercialized miniaturized biosensors -- 14.4.1 Pressure sensors/meters -- 14.4.2 Digital multimeters -- 14.4.3 Electronic balance -- 14.4.4 Thermometers -- 14.4.5 pH meters -- 14.4.6 Glucose meters -- 14.5 Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- 15 - Lab-on-a-chip analytical devices -- 15.1 Introduction. , 15.2 Materials used in LOC and fabrication methods.