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  • 1
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    Reaching the poor with health interventions: programme-incidence analysis of seven randomised trials of women's groups to reduce newborn mortality in Asia and Africa (2015)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-12-11
    Beschreibung: Background Efforts to end preventable newborn deaths will fail if the poor are not reached with effective interventions. To understand what works to reach vulnerable groups, we describe and explain the uptake of a highly effective community-based newborn health intervention across social strata in Asia and Africa. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of seven randomised trials of participatory women's groups to reduce newborn mortality in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Malawi. We analysed data on 70 574 pregnancies. Socioeconomic and sociodemographic differences in group attendance were tested using logistic regression. Qualitative data were collected at each trial site (225 focus groups, 20 interviews) to understand our results. Results Socioeconomic differences in women's group attendance were small, except for occasional lower attendance by elites. Sociodemographic differences were large, with lower attendance by young primigravid women in African as well as in South Asian sites. The intervention was considered relevant and interesting to all socioeconomic groups. Local facilitators ensured inclusion of poorer women. Embarrassment and family constraints on movement outside the home restricted attendance among primigravid women. Reproductive health discussions were perceived as inappropriate for them. Conclusions Community-based women's groups can help to reach every newborn with effective interventions. Equitable intervention uptake is enhanced when facilitators actively encourage all women to attend, organise meetings at the participants’ convenience and use approaches that are easily understandable for the less educated. Focused efforts to include primigravid women are necessary, working with families and communities to decrease social taboos.
    Schlagwort(e): Epidemiologic studies, Mortality and morbidity, Open access, Editor's choice, Sociology
    Print ISSN: 0143-005X
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-2738
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 2
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    Malignant mesothelioma due to non-occupational asbestos exposure from the Italian national surveillance system (ReNaM): epidemiology and public health issues (2015)
    Marinaccio, A., Binazzi, A., Bonafede, M., Corfiati, M., Di Marzio, D., Scarselli, A., Verardo, M., Mirabelli, D., Gennaro, V., Mensi, C., Schallemberg, G., Merler, E., Negro, C., Romanelli, A., Chellini, E., Silvestri, S., Cocchioni, M., Pascucci, C., Stracci, F., Ascoli, V., Trafficante, L., Angelillo, I., Musti, M., Cavone, D., Cauzillo, G., Tallarigo, F., Tumino, R., Melis, M., Re; Na; M Working Group, Re; Na; M Working Group, Detragiache, Merletti, Gangemi, Stura, Brentisci, Cammarieri, Macerata, Gilardetti, Benfatto, Bianchelli, Mazzucco, Consonni, Pesatori, Riboldi, Bressan, Gioffre, Ballarin, Chermaz, De Michieli, Mangone, Storchi, Sala, Badiali, Cacciarini, Giovannetti, Martini, Calisti, La, D'Alo', Petrucci, Davoli, Forastiere, Cavariani, Romeo, Ancona, Di Giammarco, Menegozzo, Canfora, Santoro, Viscardi, Brangi, Cozza, Baldassarre, Lio, Nicita, Dardanoni, Scondotto, Nieddu, Pergola, Stecchi
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-15
    Beschreibung: Introduction Italy produced and imported a large amount of raw asbestos, up to the ban in 1992, with a peak in the period between 1976 and 1980 at about 160 000 tons/year. The National Register of Mesotheliomas (ReNaM, "Registro Nazionale dei Mesoteliomi" in Italian), a surveillance system of mesothelioma incidence, has been active since 2002, operating through a regional structure. Methods The Operating Regional Center (COR) actively researches cases and defines asbestos exposure on the basis of national guidelines. Diagnostic, demographic and exposure characteristics of non-occupationally exposed cases are analysed and described with respect to occupationally exposed cases. Results Standardised incidence rates for pleural mesothelioma in 2008 were 3.84 (per 100 000) for men and 1.45 for women, respectively. Among the 15 845 mesothelioma cases registered between 1993 and 2008, exposure to asbestos fibres was investigated for 12 065 individuals (76.1%), identifying 530 (4.4%) with familial exposure (they lived with an occupationally exposed cohabitant), 514 (4.3%) with environmental exposure to asbestos (they lived near sources of asbestos pollution and were never occupationally exposed) and 188 (1.6%) exposed through hobby-related or other leisure activities. Clusters of cases due to environmental exposure are mainly related to the presence of asbestos-cement industry plants (Casale Monferrato, Broni, Bari), to shipbuilding and repair activities (Monfalcone, Trieste, La Spezia, Genova) and soil contamination (Biancavilla in Sicily). Conclusions Asbestos pollution outside the workplace contributes significantly to the burden of asbestos-related diseases, suggesting the need to prevent exposures and to discuss how to deal with compensation rights for malignant mesothelioma cases induced by non-occupational exposure to asbestos.
    Schlagwort(e): Editor's choice, Asbestos, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Optical and structural studies of the effect of spacers in modulation-doped ZnSe/Zn1−xCdxSe quantum wells (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 891-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The effect of spacers in modulation-doped Zn1−xCdxSe/ZnSe:Cl multiple quantum wells (MD-MQWs) was investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). A comparison was made between structures with and without spacers as a function of annealing temperature. The diffusion of Cl and Cd was monitored by TOF-SIMS depth profiling and photoluminescence. Although TOF-SIMS does not show any significant diffusion of Cl and Cd in both structures at temperatures up to 385 °C, the PL results indicate the modification of optical properties in the Zn1−xCdxSe/ZnSe:Cl MD-MQWs due to annealing. Up to an annealing temperature of 385 °C, the MD-MQWs with spacers show superior optical quality in the quantum well regions, while quenching of the quantum well band-edge PL and strong enhancement of deep-level emission were observed from the MD-MQWs without spacers. This phenomenon suggests that the radiative deep-level emission may provide more efficient channel for electron–hole recombination with increasing annealing temperature. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370863
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Optical and electrical characterization of nitrogen ion implanted ZnSSe/p-GaAs (100) (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 4994-4999 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Nitrogen ions were implanted into ZnSxSe1−x epilayers grown on p-GaAs (100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Dopant activation and annealing out the implant damage were achieved by a postannealing process in a N2 ambient. Schottky structures employing the implanted p-type ZnSxSe1−x were fabricated and device efficacy was examined by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, current–voltage (I–V), current–voltage temperature (I–V–T), and high frequency capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements. PL spectra showed a clear donor–acceptor pair (DAP) recombination at an energy of 2.735 and 2.72 eV, in both MBE and MOCVD ZnSSe epilayers, respectively, regardless of the postannealing temperatures. The diode conduction in forward bias proceeds by the combination of thermionic and tunneling emission. C–V measurement proved the maximum doping concentration to be around 1017 cm−3 after ion implantation. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366368
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen ion implanted ZnSe/GaAs p-i-n photodetectors (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 2328-2333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: p-i-n photodiodes were fabricated on nitrogen ion implanted undoped ZnSe/n-type ZnSe epilayers grown on n+GaAs (100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. To obtain a quasi-uniform p layer doping profile, nitrogen ions at multiple energies and ion doses were implanted at room temperature. The activation of implanted species was carried out by an optimized post-annealing in a nitrogen ambient. Optical studies were performed on the implanted/annealed devices by photoluminescence spectroscopy at 10 K, which indicated donor–acceptor pairs at an energy of 2.7 eV and its phonon replicas with 30 meV intervals. The circular p-i-n diodes with a 1 mm diam contact area showed a device breakdown voltage to be linearly dependent on the thickness of the undoped ZnSe epilayer. For p-i-n diodes fabricated on an initial 0.5 μm thick undoped ZnSe layer, an ideality factor of 1.19 and a reverse bias breakdown voltage of 12 V was observed. A large photocurrent, good linearity with light intensity, and low dark current were observed. A photocurrent/dark current ratio 〉105 was obtained at an illumination intensity of 100 mW/cm2. These devices exhibited a responsivity of 0.025 A/W at a wavelength of 460 nm through the top 200 Å thick metal contacts.© 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368300
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fabrication of flexible monocrystalline ZnSe-based foils and membranes (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 1608-1610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: We report the successful fabrication of flexible single crystal semiconductor structures. A highly selective etching solution allowed us to obtain large area foils and membranes of good structural integrity, using films of indium and silicone as flexible substrates. Photoluminescence and transmission measurements verified that the optical properties of these structures were preserved. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117046
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Above-room-temperature ferromagnetism in GaSb/Mn digital alloys (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002), S. 511-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Digital alloys of GaSb/Mn have been fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy. Transmission electron micrographs showed good crystal quality with individual Mn-containing layers well resolved, no evidence of three-dimensional MnSb precipitates was seen in as-grown samples. All samples studied exhibited ferromagnetism with temperature-dependent hysteresis loops in the magnetization accompanied by metallic p-type conductivity with a strong anomalous Hall effect (AHE) up to 400 K (limited by the experimental setup). The anomalous Hall effect shows hysteresis loops at low temperatures and above room temperature very similar to those seen in the magnetization. The strong AHE with hysteresis indicates that the holes interact with the Mn spins above room temperature. All samples are metallic, which is important for spintronics applications. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1481184
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies of ZnSe-based semiconductor thin films using grazing incidence x-ray scattering and diffraction (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Grazing incidence x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction techniques have been employed to investigate the microstructures in various ZnSe-based semiconductor thin films grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition methods. The results are also used for a comparison of the interfacial roughness and overall quality of the II–VI thin films prepared by these two different growth methods. Structural parameters such as the interfacial roughness and layer thickness obtained from the scattering measurements and lattice constants obtained from the x-ray diffraction pattern around the GaAs(004) peak can be correlated with the film deposition rate, compound composition, and lattice strain in the epilayers. We thus demonstrate that x-ray scattering techniques in conjunction with diffraction measurements are useful tools for nondestructive characterization of buried interfaces in semiconductor layer materials. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369434
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IL-18 Production in Human Pulmonary and Pleural Tuberculosis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 56 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has multiple important pro-inflammatory effects, including the induction of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in various diseases. In this study, we investigated the IL-18-producing activities in human pulmonary and pleural tuberculosis (TB) in response to purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen (Ag) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The most significant IL-18 production was found in chronic refractory TB (CRTB) patients. However, IFN-γ production in CRTB patients was significantly less than that in healthy tuberculin reactors or in patients with tuberculous pleurisy (TBP). Elevated levels of both IL-18 and IFN-γ were found in pleural fluids from TBP patients. In vitro production of IL-18 was dramatically decreased following an 18 h stimulation with PPD. However, IFN-γ was markedly increased in pleural mononuclear cells from TBP patients after in vitro stimulation with PPD. The mesothelial cell type was the main source of pro-IL-18 in pleural cells from TBP patients, suggesting an important role for these cells in TBP. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-18 is elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CRTB patients, as well as at the site of TBP, indicating a possible role for IL-18 in both protective immunity and pathologic responses in human TB.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01143.x
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  • 10
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    Major Factors governing the trends and interannual variability in the occurrences of Mixed Rossby-Gravity Wave events (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-05-05
    Beschreibung: Mixed Rossby-Gravity (MRG) waves are westward propagating synoptic scale equatorial disturbances, which play a crucial role in the formation of tropical cyclones and tropical depressions. They constitute a significant part of various modes of tropical variability, like Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. This study investigates the trends and Inter Annual Variability (IAV) in the occurrence of upper tropospheric MRG events using ERA-I reanalysis data for the period 1979-2018. The MRG events are identified by projecting the 200hpa meridional winds onto the theoretical spatial structure of MRG waves. A steady increasing trend is observed in the MRG events, which is contributed by the MRG events associated with intrusion of extratropical disturbances. Possible factors governing the observed trend and IAV in MRG events are El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), MJO and extratropical forcing. The MRG events over the central and eastern Pacific contribute maximum to IAV. ENSO explains about 25% of IAV and exhibits a positive correlation with non-intrusion MRG events and a negative correlation with intrusion MRG events. These observations have been investigated by exploring the properties of the westerly duct at 200hPa and Outgoing Longwave Radiation during El-Nino and La-Nina years over the central-eastern Pacific. The convectively active state of MJO over the western Pacific explains 20% of IAV. The antisymmetric heating with respect to the equator, associated with MJO, enhances non-intrusion MRG events by forbidding the intrusion of extratropical disturbances through subtropical easterlies. The increasing trend in the intrusion of extratropical disturbances explains the observed trend in MRG events.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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