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  • 1
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    Structural analysis of polymer thin films using GISAXS in the tender X-ray region: Concept and design of GISAXS experiments using the tender X-ray energy at BL-15A2 at the Photon Factory (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-02
    Description: If small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) utilizing the soft X-ray region is available, advanced and unique experiments, which differ from traditional SAXS methods, can be realized. For example, grazing-incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) using hard X-ray is a powerful tool for understanding the nanostructure in both vertical and lateral directions of thin films, while GISAXS utilizing the tender X-ray region (SX-GISAXS) enables depth-resolved analysis as well as a standard GISAXS analysis in thin films. Thus, at BL-15A2 at the Photon Factory, a dedicated diffractometer for SX-GISAXS (above 2.1 keV) was constructed. This diffractometer is composed of four vacuum chambers and can be converted into the vacuum state from the sample chamber in front of the detector surface. Diffractions are clearly observed until 12th peak when measuring collagen by SAXS with an X-ray energy of 2.40 keV and a camera length of 825 mm. Additionally, we conducted the model experiment using SX-GISAXS with an X-ray energy of 2.40 keV to confirm that a poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly( n -butyl acrylate) block copolymer thin film has a microphase-separated structure in the thin film, which is composed of lamellae aligned both parallel and perpendicular to the substrate surface. Similarly, in a polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer thin film, SX-GISAXS with 3.60 keV and 5.73 keV revealed that hexagonally packed cylinders are aligned parallel to the substrate surface. The incident angle dependence of the first order peak position of the q z direction obtained from experiments at various incident X-ray energies agrees very well with the theoretical one calculated from the distorted wave Born approximation.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical demonstration of substance P-containing nerve fibres in glomus tumours (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 113 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Substance P (SP), S-100 protein, methionine-enkephalin, serotonin and myelin basic protein were studied in two solitary glomus tumours of the skin by peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. Multiple SP-containing nerve fibres were distributed in the parenchyma of the tumour among proliferating glomus cells, and in the oedematous stroma of the tumour. Positive staining for myelin basic protein was detected in nerve fascicles in the capsule of the tumour, but not within the glomus tumour. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was found in nerve fascicles in the capsule of the tumour, and in addition, a few cells positive for S-100 protein were scattered throughout the stroma of the tumour. No positive staining for methionine-enkephalin and serotonin was found. The present finding may explain the clinical experience that the tumour is tender and can cause severe paroxysmal pain, because SP is known to be a primary sensory afferent neurotransmitter for mediating nociception. A possible role of SP for vasodilation in the glomus tumour is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02067.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of ammonia assimilation in nitrogen fixing bacteria (1971)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 79 (1971), S. 164-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Enzymatic and genetic evidence are presented for a new pathway of ammonia assimilation in nitrogen fixing bacteria: ammonium → glutamine → glutamate. This route to the important glutamate-glutamine family of amino acids differs from the conventional pathway, ammonium → glutamate → glutamine, in several respects. Glutamate synthetase [(glutamine amide-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase) (oxidoreductase)], which is clearly distinct from glutamate dehydrogenase, catalyzes the reduced pyridine nucleotide dependent amination of α-ketoglutarate with glutamine as amino donor yielding two molecules of glutamate as product. The enzyme is completely inhibited by the glutamine analogue DON, whereas glutamate dehydrogenase is not affected by this inhibitor; the glutamate synthetase reaction is irreversible. Glutamate synthetase is widely distributed in bacteria; the pyridine nucleotide coenzyme specificity of the enzyme varies in many of these species. The activities of key enzymes are modulated by environmental nitrogenous sources; for example, extracts of N2-grown cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae form glutamate almost exclusively by this new route and contain only trace amounts of glutamate dehydrogenase activity whereas NH3-grown cells possess both pathways. Also, the biosynthetically active form of glutamine synthetase with a low K m for ammonium predominates in the N2-grown cell. Several mutant strains of K. pneumoniae have been isolated which fail to fix nitrogen or to grow in an ammonium limited environment. Extracts of these strains prepared from cells grown on higher levels of ammonium have low levels of glutamate synthetase activity and contain the biosynthetically inactive species of glutamine synthetase along with high levels of glutamate dehydrogenase. These mutants missing the new assimilatory pathway have serious defects in their metabolism of many inorganic and organic nitrogen sources; utilization of at least 20 different compounds is effected. We conclude that the new ammonia assimilatory route plays an important role in nitrogenous metabolism and is essential for nitrogen fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424923
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granuloma caused by oxidized cellulose following craniotomy (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 100 (1989), S. 70-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Intracranial granuloma ; foreign body ; oxidized cellulose ; postoperative complication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three cases are reported in which large granulomas developed 13 to 21 months respectively after removal of intracranial meningiomas (2 cases) and after operation for an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. In each of the cases oxidized cellulose had been used and left in place for haemostasis. All of the granulomas acted as space-occuyping lesiosn. They could be removed operatively with good result. All of them consisted of mononuclear phagocytic and multi-nuclear giant cells and contained remnants of oxidized cellulose. No comparable cases have been reported in the literature. Diagnosis, treatment and possible aetiological factors are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01405278
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low Temperature Heat Capacities of Submonolayer Solid 3He (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 113 (1998), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Heat capacities (C) of 3 He submonolayer solids adsorbed on a graphite surface are measured down to 100 μK, a factor of twenty lower temperatures than previous work. At a real densities near the commensurate $$\sqrt 3 \times \sqrt 3 $$ solid (6.4 nm −2 ), an anomalous temperature dependence, C ∝ 1/T, is observed in a wide temperature range over two orders of magnitude (0.1 ≤ T ≤ 20mK). Similar behavior was observed for the commensurate $$\sqrt 7 \times \sqrt 7 $$ solid in the second-layer with the same density, suggesting a common microscopic mechanism. It is, however, a puzzle that the $$\sqrt 3 \times \sqrt 3 $$ solid is ferromagnetic according to recent magnetization measurements by ISSP group, while the $$\sqrt 7 \times \sqrt 7 $$ solid is known to be antiferromagnetic. Possible explanations for this conflict, such as vacancy effects or multiple-spin exchanges modulated by a substrate potential corrugation, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022542415432
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low Temperature Heat-Capacities of Liquid 3He Thin Films (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 110 (1998), S. 351-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have measured the heat capacity of 3 He thin films adsorbed on graphite at an areal density of 15.0 nm −2 down to as low as 100 μK. The second-layer 3 He behaves as a degenerate 2D Fermi fluid in the whole temperature range we studied. We observed no anomalous behavior in the heat capacity near 3 mK in contradiction to the recent report by other workers. This indicates that possible superfluid transitions would be below 100 μK. Instead, a small and temperature-independent contribution to the heat capacity was observed, which we attribute to nuclear-spin degrees of freedom in glassy solid 3 He trapped in substrate heterogeneities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022597019453
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat Capacities of Monolayer 3He Fluids Floated on A Superfluid 4He Thin Film (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 113 (1998), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have measured heat capacities of monolayer 3 He floated on a superfluid 4 He thin film (three atomic layers) adsorbed on graphite at low temperatures. The 3 He films behave as degenerate 2D Fermi fluids with m* ≈ 1.3m 3, where m* is the quasiparticle effective mass and m 3 is the bare mass of 3 He, in the whole temperature range we studied (1 ≤ T ≤ 80 mK). No anomalous behavior suggesting “puddling” nor other phase transitions is observed. In contrast to our previous measurements for pure 3 He films without the underlying 4 He film, the temperature independent heat-capacity contribution is not observed. This can be explained by the second-layer localized spins trapped on substrate heterogeneities being replaced by nonmagnetic 4 He.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022550717249
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