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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 122 (1994), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-06-25
    Description: A detailed magnetostratigraphic investigation of the Pignola-Abriola section of Norian to Rhaetian age permits the identification of 22 magnetic polarity reversals grouped in 10 magnetozones. We correlate the magnetostratigraphy of the Pignola-Abriola section with the Newark astrochronological polarity time scale (APTS). In total, 19 correlation options were tested, and only one (option 7) yielded a statistically significant correlation that was consistent with the available information on the stratigraphic age of the Newark APTS. After some adjustments to minimize erratic variations in sediment accumulation rates, a final correlation (option 7.1) was used to generate an age model of sedimentation for the Pignola-Abriola section. The Pignola-Abriola section has been correlated with Rhaetian sections from the literature, notably the current global boundary stratotype section and point candidate for the base of the Rhaetian at Steinbergkogel, Austria, where the Norian-Rhaetian boundary is proposed to be placed at a stratigraphic level containing the first appearance datum (FAD) of conodont Misikella posthernsteini , traced on the Newark APTS to ca. 209–210 Ma. Issues regarding the taxonomy of M. posthernsteini , a species characterized by transitional forms with its ancestor Misikella hernsteini , lead us to propose the alternative option of placing the Norian-Rhaetian boundary at a prominent negative 13 C org spike observed in the Pignola-Abriola section at meter 44.5, 50 cm below the level containing the FAD of M. posthernsteini sensu stricto and close to the base of radiolarian Proparvicingula moniliformis zone. This level has been magnetostratigraphically correlated to Newark magnetozone E20r.2r at ca. 205.7 Ma. Assuming an age of ca. 201.3 Ma for the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, the Rhaetian Stage would have a duration of ~4.4 m.y.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-04-02
    Description: Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approaches provide low-cost, high-density genotype information. However, GBS has unique technical considerations, including a substantial amount of missing data and a nonuniform distribution of sequence reads. The goal of this study was to characterize technical variation using this method and to develop methods to optimize read depth to obtain desired marker coverage. To empirically assess the distribution of fragments produced using GBS, ~8.69 Gb of GBS data were generated on the Zea mays reference inbred B73, utilizing Ape KI for genome reduction and single-end reads between 75 and 81 bp in length. We observed wide variation in sequence coverage across sites. Approximately 76% of potentially observable cut site-adjacent sequence fragments had no sequencing reads whereas a portion had substantially greater read depth than expected, up to 2369 times the expected mean. The methods described in this article facilitate determination of sequencing depth in the context of empirically defined read depth to achieve desired marker density for genetic mapping studies.
    Print ISSN: 0016-6731
    Topics: Biology
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2014-05-15
    Description: Modern generations of apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) show the occurrence in North American and African coordinates of a major and rapid shift in pole position (plate shift) during the Middle to Late Jurassic (175–145 Ma) that alternative curves from the literature tend to underestimate. This Jurassic massive polar shift (JMPS), of vast and as-yet unexplored paleogeographic implications, is also predicted for Eurasia from the North Atlantic plate circuit, but Jurassic data from this continent are scanty and problematic. Here we present paleomagnetic data from the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian (upper Jurassic) Garedu Formation of Iran, which was part of Eurasia since the Triassic. Paleomagnetic component directions of primary (pre-folding) age indicate a paleolatitude of deposition that is in excellent agreement with the latitude drop predicted for Iran from APWPs incorporating the JMPS. Moreover, we show that paleolatitudes calculated from these APWPs, used in conjunction with simple zonal climate belts, better explain the overall stratigraphic evolution of Iran during the Mesozoic. As Iran drifted from the tropical arid belt to the mid-latitude humid belt in the Late Triassic, carbonate platform productivity stopped while widespread coal-bearing sedimentation started, whereas as Iran returned to arid tropical latitudes during the JMPS, carbonate platform productivity and evaporitic sedimentation resumed. These results illustrate (1) the potent, but often neglected, control that plate motion (continental drift and/or true polar wander) across zonal climate belts exerts on the genesis of sedimentary facies; and (2) the importance of precisely controlled paleogeographic reconstructions for tectonic interpretations, especially during times of fast plate motion like the Jurassic. As a suggestion for future research, we predict that the adoption of Eurasian reference paleopoles incorporating the JMPS may lead to a reconciliation (or reinterpretation) of existing geologic and paleomagnetic data regarding the deformation history of central Asia.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: The Pramollo Basin (Italy-Austria) is one of the richest body and trace fossil sites of the Alps, and exhibits a well-preserved Permian–Carboniferous fluvio-deltaic to marginal-marine sedimentary succession. Despite the exceptionally abundant and well-preserved ichnological heritage, the trace fossils of the Pramollo Basin are not well studied, particularly those of Permian units. This study focuses on the ichnofauna of the Val Dolce Formation (Permian; partly Asselian to partly Sakmarian), with the goal of documenting its ichnological heritage and reconstructing its paleoenvironment. These research questions are addressed by applying network theory, an emerging field of complexity science that focuses on web-like systems made of interconnected entities. An ichnological system can be seen as a set of interlinked ichnotaxa, the topology of which depends on the organism-environment interactions. In addition, traditional paleontological and sedimentological observations are used to reconstruct the paleoenvironment. The following ichnotaxa are documented from the Val Dolce Formation: Archaeonassa isp., Curvolithus simplex , Cylindrichnus isp., Helminthoidichnites tenuis , Nereites missouriensis , Planolites isp., Phymatoderma isp., Pramollichnus pastae , Psammichnites plummeri , Taenidium isp., and Zoophycos isp. Network analysis indicates that the Val Dolce ichnological system is structured, with ichnotaxa organized in environment-driven ichnoassociations: Cylindrichnus - Planolites (proximal delta front), Phymatoderma - Zoophycos (prodelta with dysoxic porewaters), Cylindrichnus - Helminthoidichnites - Curvolithus - Zoophycos (distal delta front–proximal prodelta), and Helminthoidichnites - Taenidium - Curvolithus - Nereites - Zoophycos (prodelta). Furthermore, the delta front–prodelta gradient is accompanied by increasing bioturbation intensity and diversity, reflecting the decreasing intensity of major environmental stressors (hydrodynamics, freshwater input, turbidity). Centrality measures of network analysis allow the topological position of traces to be discerned within the studied system, detecting the paleoenvironmental resolution of individual ichnotaxa. As intersections of sets can be described by networks, the studied ichnoassociations can be considered as occupying intersecting behavioral niches. In analogy with the concept of a Hutchinsonian niche, an ichnotaxon’s niche exists in a multidimensional abstract space defined by environmental parameters, which are expressed as spatial variables in the paleolandscape. Consequently, ichnoassociations are not just association patterns, but represent spatial, environmental, and topological entities. This approach allows the reconstitution of spatial relationships between the geographical ranges of ichnotaxa and ichnoassociations, providing information on the physical arrangement of different subenvironments, that is, the structure of the paleoenvironment.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-25
    Description: The Mead Stream section (South Island, New Zealand) consists of a 650-m-thick series of continuous, well-exposed strata deposited on a South Pacific continental slope from the Late Cretaceous to the middle Eocene. We examined the uppermost Paleocene–middle Eocene part of the section, which consists of ~360 m of limestone and marl, for detailed magnetic polarity stratigraphy and calcareous nannofossil and foraminifera biostratigraphy. Magneto-biostratigraphic data indicate that the section straddles magnetic polarity chrons from C24r to C18n, calcareous nannofossil zones from NP9a to NP17 (CNP11–CNE15, following a recently revised Paleogene zonation), and from the Waipawan to the Bortonian New Zealand stages (i.e., from the base of the Ypresian to the Bartonian international stages). The Mead Stream section thus encompasses 17 m.y. (56–39 Ma) of southwest Pacific Ocean history. The ages of calcareous nannofossil biohorizons are consistent with low- to midlatitude data from the literature, indicating that during the early–middle Eocene, the low- to midlatitude calcareous nannofossil domain extended at least to ~50°S–55°S in the South Pacific. Correlation of the magnetic polarity stratigraphy from the Mead Stream section with the geomagnetic polarity time scale allows us to derive sediment accumulation rates (SAR), which range between 8 and 44 m/m.y. Comparing the SAR with paleotemperature proxy records, we found that two intervals of increased SAR occurred during the early Eocene climatic optimum (52–50 Ma) and during the transient warming event peaking with the middle Eocene climatic optimum (40.5 Ma). This correlation indicates that, at Mead Stream, the climate evolution of the early–middle Eocene is recorded in a sedimentation pattern whereby, on a million-year time scale, warmer climate promoted continental weathering, transportation, and accumulation of terrigenous sediments.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-03-07
    Description: A bstract : Mudstone-dominated marine successions are common in the geological record, yet a full understanding of their depositional processes is often hampered by a lack of generally accepted diagnostic criteria to distinguish between hemipelagic settling and deposition from a flowing medium. The Marnoso Arenacea Formation, a turbidite unit of Miocene age cropping out in the northern Apennines of Italy, offers the possibility to address some of these uncertainties. A relatively small (~ 10%) but distinctive portion of the Marnoso Arenacea Formation is composed of white marlstone beds (WM beds) that have frequently been interpreted as due to hemipelagic settling of fine-grained particles (hemipelagites). The analysis of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) revealed the presence in the WM beds of maximum susceptibility axes clustered within the depositional plane along the average paleoflow direction inferred from flute casts at the bases of the nearest turbidite beds, whereas the minimum susceptibility axes are oriented perpendicular to the bedding plane. This fabric is interpreted as largely sedimentary in origin (albeit a contribution from tectonic shortening cannot be excluded) and due to the alignment within the bedding plane of paramagnetic grains (e.g., muscovite) and possibly also ferromagnetic grains (magnetite) under low-velocity currents. The trend of the maximum susceptibility axes, and hence of the paleoflow direction, is approximately oriented NNW–SSE after correction for Apennines thrust-sheet rotation since the Miocene. These results suggest that the WM beds cannot be entirely due to hemipelagic settling, as often stated in the literature. A discussion of alternative depositional mechanisms leads us to conclude that the WM beds may have been deposited under the influence of contour currents and should therefore be referred to as muddy contourites.
    Print ISSN: 1527-1404
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
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    Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Facies analysis applied to several up to 220-m-deep cores, taken by Regione Lombardia in the central-northern Po Plain, allowed to recognize an overall regressive sequence consisting of cyclotemic shallow marine and fluvial-deltaic deposits overlain by distal to proximal braidplain sediments. Magnetostratigraphy, coupled with calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy, was used to date marine and fluvial-deltaic sediments to the early Pleistocene and continental sediments to the middle–late Pleistocene. Sediment accumulation rates were of ~0.3-0.4 mm/yr in the early Pleistocene, whereas an overall reduction in sediment accumulation rates to ~0.06-0.08 mm/yr, associated to relevant unconformities, characterized the middle-late Pleistocene. Stratigraphic evidences from petrographic, sedimentologic and palynologic analyses highlight in the Regione Lombardia cores a drastic reorganization of vegetational, fluvial, and Alpine drainage patterns, associated to a sequence boundary termed the “R surface”. The “R surface”, seismically traceable across the Po Plain subsurface, was constrained magnetostratigraphically to the first prominent Pleistocene glacio-eustatic lowstand of marine isotope stage (MIS) 22 at 0.87 Ma at the end of the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution, when climate worsened globally and locally caused the onset of the first major Pleistocene glaciation in the Alps. Most marine deposits in the cores lie above sea level highstands of corresponding age, suggesting that they have been uplifted. In order to estimate the observed rock uplift, sediments were back-stripped to elevations at times of deposition (expressed in meters above current sea level) by applying a simple Airy compensation model. The correlation of the isostatically corrected sedimentary facies to a glacio-eustatic reference curve obtained from classic oxygen isotope studies highlights a positive elevation mismatch (rock uplift) in the range of 70-120 m, which occurred after the onset of the major Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles at rates of at least 0.15-0.09 mm/yr. Although the driving forces of the observed rock uplift cannot be unambiguously identified, but its timing of onset after the beginning of the major Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles and the low seismicity observed in the most of the Regione Lombardia area seem to point to an isostatic readjustment of the chain probably due to the long-term erosional removal of sediments during major Pleistocene glacial advances.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Pleistocene ; Po Plain ; paleomagnetism ; glaciation ; rock uplift ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.05. Paleoclimate ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.03. Gravity and isostasy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.02. Geochronology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Il Pleistocene è un intervallo di tempo caratterizzato da un’elevata risoluzione stratigrafica, che potrebbe permettere studi scientifici di grande dettaglio nel territorio lombardo. Sfortunatamente, tale risoluzione è penalizzata dalla natura stessa del record sedimentario pleistocenico, che, in ambito continentale, è generalmente frammentario e discontinuo, soprattutto in quelle regioni, come la Lombardia, che hanno subìto in passato l’azione di ripetute glaciazioni. L’assenza in affioramento di successioni stratigrafiche continue costituisce obiettivamente un ostacolo al riconoscimento ed alla correlazione fisica degli eventi stratigrafici riconosciuti. Tale limite è tuttora riscontrabile nel tradizionale rilevamento geologico che se da un lato ha avuto il merito di arrivare a descrivere il territorio con un dettaglio ragguardevole, non è stato tuttavia in grado di inquadrare efficacemente i dati raccolti nell’ambito dell’evoluzione del territorio durante il Pleistocene. Ciononostante, a supporto e completamento dell’attività scientifica svolta in passato, si è aggiunto il contributo della Regione Lombardia ed ENI, che verso la fine degli anni ’90 hanno dato inizio ad un importante programma di ricerche sul sottosuolo, portato poi avanti dalla Regione Lombardia fino al 2006. Nell’ambito di questo programma sono stati perforati 12 sondaggi a carotaggio continuo, con il recupero di circa 1800 m di sedimenti. Tali carote sono state quindi oggetto di uno studio interdisciplinare con analisi palinologiche, micropaleontologiche, petrografiche e paleomagnetiche. Il supporto cronostratigrafico fornito dalla magnetostratigrafia e l’osservazione di importanti variazioni di facies, di petrografia e contenuto pollinico nelle carote hanno permesso di riconoscere nel sottosuolo lombardo eventi globali e regionali avvenuti durante il Pleistocene. Il più importante di questi eventi stratigrafici è indubbiamente l’inizio delle grandi glaciazioni pleistoceniche che produce un drammatico cambio nell’architettura deposizionale della Pianura Padana ed un’importante evoluzione nell’ecologia dell’epoca. Questo evento, datato con la magnetostratigrafia a circa 870.000 anni dal presente, è correlabile a scala globale con la Transizione del Pleistocene medio, che segna il passaggio tra il Pleistocene inferiore, più caldo dell’attuale e con ridotte oscillazioni climatiche con frequenza di circa 40.000 anni, ed il Pleistocene medio, caratterizzato dall’alternanza di glaciazioni e periodi caldi interglaciali con frequenza di circa 100.000 anni. Un secondo evento stratigrafico, riconosciuto nel sottosuolo grazie allo studio dei sondaggi, riguarda il sollevamento della media e alta pianura lombarda. Sono stati infatti osservati in alcune carote depositi marini posti ad una quota superiore a quella del livello del mare. Questo fatto, riscontrato a scala regionale, ha suggerito l’esistenza di una fase di sollevamento dell’edificio alpino durante il Pleistocene medio con tassi minimi valutati nell’ordine di 0,1 mm all’anno. La natura di questo sollevamento non è univocamente interpretabile. Tuttavia, la scarsa sismicità del territorio lombardo, con l’eccezione dell’area gardesana, e l’attuale assetto strutturale alpino portano a ritenere il sollevamento del Pleistocene medio come un prodotto dell’interazione tra clima e tettonica. Constatando infatti che l’evento di sollevamento è di poco successivo all’inizio delle glaciazioni e considerando l’erosione che ogni glaciazione esercita sul territorio interessato, l’ipotesi formulata è quindi che la costante rimozione di massa dalla catena alpina verso i bacini sedimentari periferici all’orogene abbia innescato a lungo termine un bilanciamento isostatico delle Alpi con conseguente movimento verso l’alto dei volumi di roccia e sedimento che costituiscono il sistema Alpi e alta-media pianura lombarda.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Istituto Lombardo Accademia delle Scienze e delle Lettere Regione Lombardia
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: open
    Keywords: stratigraphy ; subsurface geology ; Pleistocene ; magnetostratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: We examine different geomorphologic evidences observed in the Lombardian Southern Alps (northern Italy) and their foothills during the middle Pleistocene, in order to estimate long-term exhumation rates for early Pleistocene deposits and highlight a common underlying process. Between the Gelasian and the early–middle Pleistocene transition, tectonic and climatic changes led to the formation of several intermountain basins in the Lombardian Southern Alps. Lacustrine environments mainly developed within these basins under various climatic regimes, bequeathing extraordinary series of traces about the climatic history of the Alps. These basins developed in concomitance of a long-term intravalley aggradation phase that reached its maximum within the Southern Alps valleys around the early–middle Pleistocene transition. In the characteristic stratigraphy of an intermountain basin (e.g. Bagaggera, Leffe, Val Sabbia basins) a regressive sequence, followed by eolian deposition and strong weathering, can be observed. At the present state of knowledge, if we depict the time span of these lacustrine sequences, we observe an overall extinction of the intermountain basins at the beginnings of the middle Pleistocene, apart from those sites which experienced subsidence by local active tectonics. At the foothills of the Southern Alps, roughly starting at the same time, the oldest fluvioglacial deposits experienced a long term incision phase, which isolated broad areas of the piedmont Po Plain. On these terraces only eolian sedimentation occurred and vetusols (“ferretto” Auct.) started developing. At the whole, during the Pleistocene the examined area experience an early Pleistocene aggradation phase, followed by a middle Pleistocene incision phase, that exhumed by erosion the early Pleistocene deposits. As the major Pleistocene glaciations occurred only in few of the considered basins, the observed long-term change cannot be interpreted as a direct response of river drainages to glaciation. We suggest instead that all these geologic features can be ascribed to an unique process, i.e. the middle Pleistocene long-term uplift identified by means of subsurface geology studies in the Po Plain. This regional uplift is an isostatic rebalance produced by the long-term sum of the erosional effects of repeated glacial-interglacial cycles in the Alps. As response to this isostatic uplift a landscape dissection occurred during middle Pleistocene both in the Alpine chain as well as at its foothills, hampering the formation of new intermountain basins (lowering of the morphologic thresholds) also in not-formerly glaciated areas (Leffe, Ranica, Val Sabbia basins; Orobic and Brescian Prealps), and triggering vetusols development in broad areas of the piedmont Po Plain (long-term geostasy conditions). Absolute estimates of the observed uplift are not feasible in the examined area (mountain belt) as altimetric constraints were not recognised. Anyway is possible to produce a tentative estimate of the exhumation rates (i.e. the displacement of a point toward to the surface), by taking into account the age and present elevation of the paleosurfaces with the observed vetusols and the present elevation of the cutting river bed.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Istituto Geografico Militare
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: open
    Keywords: landscape dissection ; paleosols ; Southern Alps ; isostacy ; geomorphology ; stratigraphy ; Pleistocene ; climate change ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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